NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cochineal

Cochineal is the name of both crimson or carmine dye and the cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus), a scale insect in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, from which the dye is derived. There are other species in the genus Dactylopius which can be used to produce cochineal extract, but they are extremely difficult to distinguish from D. coccus, even for expert taxonomists, and the latter scientific name (and the use of the term "cochineal insect") is therefore commonly used when one is actually referring to other biological species; suffice it to say that the reader should be aware that there is more than one cochineal insect. The primary biological distinctions between species are minor differences in host plant preferences, in addition to very different geographic distributions. D. coccus itself is native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. For other uses, see Crimson (disambiguation). ... Carmine Carminic acid Carmine (IPA: []), also called Crimson Lake, Cochineal, Natural Red 4, C.I. 75470 or E120, is a pigment of a bright red color obtained from the carminic acid produced by some scale insects, such as the cochineal and the Polish cochineal, and is used as a general... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Families Aclerdidae Asterolecaniidae Beesoniidae Carayonemidae Cerococcidae Coccidae Conchaspididae Dactylopiidae Diaspididae Electrococcidae Eriococcidae Grimaldiellidae Halimococcidae Inkaidae Jersicoccidae Kermesidae Kerriidae Kukaspididae Labiococcidae Lecanodiaspididae Margarodidae Micrococcidae Ortheziidae Phenacoleachiidae Phoenicococcidae Pseudococcidae Putoidae Stictococcidae The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, notable for their habit of secreting a waxy covering that covers... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Superfamilies Aleyrodoidea Aphidoidea Coccoidea Psylloidea The Sternorrhyncha is the suborder of the Hemiptera which contains the aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects, groups which were traditionally included in the order Homoptera. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

This type of insect, a primarily sessile parasite, lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cacti. The insect produces carminic acid which deters predation by other insects. Carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the dye. Cochineal is primarily used as a food colouring and for cosmetics. Look up sessile in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Subfamilies Cactoideae Maihuenioideae Opuntioideae Pereskioideae See also taxonomy of the Cactaceae A cactus (plural cacti, cactuses or cactus) is any member of the succulent plant family Cactaceae, native to the Americas. ... Species Some 250, see also Example species. ... Crimson - A deep red color tinged with blue; also, red color in general; deep red color. ... The color of food is considered important in its enjoyment. ... Make-up redirects here. ...

After synthetic pigments and dyes such as alizarin were invented in the late 19th century, natural-dye production gradually diminished. However, current health concerns over artificial food additives have renewed the popularity of cochineal dyes, and the increased demand has made cultivation of the insect profitable again.^[1] Alizarin, is the red dye originally derived from the root of the madder plant. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

The cochineal dye was used by the Aztec and Maya peoples of Central and North America. Eleven cities conquered by Montezuma in the 15th century paid a yearly tribute of 2000 decorated cotton blankets and 40 bags of cochineal dye each.^[2] During the colonial period the production of cochineal (grana fina) grew rapidly. Produced almost exclusively in Oaxaca, Mexico by indigenous producers, cochineal became Mexico's second most valued export after silver.^[3] The dyestuff was consumed throughout Europe and was so highly prized that its price was regularly quoted on the London and Amsterdam Commodity Exchanges. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political and military dominance over large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the Late post-Classic... This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... Montezuma is the name of a mythological deity, as well as the common English spelling of the name of two Aztec emperors. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... For current news on the Oaxaca Teachers Strike of 2006 see: 2006 Oaxaca protests Oaxaca is the name of both a state in Mexico and that states capital city. ...

