anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group This article or section may be confusing for some readers, and should be edited to be clearer or more simplified. ... The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. ... It has been suggested that Equilibrioception be merged into this article or section. ... The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the eardrum. ... Juzzah is a loser Boom, Headshot Bergamin and Gerald died The pinna (Latin for feather) is the visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. ... A left human ear. ... On the pinna, a curved prominence of cartilage, parallel with and in front of the helix, is called the antihelix, also known as the anthelix; this divides above into two crura, between which is a triangular depression, the fossa triangularis. ... In front of the concha, and projecting backward over the meatus, is a small pointed eminence, the tragus, so called from its being generally covered on its under surface with a tuft of hair, resembling a goat’s beard. ... Opposite the tragus, and separated from it by the intertragic notch, is a small tubercle, the antitragus. ... On the ear of humans and many other animals, the earlobe (lobulus auriculæ, sometimes simply lobe or lobule) is the soft lower part of the external ear or pinna. ... The ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus), is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. ... The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the cochlea. ... The tympanic membrane, colloquially known as the eardrum, is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. ... The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are the three smallest bones in the human body. ... The malleus is hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. ... This article refers to a bone in the mammalian ear. ... The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which attaches the incus to the fenestra ovalis, the oval window which is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear. ... The stapedius is the smallest striated muscle in the human body. ... The tensor tympani muscle arises from the auditory tube and inserts onto the handle of the malleus, damping down vibration in the ossicles and so reducing the amplitude of sounds. ... The Eustachian tube (or auditory tube) is a tube that links the pharynx to the middle ear. ... The base of the cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal orifice of the tube. ... The inner ear comprises both: the organ of hearing (the cochlea) and the labyrinth or vestibular apparatus, the organ of balance located in the inner ear that consists of three semicircular canals and the vestibule. ... For more uses of the word labyrinth, see Labyrinth (disambiguation) The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system which provides the sense of balance. ... The bony labyrinth (osseous labyrinth) consists of three parts: vestibule semicircular canals cochlea These are cavities hollowed out of the substance of the bone, and lined by periosteum; they contain a clear fluid, the perilymph, in which the membranous labyrinth is situated. ... This is a page about the part of the ear. ... The membranous labyrinth is lodged within the bony labyrinth, and has the same general form; it is, however, considerably smaller, and is partly separated from the bony walls by a quantity of fluid, the perilymph. ... The helicotrema is the part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. ... The round window is one of two membranes that separates the inner ear from the middle ear. ... The cochlea is the auditory branch of the inner ear. ... The spiral ganglion is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. ... The modiolus is a conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. ... The cochlear duct (or scala media) is an endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissners membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. ... Endolymph is the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. ... The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. ... The periosteum, forming the outer wall of the ductus cochlearis, is greatly thickened and altered in character, and is called the spiral ligament. ... The organ of Corti is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or hair cells. // Structure and function It has highly specialized structures that respond to fluid-borne vibrations in the cochlea with a shearing vector in the hairs of some cochlear hair cells. ... Scala vestibuli is a perilymph filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear. ... Scala tympani is the name of one of the perilymph filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. ... Perilymph is a fluid located within the cochlea (part of the ear) in 2 of its 3 muscles; the scala typmani and scala vestibuli. ... Reissners membrane is a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear, it separates scala media from scala vestbuli and together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with perilymph, which is important for the function of the organ of Corti inside the scala... Cross section of the cochlea. ... Covering the sulcus spiralis internus and the spiral organ of Corti is the tectorial membrane, which is attached to the limbus laminae spiralis close to the inner edge of the vestibular membrane. ... The organ of Corti is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or hair cells. // Structure and function It has highly specialized structures that respond to fluid-borne vibrations in the cochlea with a shearing vector in the hairs of some cochlear hair cells. ... Hair cells are the sensory cells of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in all vertebrates. ... Section through the spiral organ of Corti. ... The basilar crest gives attachment to the outer edge of the basilar membrane; immediately above the crest is a concavity, the sulcus spiralis externus. ... On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus laminæ spiralis, this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. Histology at uc. ... The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. ... It has been suggested that Equilibrioception be merged into this article or section. ... The utricle, larger than the saccule, is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it. ... The portion of the utricle which is lodged in the recess forms a sort of pouch or cul-de-sac, the floor and anterior wall of which are thickened, and form the macula of utricle, which receives the utricular filaments of the acoustic nerve. ... Categories: Stub ... The saccule is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs; it is globular in form, and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. ... From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the ductus endolymphaticus, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch, the endolymphatic sac, on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal... From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the endolymphatic duct, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch (saccus endolymphaticus) on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone... A kinocilium is a special structure connected to the hair cells of the inner ears cochlea. ... An otolith, or otoconium is a [[[calcium]] carbonate structure in the saccule or utricle of the inner ear (hence the name otolith, or ear-stone). It can be used for age determination, showing rings of different growth summer/winter, like tree rings. ... inner ear illustration showing semicircular canal, hair cells, ampulla, cupula, vestibular nerve, & fluid The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear that are the equivalent of three gyroscopes located in three planes perpendicular (at right angles) to each other. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The posterior semicircular canal, vertical like the superior, is directed backward, nearly parallel to the posterior surface of the petrous bone; it is the longest of the three canals, measuring from 18 to 22 mm. ... The lateral or horizontal canal (external semicircular canal) is the shortest of the three canals. ... The cupula forms the apex of the cochlea. ... The bony semicircular canals are three in number, superior, posterior, and lateral, and are situated above and behind the vestibule. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Italic text // ahh addiing sum spiice iin hurr`` For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ... The Cochlear nerve (n. ... The vestibulocochlear nerve (also known as the auditory or acoustic nerve) is the eighth of twelve cranial nerves, and is responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain. ... For the cerebellar structure, see Dentate nucleus. ... The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. ... The paired inferior colliculi together with the superior colliculi form the eminences of the corpora quadrigemina. ... The medial geniculate nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus that acts as a relay for auditory information. ... The primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory (sound) information. ... Italic text // ahh addiing sum spiice iin hurr`` For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The myelencephalon is a developmental categorization of a portion of the central nervous system. ... The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem. ... Grays Fig. ... The anterior district of the medulla oblongata is named the pyramid and lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus. ... The two pyramids contain the motor fibers which pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers. ... In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva and olivae, singular and plural, respectively) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. ... In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. ... The anterior median fissure (ventral or ventromedian fissure) contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: it ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum. ... The ventral respiratory group is a group of neurons in the medulla which initiates inhalation. ...

posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group The solitary nucleus and tract are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) cranial nerves, as well as the cranial part of the accessory nerve (XI). ... The solitary nucleus and tract are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) cranial nerves, as well as the cranial part of the accessory nerve (XI). ... The hypoglossal nucleus extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline. ... The dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve (or posterior motor nucleus of vagus) is a cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve that arises from the floor of the fourth ventricle. ... The nucleus ambiguus (literally ambiguous nucleus) is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal (posterior) to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper (rostral) medulla. ... The inferior salivatory nucleus is one of the components of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which stimulates secretion from the parotid gland. ... Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participates in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception. ... Cuneate nucleus is a wedge-shaped nucleus in the medulla. ... The accessory cuneate nucleus is located lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation (the crossing fibers of the posterior column/medial lemniscus tract). ... The Area postrema is a part of the brain. ... The posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata (or posterior median fissure) is a narrow groove; and exists only in the closed part of the medulla oblongata; it becomes gradually shallower from below upward, and finally ends about the middle of the medulla oblongata, where the central canal expands into the... The dorsal repiratory group is found in many types of fish and marine mammals. ...

raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus) The decussation of the sensory fibers of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus is situated above that of the motor fibers, and is named the decussation of the lemniscus or sensory decussation. ... The reticular formation is a part of the brain which is involved in stereotypical actions, such as walking, sleeping, and lying down. ... The gigantocellular nucleus, as the name indicates, is mainly composed of the so called giant neuronal cells. ... The parvocellular reticular nucleus is located dorsolateral to the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis. ... The ventral reticular nucleus is a continuation of the parvocellular nucleus in the brainstem. ... A nucleus of the medulla oblongata involved with co-ordinating baroreceptor signals to control arterial blood pressure. ... The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. ... The raphe nuclei (Latin for the bit in a fold or seam) is a moderately sized cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem, and releases serotonin to the rest of the brain. ... The nucleus raphe obscurus, despite the implications of its name, has some very specific functions and connections of afferent and efferent nature. ... The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. ... The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. ...

tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior)ʥ Inferior cerebellar peduncleʥ Olivocerebellar tractʥ Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral)ʥ Spinothalamic tractʥ PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus)ʥ Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract) The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. ... The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a massive collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. ... The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the direct pyramidal tract or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. ... Figure 1a: A human brain, with the cerebellum in purple. ... The olivocerebellar tract (olivocerebellar fibers) leaves the olivary nucleus and pass out through the hilum and decussate with those from the opposite olive in the raph̩, then as internal arcuate fibers they pass partly through and partly around the opposite olive and enter the inferior peduncle to be distributed to... The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the cerebellum. ... The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsigs fasciculus, Flechsigs tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. ... The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. ... The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord that transmits information about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch to the thalamus. ... The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway (called the dorsal column in non-humans) is the sensory pathway responsible for transmitting discriminative sensation from the skin to the thalamus, and on to the cerebral cortex. ... The posterior external arcuate fibers (dorsal external arcuate fibers) take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei; they pass to the inferior peduncle of the same side. ... Internal arcuate fibers are the axons of second-order neurons contained within the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata. ... The medial lemniscus, also known as Reils band or Reils ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus. ... In human anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a neural network located in the brain that is part of the motor system involved in the coordination of movement. ... The rubrospinal tract is part of the indirect extra-pyramidal tract and is responsible for large muscle movement such as the arms and the legs. ... The vestibulospinal tract is one of the descending spinal tracts of the ventromedial pathway. ... The tectospinal tract is part of the indirect extrapyramidal tract and is responsible for coordinating head and eye movements, It is responsible for impulses that are motor. ...

anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles) The metencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system. ... Position of the pons in the human brain The pons (sometimes pons Varolii after Costanzo Varolio) is a knob on the brain stem. ... For the cerebellar structure, see Dentate nucleus. ... The basis pontis is the anterior portion of the pons. ... The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons which store the memory of intention during motor activity. ... The middle cerebellar peduncles (brachia pontis) are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep. ...

posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) The pontine tegmentum is a part of the pons of the brain involved in the initiation of REM sleep. ... The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. ... The superior medullary velum (anterior medullary velum, valve of Vieussens) is a thin, transparent lamina of white substance, which stretches between the superior peduncle; on the dorsal surface of its lower half the folia and lingula are prolonged. ... The Locus ceruleus, also spelled locus caeruleus or locus coeruleus (Latin for the blue spot), is a nucleus in the brain stem responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. ... The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a group of axons on each side of the brainstem, that carry information about the direction that the eyes should move. ... The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex. ... The sensory trigeminal nerve nucleus is the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extends through the whole of the brainstem, midbrain to medulla. ... The principal sensory nucleus (or chief sensory nucleus) receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw. ... The sensory trigeminal nerve nucleus is the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extends through the whole of the brainstem, midbrain to medulla. ... The sensory trigeminal nerve nucleus is the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extends through the whole of the brainstem, midbrain to medulla. ... The abducens nucleus is the originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus. ... The facial motor nucleus is a collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). ... The Superior salivary nucleus (or superior salivatory nucleus) of the facial nerve is a visceromotor cranial nerve nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum. ... The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the tuberculum acousticum) differs from the ventral portion of the CN as it not only projects to the Inferior Colliculus (IC) but also receives efferent innervation from auditory cortex, superior olivary complex and inferior colliculus. ... The anterior cochlear nucleus (or ventral, or accessory ) placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. ... The nuclei of the vestibular nerve. ... The lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiters’s nucleus) is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. ... The superior vestibular nucleus (Bechterew’s nucleus) is the dorso-lateral part of the vestibular nucleus and receives collaterals and terminals from the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. ... The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. ... The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle. ...

raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus The reticular formation is a part of the brain which is involved in stereotypical actions, such as walking, sleeping, and lying down. ... The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is composed of gigantocellular neurons. ... The oral pontine reticular nucleus is delineated from its caudal brother, with which it shares its first three names. ... The tegmental pontine reticular nucleus (or pontine reticular nucleus of the tegmentum) is also known to affect the cerebellum with its axonal projections. ... The paramedian pontine reticular formation, or PPRF, is a brain region, without clearly defined borders, in the center of the pons. ... The median raphe nucleus (or superior central nucleus) is composed of polygonal, fusiform and pyriform neurons and exists rostral to the nucleus raphe pontis. ...

Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center The apneustic center of the lower pons appears to promote inspiration by stimulation of the I neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a constant stimulus. ... The pneumotaxic center of the upper pons antagonises the apneustic centre. ...