Cockroaches Fossil range: Carboniferous to Recent
Periplaneta americana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Dictyoptera Order: Blattaria
Families
Blaberidae Blattellidae Blattidae Cryptocercidae Polyphagidae Nocticolidae For the insects of the Order Blattodea, see Cockroach For the Australian 1980s/90s pop band, see The Cockroaches For the Necro EP, see Cockroaches (Necro EP) Category: ... The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Binomial name Periplaneta americana , The American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is a large species of cockroach, winged, and growing to a length of 1-1 1/2. It is very common the southern United States, and in tropical climates, and can be found in many locations throughout the world, including, due... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... Orders     Palaeodictyoptera - extinct     Ephemeroptera (mayflies)     Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)   Infraclass Neoptera     Blattodea (cockroaches)     Mantodea (mantids)     Isoptera (termites)     Zoraptera     Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers)     Dermaptera (earwigs)     Plecoptera (stoneflies)     Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)     Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas)     Embioptera (webspinners)     Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)    Superorder Hemipterodea     Psocoptera (booklice, barklice)     Phthiraptera (lice)     Hemiptera (true bugs)     Thysanoptera (thrips)    Superorder... Orders     Blattodea (cockroaches)     Mantodea (mantids)     Isoptera (termites)     Zoraptera     Grylloblattodea     Dermaptera (earwigs)     Plecoptera (stoneflies)     Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)     Phasmatodea (walking sticks, timemas)     Embioptera (webspinners)     Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)    Superorder Hemipterodea     Psocoptera (booklice, barklice)     Phthiraptera (lice)     Hemiptera (true bugs)     Thysanoptera (thrips)    Superorder Endopterygota     Miomoptera - extinct     Megaloptera (alderflies, etc. ... Orders Blattaria (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Dictyoptera includes two groups of insects, the Blattaria (cockroaches) and the Mantodea (mantids, or praying mantises). ... Genera Blaberus Diploptera Laxta Leucophaea Macropanesthia Nauphoeta Panchlora Pycnoscelus Rhyparobia Ref: ITIS 102419 2004-9-26 The Blaberidae is a family whose common name is the Giant Cockroaches. ... Genera Balta Blattella Lobopterella Parcoblatta Supella Symploce The Blattellidea is a family of the Blattodea order (cockroaches). ... Families Blaberidae Blattellidae Blattidae Cryptocercidae Polyphagidae Ref: ITIS 102427 2002-12-11 A cockroach is an insect of the order Blattodea (or Blattaria). ... Genera Cryptocerus Species Cryptocerus primarius Brown-hooded cockroach (Cryptocerus punctulatus) Cryptocerus relictus The Cryptocercidae is a family of the Blattodea order (cockroaches). ... Genera Arenivaga Attaphila Eremoblatta Euthyrrhapha The Polyphagidae is a family of the Blattodea order (cockroaches). ... Genera Nocticola (18 species) Spelaeoblatta (2 species) The Nocticolidae is a family of the Blattodea order (cockroaches). ...

Cockroaches (or simply "roaches") are insects of the order Blattaria. This name derives from the Latin word for "cockroach", blatta. Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...

Among the most well-known species are the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, which is about 30 mm (1 inch) long, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, about 15 mm (1/2 inch) long, the Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai, also about 15 mm (1/2 inch) in length, and the Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis, about 25 mm (3/4 inch). Tropical cockroaches are often much bigger, and extinct cockroach relatives such as the Carboniferous Archimylacris and the Permian Apthoroblattina were several times as large as these. Cockroaches are generally considered pests; however, only about 30 species (less than 1%) infest urban habitats.^{[citation needed]} Waterbug redirects here. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... Binomial name Blattella germanica Linnaeus, 1767 The German cockroach or Croton bug (Blattella germanica) is a small species of cockroach, measuring about 1/2 to 5/8 (1. ... Binomial name Mizukubo, 1981 The Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai), is a cockroach. ... Binomial name Blatta orientalis , The Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is a large species of cockroach, measuring about 1 in length at maturity. ... A noontime scene from the Philippines on a day when the Sun is almost directly overhead. ... The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... Archimylacris is an extinct genus of cockroach. ... The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ... Apthoroblattina is an extinct genus of cockroach. ... Larval form of some beetle is damaging specimen of Sceliphron destillatorius in entomogical collection. ...

Evolutionary history and relationships

Historically, the name Blattaria has been used largely interchangeably with the name Blattodea, though in most recent treatments, the latter name refers to a larger grouping that includes numerous fossil groups that were related to roaches, but not true cockroaches themselves. Another name, Blattoptera has come into use for this same paraphyletic group^[1]. These earliest cockroach-like fossils ("Blattopterans" or "roachids") are from the Carboniferous period between 354–295 million years ago. However, these fossils differ from modern cockroaches in having long ovipositors and are the ancestors of mantids as well as modern cockroaches. The first fossils of modern cockroaches with internal ovipositors appear in the early Cretaceous. Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For the self-defence technique, see Praying mantis kung fu. ... // The Cretaceous Period (pronounced ) is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i. ...