After the Mexican War of Independence in 1810–1821, the Mexican monopoly on cochineal came to an end. Large scale production of cochineal emerged especially in Guatemala and the Canary Islands. The demand for cochineal fell sharply with the appearance on the market of alizarin crimson and many other artificial dyes discovered in Europe in the middle of the 19th century, causing a significant financial shock in Spain as a major industry almost ceased to exist.^[3] The delicate manual labor required for the breeding of the insect could not compete with the modern methods of the new industry and even less so with the lowering of production costs. The "tuna blood" dye (from the Mexican name for the Opuntia fruit) stopped being used and trade in cochineal almost totally disappeared in the course of the 20th century. The breeding of the cochineal insect has been done mainly for the purposes of maintaining the tradition rather than to satisfy any sort of demand.^[4] Combatants Mexico Spain Commanders Miguel Hidalgo JosÃ© MarÃa Morelos Vicente Guerrero Spanish colonial authorities Strength ? ? Casualties ? ? Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, 1810. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1821 (MDCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Alizarin, is the red dye originally derived from the root of the madder plant. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Species Some 250, see also Example species. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

In recent years it has become commercially valuable again,^[5] though most consumers are unaware that the 'artificial colouring' refers to a dye that is derived from an insect, at least for the red that is used within the product. One reason for its popularity is that, unlike many commercial synthetic red dyes, it is not toxic or carcinogenic. However, the dye can induce an anaphylactic-shock reaction in a small number of people.^[6]

Biology

Cochineal insects are soft-bodied, flat, oval-shaped scale insects. The females, wingless and about 5 mm (0.2 in) long, cluster on cactus pads. They penetrate the cactus with their beak-like mouthparts and feed on its juices, remaining immobile. After mating, the fertilized female increases in size and gives birth to tiny nymphs. The nymphs secrete a waxy white substance over their bodies for protection from water and excessive sun. This substance makes the cochineal insect appear white or grey from the outside, though the body of the insect and its nymphs produces the red pigment, which makes the insides of the insect look dark purple. Adult males can be distinguished from females by their diminutive size and their wings. Praying mantis nymphs, approximately 4mm long, clustered on a leaf In biology, a nymph is the immature form of some insect species, which undergoes incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabolism) before reaching its adult stage; unlike a larva, a nymphs overall form already resembles that of an adult. ... candle wax This page is about the substance. ... This article is about the color. ...

It is in the nymph stage (also called the crawler stage) that the cochineal disperses. The juveniles move to a feeding spot and produce long wax filaments. Later they move to the edge of the cactus pad where the wind catches the wax filaments and carries the cochineals to a new host. These individuals establish feeding sites on the new host and produce a new generation of cochineals.^[7] Male nymphs feed on the cactus until they reach sexual maturity; when they mature they cannot feed at all and live only long enough to fertilize the eggs.^[8] They are therefore seldom observed.^[7] A human ovum Sperm cells attempting to fertilize an ovum An ovum (plural ova) is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete. ...

Host cacti

Dactylopius coccus is native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico, where their host cacti grow natively. They have been introduced to Spain, the Canary Islands, Algiers and Australia along with their host cacti. There are 150 species of Opuntia cacti, and while it is possible to cultivate cochineal on almost all of them, the best to use is Opuntia ficus-indica.^[9] All of the host plants of cochineal colonies were identified as species of Opuntia including Opuntia amyclaea, O. atropes, O. cantabrigiensis, O. brasilienis, O. ficus-indica, O. fuliginosa, O. jaliscana, O. leucotricha, O. lindheimeri, O. microdasys, O. megacantha, O. pilifera, O. robusta, O. sarca, O. schikendantzii, O. stricta, O. streptacantha, and O. tomentosa.^[1] Feeding cochineals can damage the cacti, sometimes killing their host. Cochineals other than D. coccus will feed on many of the same Opuntia species, and it is likely that the wide range of hosts reported for the former species is because of the difficulty in distinguishing it from these other, less common species. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 257 KB) Source:: Go-Oaxaca Newsletter Author:: Oscar Carrizosa Web: [http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x960, 257 KB) Source:: Go-Oaxaca Newsletter Author:: Oscar Carrizosa Web: [http://www. ... Anthem: ArrorrÃ³ Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th 7,447 kmÂ² 1. ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... Binomial name (L.) Mill. ... Species Some 250, see also Example species. ...

