| Cockchafer |
| | Scientific classification | | | | Species | | M. melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758)
M. hippocastani Fabricius, 1801
M. pectoralis Germar, 1824 Download high resolution version (758x614, 46 KB)From the de: Wikipedia. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ...
For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ...
Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species—more than all other animal groups combined. ...
Suborders Adephaga Archostemata Myxophaga Polyphaga See subgroups of the order Coleoptera Beetles are the most diverse group of insects. ...
subfamily Aegialiinae Aphodiinae Cetoniinae Dynastinae Euchirinae Hopliinae Idiostominae Melolonthinae Orphninae Pachypodinae Phaenomerinae Phileurinae Rutelinae Scarabaeinae Sericinae Taurocerastinae Trichiinae Valginae Wikispecies has information related to: Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae as presently defined consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide. ...
Species Many, see text Melolontha is a genus of beetles in the family of the dung beetles. ...
Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...
Johann Christian Fabricius. ...
Ernst Friedrich Germar ( 1786- 1853) was a German professor and director of the Mineralogical Museum at Halle. ...
| The cockchafer (or may bug, as it is colloquially called, or sometimes billy witch or spang beetle, particularly in East Anglia) is a European beetle of the genus Melolontha, in the family Scarabaeidae. Once abundant throughout Europe and a major pest in the periodical years of "mass flight", it has been decimated in the middle of the 20th century through extensive use of pesticides and has even been locally exterminated in many regions. However, since a change in pest control beginning in the 1980s, its numbers have started to grow again. GFDL Wikispecies logo File links The following pages link to this file: Solanaceae Species Asterias Homo (genus) Human Wikipedia:Template messages/Links Wikipedia:Template messages/All Homo floresiensis User talk:Tuneguru Template:Wikispecies Categories: GFDL images ...
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Norfolk and Suffolk, the core area of East Anglia. ...
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Suborders Adephaga Archostemata Myxophaga Polyphaga See subgroups of the order Coleoptera Beetles are the most diverse group of insects. ...
Species Many, see text Melolontha is a genus of beetles in the family of the dung beetles. ...
subfamily Aegialiinae Aphodiinae Cetoniinae Dynastinae Euchirinae Hopliinae Idiostominae Melolonthinae Orphninae Pachypodinae Phaenomerinae Phileurinae Rutelinae Scarabaeinae Sericinae Taurocerastinae Trichiinae Valginae Wikispecies has information related to: Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae as presently defined consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...
A cropduster spreading pesticide. ...
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Taxonomy
There are three species of European cockchafers: In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ...
- The common cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha
- The forest cockchafer, Melolontha hippocastani
- The large cockchafer, Melolontha pectoralis, which is very rare and occurs only in south-western Germany.
Description Imagines (i.e., adults) of the common cockchafer reach sizes of 25–30 mm, the forest cockchafer is a bit smaller (20–25 mm). The two species can best be distinguished by the form of their pygidium (the back end): it is long and slender in the common cockchafer, but shorter and knob-shaped at the end in the forest cockchafer. Both have a brown colour. The imago is the last stage of development of an insect, after the last ecdysis of an incomplete metamorphosis, or after emergence from pupation where the metamorphosis is complete. ...
A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ...
The pygidium is the posterior body part or shield of crustaceans, some insects, and trilobites. ...
M. pectoralis looks similar, but its pygidium is rounded.
Male cockchafers have seven "leaves" on their antennae, whereas the females have only six. Insects display a wide variety of antennal shapes. ...
The cockchafer should not be confused with the similar European chafer (Rhizotrogus majalis), which has a completely different life cycle, nor with the June beetles (Phyllophaga spp.), which are native to North America, nor with the summer chafer (or "European June bug", Amphimallon solstitiale), which emerges in June and has a two-year life cycle. (All of these are Scarabaeidae, have white grubs, and are turf pests, too.) June beetle is the common name for several varieties of scarab beetles, including: Figeater beetle (cotinus mutabilis) of western and southwestern United States This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...
subfamily Aegialiinae Aphodiinae Cetoniinae Dynastinae Euchirinae Hopliinae Idiostominae Melolonthinae Orphninae Pachypodinae Phaenomerinae Phileurinae Rutelinae Scarabaeinae Sericinae Taurocerastinae Trichiinae Valginae Wikispecies has information related to: Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae as presently defined consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide. ...
Life cycle Adults appear at the end of April or in May and live only for about five to seven weeks. After about two weeks, the female begins laying eggs, which she buries about 10 to 20 cm deep in the earth. She may do this several times until she has laid between 60 and 80 eggs. The common cockchafer lays its eggs in fields, whereas the Forest Cockchafer stays in the vicinity of the trees. The preferred food for adults are oak leaves, but they will also feed on conifer needles. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 475 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 608 pixel, file size: 257 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Beschreibung: Feldmaikäfer (Melolontha melolontha) / Weibchen Fotograf: Darkone, 8. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 475 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 608 pixel, file size: 257 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Beschreibung: Feldmaikäfer (Melolontha melolontha) / Weibchen Fotograf: Darkone, 8. ...