Farming

There are two methods of farming cochineal: traditional and controlled. Cochineals are farmed in the traditional method by planting infected cactus pads or infecting existing cacti with cochineals and harvesting the insects by hand. The controlled method uses small baskets called Zapotec nests placed on host cacti. The baskets contain clean, fertile females which leave the nests and settle on the cactus to await insemination by the males. In both cases the cochineals have to be protected from predators, cold and rain. The complete cycle lasts 3 months during which the cacti are kept at a constant temperature of 27 °C. Once the cochineals have finished the cycle, the new cochineals are ready to begin the cycle again or to be dried for dye production.^[9] An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... Look up Harvest in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Four styles of household basket. ... The Zapotec are an indigenous people of Mexico. ... For other uses, see Nest (disambiguation). ... Insemination is the introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female. ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ...

To produce dye from cochineals, the insects are collected when they are approximately ninety days old. Harvesting the insects is labor-intensive as they must be individually knocked, brushed or picked from the cacti and placed into bags. The insects are gathered by small groups of collectors who sell them to local processors or exporters.^[10] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1034x960, 281 KB) Source:: Go-Oaxaca Newsletter Author:: Oscar Carrizosa Web: [http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1034x960, 281 KB) Source:: Go-Oaxaca Newsletter Author:: Oscar Carrizosa Web: [http://www. ...

Several natural enemies can reduce the population of the insect on its cacti hosts. Of all the predators, insects seem to be the most important group. Insects and their larvae such as pyralid moths (order Lepidoptera), which destroy the cactus, and predators such as lady bugs (Coleoptera), various Diptera (such as Syrphidae and Chamaemyiidae), lacewings (Neuroptera) and ants (Hymenoptera) have been identified, as well as numerous parasitic wasps. Many birds; human-commensal rodents, especially rats; and reptiles also prey on cochineal insects. In regions dependent on cochineal production, pest control measures have to be taken seriously. For small-scale cultivation manual methods of control have proved to be the most effective and safe. For large-scale cultivation advanced pest control methods have to be developed, including alternative bioinsecticides or traps with pheromones.^[1] Author: Latreille, 1802 Type species: Pyralis farinalis Diversity: ? genera 6,150 species Subfamilies Chrysauginae Epipaschiinae Galleriinae Nymphulinae Phycitinae Pyralinae The Pyralidae or snout-moths are a family of Lepidoptera (moths). ... The order Lepidoptera is the second most speciose order in the class Insecta and includes the butterflies, moths and skippers. ... Subfamilies Chilocorinae Coccidulinae Coccinellinae Epilachninae Scymininae Sticholotidinae etc. ... For other uses, see Beetle (disambiguation). ... Suborders Nematocera (includes Eudiptera) Brachycera Diptera (di - two, ptera - wings), or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. ... Genera many genera about 5,000 species The flower flies or hoverflies are a family of flies (Diptera), scientifically termed Syrphidae. ... Chamaemyiidae is a small family of acalyptrate flies with less than 200 species described worldwide. ... Suborders Megaloptera Raphidiodea Planipennia The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the fishflies, snakeflies, lacewings and antlions. ... Superfamilies see text I am doing this topic The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives (the group that was once known as the Planipennia). ... Suborders Apocrita Symphyta Hymenoptera is one of the larger orders of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. ... The term parasitic wasp refers to a large, artificial assemblage of Hymenopteran superfamilies which are primarily parasitoids of other animals, mostly other arthropods. ... Commensalism is a term employed in ecology to describe a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. ... A crop duster applies low-insecticide bait that is targeted against Western corn rootworms Pest control refers to the regulation or management of another species defined as a pest, usually because it is believed to be detrimental to a persons health, the ecology or the economy Pest control is... Fanning honeybee exposes Nasonov gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive A pheromone is a chemical that triggers an innate behavioural response in another member of the same species. ...

Dye

A deep crimson dye is extracted from the female cochineal insects. Cochineal is used to produce scarlet, orange and other red tints. The colouring comes from carminic acid. Cochineal extract's natural carminic-acid content is usually 19–22%.^[5] The insects are killed by immersion in hot water (after which they are dried) or by exposure to sunlight, steam, or the heat of an oven. Each method produces a different colour which results in the varied appearance of commercial cochineal. The insects must be dried to about 30 percent of their original body weight before they can be stored without decaying.^[10] It takes about 155,000 insects to make one kilogram of cochineal. Carmine Carminic acid Carmine (IPA: []), also called Crimson Lake, Cochineal, Natural Red 4, C.I. 75470 or E120, is a pigment of a bright red color obtained from the carminic acid produced by some scale insects, such as the cochineal and the Polish cochineal, and is used as a general... Scarlet or Scarlett (often used interchangeably) may refer to a number of things or people: Things Scarlet (color), a bright shade of beauty boldness individuality or red Scarlet (cloth), a type of woollen cloth common in mediaeval England Scarlet (magazine), a womens magazine in the UK. Scarlett (novel), a... The orange, the fruit from which the modern name of the orange colour comes. ... Crimson - A deep red color tinged with blue; also, red color in general; deep red color. ... Kg redirects here. ...

There are two principal forms of cochineal dye: cochineal extract is a colouring made from the raw dried and pulverised bodies of insects, and carmine is a more purified colouring made from the cochineal. To prepare carmine, the powdered insect bodies are boiled in ammonia or a sodium carbonate solution, the insoluble matter is removed by filtering, and alum is added to the clear salt solution of carminic acid to precipitate the red aluminium salt. Purity of colour is ensured by the absence of iron. Stannous chloride, citric acid, borax, or gelatin may be added to regulate the formation of the precipitate. For shades of purple, lime is added to the alum.^[2] For other uses, see Ammonia (disambiguation). ... Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... A crystal of alum Alum, (IPA: ) (aluminium potassium sulfate,) in chemistry, is a term given to the crystallized double sulfates of the typical formula M+2SO4Â·M3+2(SO4)3Â·12H2O, where M+ is the sign of an alkali metal (or generally monovalent cation) (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or caesium... Aluminum redirects here. ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... Borax from Persian burah. ... For the art collective, see Gelitin. ... This article is about the color. ... Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula CaCO3. ...

As of 2005, Peru produced 200 tonnes of cochineal dye per year and the Canary Islands produced 20 tonnes per year.^[10]^[5] Chile and Mexico have also recently begun to export cochineal.^[1] France is believed to be the world's largest importer of cochineal; Japan and Italy also import the insect. Much of these imports are processed and reexported to other developed economies.^[10] As of 2005, the market price of cochineal was between 50 and 80 USD per kilogram,^[9] while synthetic raw food dyes are available at prices as low as 10–20 USD per kilogram.^[11] 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem: ArrorrÃ³ Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th 7,447 kmÂ² 1. ... USD redirects here. ...