A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ...
Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus (from Latin oak tree), and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ...
Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ...
The larvae, known as "white grubs" or "chafer grubs", hatch after some four to six weeks. They feed on plant roots, for instance potato roots. The grubs develop in the earth for some three to four years, in colder climates even five years, and grow continually to a size of about 4–5 cm, before they pupate in early autumn and develop into a cockchafer in some six weeks. A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ...
White grubs or Grubworms are the larvae of scarabs (beetles). ...
Binomial name Solanum tuberosum L. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial plant of the Solanaceae, or nightshade, family, commonly grown for its starchy tuber. ...
Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) pupa Chrysalis redirects here: for other meanings see Chrysalis (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
The cockchafer overwinters in the earth at depths between 20 and 100 cm and work their way to the surface only in spring. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Because of their long development time as larvae, cockchafers appear in a cycle of every three or four years; the years vary from region to region. There is a larger cycle of some 30 years superimposed, in which they occur (or rather, used to occur) in unusually high numbers.
Pest control and history Both the grubs and the imagines have an enormous appetite and thus were/are a major problem in agriculture and forestry. In pre-industrialized times, the main mechanism to control their numbers was to collect and kill the adult beetles, thereby interrupting the cycle. They were once very abundant: in 1911, more than 20 million individuals were collected in 18 km² of forest. A decidous beech forest in Slovenia. ...
Year 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Collecting adults was an only moderately successful method. In the Middle Ages, pest control was rare and people had no effective means to protect their harvest. This gave rise to events that seem completely ludicrous from a modern perspective. In 1320, for instance, cockchafers were brought to court in Avignon and sentenced to withdraw within three days onto a specially designated area, otherwise they'd be outlawed. Of course, the cockchafers didn't obey, and were collected and killed. (Similar animal trials also occurred for many other animals in the Middle Ages.)[1] The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...
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A trial at the Old Bailey in London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ...
City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig...
Animal trials were first officially implemented during the 15th century for the purpose of convicting animals, perceived to be affiliated with Satan, on the charges of causing supernatural mayhem and destruction to superstitious locales. ...
In some areas and times, cockchafers even served as food. A 19th century recipe from France for cockchafer soup is handed down to us as "roast 1 lb (500 g) of cockchafers without wings and legs in sizzling butter, then cook them in a chicken soup, add some veal liver and serve with chives on a toast". And a German newspaper from Fulda from the 1920s tells of students eating sugar-coated cockchafers. A cockchafer stew is referred to in W.G. Sebald's novel The Emigrants. Today, only cockchafers made of chocolate are eaten. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Officially the pound is the name for at least three different units of mass: The pound (avoirdupois). ...
BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ...
Butter is commonly sold in sticks (pictured) or blocks, and frequently served with the use of a butter knife. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Veal is a culinary term for meat produced from calves (young cattle). ...
Binomial name Allium schoenoprasum L. Chives (Allium schoenoprasum), is the smallest species of the onion family[1] Alliaceae, native to Europe, Asia and North America[2]. They are referred to only in the plural, because they grow in clumps rather than as individual plants. ...
Two pieces of toasted white bread. ...
Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the Fulda River and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district (Kreis). ...
The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ...
Magnification of grains of sugar, showing their monoclinic hemihedral crystalline structure. ...
W. G. (Winifried Georg Maximilian) Sebald (18 May 1944, Wertach im Allgäu–14 December 2001, Norfolk, United Kingdom) was a German writer and academic. ...
The Emigrants, or Utvandrarna, is a 1971 film which tells the story of a Swedish couple who emigrate to 19th century America. ...
Chocolate most commonly comes in dark, milk, and white varieties, with cocoa solids contributing to the brown coloration. ...
Only with the modernization of agriculture in the 20th century and the invention of chemical pesticides did it become possible to effectively combat the cockchafer. Combined with the transformation of many pastures into agricultural land, this has resulted in a decrease of the cockchafer to near-extinction in some areas in Europe in the 1970s. Since then, agriculture has generally reduced its use of pesticides. Because of environmental and public health concerns (pesticides may enter the food chain and thus also the human body) many chemical pesticides have been phased out in the European Union and worldwide. In recent years, the cockchafer's numbers have been increasing again, causing damage to over 1,000 km² of land all over Europe. While this may be due to the reduced use of chemicals, some scientists also argue that, since the cockchafer thrives in warm and dry soils, the current increase in abundance may be related to climate change. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...
The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ...
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The human body is the entire physical structure of a human organism. ...
Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ...
At present, no chemical pesticides are approved for use against cockchafers, and only biological measures are utilised for control: for instance, pathogenic fungi or nematodes that kill the grubs are applied to the soil. Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ...
Classes Adenophora Subclass Enoplia Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea Subclass Rhabditia Subclass Spiruria Subclass Diplogasteria The roundworms (Phylum Nematoda) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species. ...
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