Usage

Traditionally cochineal was used for colouring fabrics. During the colonial period, with the introduction of sheep to Latin America, the use of cochineal increased, as it provided the most intense colour and it set more firmly on woolen garments than on clothes made of materials of pre-Hispanic origin such as cotton, agave fibers and yucca fibers. Once the European market had discovered the qualities of this product, their demand for it increased dramatically. Carmine became strong competition for other colourants such as madder root, kermes, Polish cochineal, brazilwood, and Tyrian purple,^[12] as they were used for dyeing the clothes of kings, nobles and the clergy. It was also used for painting, handicrafts and tapestries.^[4] Cochineal-coloured wool and cotton are still important materials for Mexican folk art and crafts. Wool dyed with cochineal, at Marsh Farm, Essex, England, photo taken by me. ... Wool dyed with cochineal, at Marsh Farm, Essex, England, photo taken by me. ... A variety of fabric. ... For other uses, see Wool (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... Species see text. ... Fiber or fibre[1] is a class o f materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. ... Species many, see text The yuccas comprise the genus Yucca of 40-50 species of perennials, shrubs, and trees in the agave family Agavaceae, notable for their rosettes of evergreen, tough, sword-shaped leaves and large terminal clusters of white or whitish flowers. ... Species See text. ... Kermes (or chermes), meaning red insect in the Persian language, is the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Kermes ilices), formerly Coccus ilicis, allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. ... Binomial name Porphyrophora polonica Linnaeus, 1758 Area where the Polish cochineal was found in commercial quantities[2] Synonyms Coccus polonicus Linnaeus, 1758 Coccus radicum Beckmann, 1790 Coccionella polonica Hahnemann, 1793 Porphyrophora frischii Brandt, 1835 Porphyrophora fritchii Signoret, 1869 Margarodes polonicus Cockerell, 1902 Polish cochineal (Porphyrophora polonica L.), also known as... Brazilwood is a common name for several trees of the family Leguminosae (Pulse family) whose wood yields a red dye called brazilein. ... Murex brandaris, also known as the Spiny dye-murex The chemical structure of 6,6â€²-dibromoindigo, the main component of Tyrian Purple A space-filling model of 6,6â€²-dibromoindigo Tyrian purple (Greek: , porphura), also known as royal purple or imperial purple, is a purple-red dye made by the... For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation). ... Nobility is a traditional hereditary status (see hereditary titles) that exists today in many countries (mainly present or former monarchies). ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... A handicraft shop in Delhi, India Handicraft, also known as craftwork or simply craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools. ... This article is about tapestry the textile. ...

Now it is used as a fabric and cosmetics dye and as a natural food colouring, as well as for oil paints, pigments and watercolours. When used as a food additive, the dye must be labelled on packaging labels.^[13] Sometimes carmine is labelled as E120. An unknown percentage of people have been found to have allergies to carmine, ranging from mild cases of hives to atrial fibrillation and anaphylactic shock. Carmine has been found to cause asthma in some people.^[13] Cochineal is one of the colours that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group recommends be eliminated from the diet of hyperactive children. Natural carmine dye used in food and cosmetics can render it unacceptable to strict vegetarian consumers, and many Muslims and Jews consider carmine-containing food forbidden (haraam and non-kosher) because the dye is extracted from insects. Make-up redirects here. ... Food coloring spreading on a thin water film. ... View of Delft in oil paint, by Johannes Vermeer. ... For the mathematical constant see: E (mathematical constant). ... Atrial fibrillation (AF or afib) is a cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) that involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. ... Anaphylaxis is a severe and rapid systemic allergic reaction to a trigger substance, called an allergen. ... For animals adapted to eat primarily plants, sometimes referred to as vegetarian animals, see Herbivore. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... harÄm (Arabic: ØØ±Ø§Ù… á¸¤arÄm, Turkish: Haram, Malay: Haram) is an Arabic word, used in Islam to refer to anything that is prohibited by the faith. ... The circled U indicates that this can of tuna is certified kosher by the Union of Orthodox Congregations. ...

Cochineal is one of the few water-soluble colourants that resist degradation with time. It is one of the most light- and heat-stable and oxidation-resistant of all the natural colourants and is even more stable than many synthetic food colours.^[14] The water-soluble form is used in alcoholic drinks with calcium carmine; the insoluble form is used in a wider variety of products. Together with ammonium carmine they can be found in meat, sausages, processed poultry products (meat products cannot be coloured in the United States unless they are labeled as such), surimi, marinades, alcoholic drinks, bakery products and toppings, cookies, desserts, icings, pie fillings, jams, preserves, gelatin desserts, juice beverages, varieties of cheddar cheese and other dairy products, sauces and sweets. The average human consumes one to two drops of carminic acid each year with food.^[14] Alcoholic beverages An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds. ... This article is about the food. ... This article is about the prepared meat. ... Ducks amongst other poultry The Poultry-dealer, after Cesare Vecellio Poultry is the category of domesticated birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers. ... [[[[[[ == Foods made from surimi: artificial shrimp and crab legs Surimi (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally fish puree/slurry, Japanese: æ“‚ã‚Šèº«, lit. ... . ... This article is about the food. ... Not to be confused with Desert. ... Jam from berries Jam (also known as jelly or preserves) is a type of sweet spread or condiment made with fruits or sometimes vegetables, sugar, and sometimes pectin if the fruits natural pectin content is insufficient to produce a thick product. ... For the art collective, see Gelitin. ... For other uses, see Juice (disambiguation). ... Country of origin England Region, town Somerset, Cheddar Source of milk Cows, rarely Goats Pasteurised Frequently Texture hard/semi-hard Aging time 3-30 months depending on variety Certification West Country farmhouse Cheddar Only: PDO Cheddar cheese is a hard, pale yellow to orange, sharp-tasting cheese originally (and still... A dairy farm near Oxford, New York in the United States. ... For other uses, see Sauce (disambiguation). ...

Carmine is one of the very few pigments considered safe enough for use in eye cosmetics.^[15] A significant proportion of the insoluble carmine pigment produced is used in the cosmetics industry for hair- and skin-care products, lipsticks, face powders, rouges, and blushes.^[14] A bright red dye and the stain carmine used in microbiology is often made from the carmine extract, too.^[8] The pharmaceutical industry uses cochineal to colour pills and ointments.^[10] In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ... Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. ... Make-up redirects here. ... Staining is a biochemical technique of adding a class-specific (DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... An ointment is a viscous semisolid preparation used topically on a variety of body surfaces. ...

See also

Binomial name Porphyrophora polonica Linnaeus, 1758 Area where the Polish cochineal was found in commercial quantities[2] Synonyms Coccus polonicus Linnaeus, 1758 Coccus radicum Beckmann, 1790 Coccionella polonica Hahnemann, 1793 Porphyrophora frischii Brandt, 1835 Porphyrophora fritchii Signoret, 1869 Margarodes polonicus Cockerell, 1902 Polish cochineal (Porphyrophora polonica L.), also known as... Binomial name Kermes vermilio Planchon, 1864 Kermes vermilio is one of the species of Kermes used to make crimson. ... For other uses, see Crimson (disambiguation). ...

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Liberato Portillo M. & Ana Lilia Vigueras G.. Natural Enemies of Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa): Importance in Mexico. Retrieved on July 14, 2005.
^ ^a ^b Threads In Tyme, LTD. Time line of fabrics. Retrieved on July 14, 2005.
^ ^a ^b Jeff Behan. The bug that changed history. Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Octavio Hernández. Cochineal. Mexico Desconocido Online. Retrieved on July 15, 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c Canary Islands cochineal producers homepage. Retrieved on July 14, 2005.
^ Food & Drug Administration. [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr060130.html Listing of Color Additives Exempt From Certification; Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Labeling: Cochineal Extract and Carmine Declaration]. Federal Register. Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Carl Olson. Cochineal. Urban Integrated Pest Management. Retrieved on July 19, 2005.
^ ^a ^b W. P. Armstrong. Cochineal, Saffron & Woad Photos. Economic Plant Photographs. Retrieved on July 14, 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cultivation of Cochineal in Oaxaca. Go-Oaxaca Newsletter. Retrieved on July 15, 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e FOODNET. Tropical commodities and their markets. Retrieved on July 14, 2005.
^ Price Quote. Retrieved on July 15, 2005.
^ L. Meyer. Dyeing Red. West Kingdom (SCA) Arts and Sciences Tourney, July 2004. Retrieved on July 19, 2005.
^ ^a ^b Dr J. B. Greig. WHO Food Additives Series 46:Cochineal extract, Carmine, and Carminic Acid. Retrieved on July 14, 2005.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wild Flavors, Inc.. E120 Cochineal. The wild world of solutions. Retrieved on July 19, 2005.
^ Bruce MacEvoy. Natural Organic Pigments. Retrieved on July 14, 2005.

id="Sources_for_the_History_of_Cochineal"> is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 200th day of the year (201st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sources for the History of Cochineal

External links

Categories: Hemiptera | Natural dyes | Insect products Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 195th day of the year (196th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Dyeing is the process of changing the colour of a yarn or cloth by treatment with a dye. ... This article is about the textile dyeing technique. ... Dyeing is the process of changing the colour of a yarn or cloth by treatment with a dye. ... Look up Mordant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Categories: Stub ... Resist dyeing, resist-dyeing and variants is a term for a number of traditional methods of dyeing textiles with patterns. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 449 Ã— 599 pixelsFull resolution (599 Ã— 799 pixel, file size: 149 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Acid dye is a member of a class of dye that is applied from an acidic solution. ... In a reactive dye a chromophore contains a substituent that is activated and allowed to directly react to the surface of the substrate. ... A solvent dye is a dye soluble in organic solvents. ... Dye molecules are attracted by physical forces at the molecular level to the textile. ... Sulfur dyes are the biggest volume dyes manufactured for cotton. ... â™£Vat dyes are an ancient class of dyes, based on the natural dye, indigo, which is now produced synthetically. ... Brazilin Brazilin is a red pigment obtained from the wood of the brazilwood family (Caesalpinia sp), and is also known as Natural red 24. ... Cudbear is a dye extracted from lichens that produces colours in the purple range. ... Binomial name Caesalpinia echinata Lam. ... Old Fustic (Morus tinctoria), produces a yellow dye. ... Indigo dye indigo molecule Indigo dye is an important dyestuff with a distinctive blue color (see indigo). ... Kermes (or chermes), meaning red insect in the Persian language, is the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Kermes ilices), formerly Coccus ilicis, allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. ... Binomial name Haematoxylum campechianum The Logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum) was once an important source of red dye. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Porphyrophora polonica Linnaeus, 1758 Area where the Polish cochineal was found in commercial quantities[2] Synonyms Coccus polonicus Linnaeus, 1758 Coccus radicum Beckmann, 1790 Coccionella polonica Hahnemann, 1793 Porphyrophora frischii Brandt, 1835 Porphyrophora fritchii Signoret, 1869 Margarodes polonicus Cockerell, 1902 Polish cochineal (Porphyrophora polonica L.), also known as... Binomial name Crocus sativus L. Saffron (IPA: ) is a spice derived from the flower of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a species of crocus in the family Iridaceae. ... Murex brandaris, also known as the Spiny dye-murex The chemical structure of 6,6â€²-dibromoindigo, the main component of Tyrian Purple A space-filling model of 6,6â€²-dibromoindigo Tyrian purple (Greek: , porphura), also known as royal purple or imperial purple, is a purple-red dye made by the... Species About 50-70 species, including: Reseda alba - White Mignonette Reseda complicata Glaucous Mignonette Reseda lutea - Wild Mignonette Reseda luteola - Weld Reseda odorata - Common Mignonette Reseda phyteuma - Corn Mignonette Reseda scoparia - Canaries Mignonette Mignonette (Reseda) is a genus of fragrant herbaceous plants native to the Mediterranean region and southwest Asia... Binomial name L. Woad (or glastum) is the common name of the flowering plant Isatis tinctoria in the family Brassicaceae. ... Saffron crocuses flowering in a garden in Osaka Prefecture (å¤§é˜ªåºœ), Kansai, HonshÅ«, Japan. ... The following are the principal native vegetable dyes used in Scottish Gaeldom, with the colours they produce. ... Dylon International Ltd is a British manufacturer of textile dyes and other household chemicals. ... Categories: Food and drink stubs | Kraft brands | Beverages ... Procion is a brand of fibre reactive dyes. ...

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