Mantodea, Isoptera, and Blattaria are usually combined by entomologists into a higher group called Dictyoptera. Current evidence strongly suggests that termites have evolved directly from true cockroaches, and many authors now consider termites to be a family of cockroaches^[2][3], as Blattaria excluding Isoptera is not a monophyletic group[1]. Families Chaeteessidae Metallyticidae Mantoididae Amorphoscelidae Eremiaphilidae Hymenopodidae Mantidae Empusidae The order Mantodea (or Praying mantis) consists of between 1,800 and 2,000 species, of which a majority are in Mantidae. ... Families Mastotermitidae Kalotermitidae Termopsidae Hodotermitidae Rhinotermitidae Serritermitidae Termitidae Reference: Earthlife as of 2002-07-26 A termite (also known as a white ant) is any member of the order Isoptera, a group of social insects that eat wood and other cellulose-rich vegetable matter. ... Entomology is the scientific study of insects. ... Orders Blattaria (cockroaches) Mantodea (mantids) Dictyoptera includes two groups of insects, the Blattaria (cockroaches) and the Mantodea (mantids, or praying mantises). ... Families Mastotermitidae Kalotermitidae Termopsidae Hodotermitidae Rhinotermitidae Serritermitidae Termitidae Termites, sometimes known as white ants, are a group of social insects usually classified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera. ... In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one stem) if all organisms in that group are known to have developed from a common ancestral form, and all descendants of that form are included in the group. ...

Biology

Digestive tract

Cockroaches are most common in tropical and subtropical climates. Some species are in close association with human dwellings and widely found around garbage or in the kitchen. Cockroaches are generally omnivorous with the exception of the wood-eating genus Cryptocercus; these roaches are incapable of digesting cellulose themselves, but have symbiotic relationships with various protozoans and bacteria that digest the cellulose, allowing them to extract the nutrients. The similarity of these symbionts to those in termites are such that the genus Cryptocercus has been believed to be more closely related to termites than to other cockroaches^[4], and current research strongly supports this hypothesis of relationships^[5]. Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ... Omnivores are organisms that consume both plants and animals. ... For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... Species Cryptocercus clevelandi Cryptocercus darwini Cryptocercus garciai Cryptocercus primarius Cryptocercus punctulatus Cryptocercus relictus Cryptocercus wrighti Cryptocercus is a genus of cockroaches in the family Cryptocercidae, of which this genus is the only member. ... Cellulose as polymer of β-D-glucose Cellulose in 3D Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is a polysaccharide of beta-glucose. ... Leishmania donovani, (a species of protozoan) in a bone marrow cell (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are one-celled eukaryotes (that is, unicellular microbes whose cells have membrane-bound nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, mobility and heterotrophy. ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... Families Mastotermitidae Kalotermitidae Termopsidae Hodotermitidae Rhinotermitidae Serritermitidae Termitidae Termites, sometimes known as white ants, are a group of social insects usually classified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera. ... Families Mastotermitidae Kalotermitidae Termopsidae Hodotermitidae Rhinotermitidae Serritermitidae Termitidae Termites, sometimes known as white ants, are a group of social insects usually classified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera. ...

Trachea and breathing

Nymph of a cockroach, 3 mm in length

Cockroaches, like all insects, breathe through a system of tubes called tracheae. The tracheae of insects are attached to the spiracles, excluding the head. Thus cockroaches, like all insects, are not dependent on the mouth and windpipe to breathe. The valves open when the CO₂ level in the insect rises to a high level; then the CO₂ diffuses out of the tracheae to the outside and fresh O₂ diffuses in. Unlike in vertebrates that depend on blood for transporting O₂ and CO₂, the tracheal system brings the air directly to cells, the tracheal tubes branching continually like a tree until their finest divisions tracheoles are associated with each cell, allowing gaseous oxygen to dissolve in the cytoplasm lying across the fine cuticle lining of the tracheole. CO₂ diffuses out of the cell into the tracheole. The trachea (IPA treik-i-a), or windpipe, is a tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi in mammals, and from the pharynx to the syrinx in birds, carrying air to the lungs. ... Spiracles are small openings on the surface of animals that usually lead to respiratory systems. ... Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ... diffusion (disambiguation). ... Dioxygen, O2, is the most common form of the element oxygen in normal conditions. ... Typical classes Petromyzontidae (lampreys) Placodermi - extinct Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Acanthodii - extinct Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfish) Amphibia (amphibians) Reptilia (reptiles) Aves (birds) Mammalia (mammals) Vertebrata is a subphylum of chordates, specifically, those with backbones or spinal columns. ... For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation). ... Look up cell in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

While cockroaches do not have lungs and thus do not actively breathe in the vertebrate lung manner, in some very large species the body musculature may contract rhythmically to forcibly move air out and in the spiracles; this may be considered a form of breathing. [2].

Nervous system

The cockroach nervous system is rather simple, with the vital functions distributed in the ventral Ganglions. Thus a cockroach will be able to survive sterile surgical decapitation for a very long period, especially if recently fed. A decapitated animal will even retain some limited learning capability, but will be severely hampered by the loss of feelers and sight as well as the majority of its central nervous tissue. A headless cockroach will of course be unable to feed and eventually die from starvation within a few weeks.^[6] This is a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) from a chicken embryo (around stage of day 7) after incubation overnight in NGF growth medium stained with anti-neurofilament antibody. ...

Eggs and egg capsules

Female Blatella germanica with ootheca

Female cockroaches are sometimes seen carrying egg cases on the end of their abdomen; the egg case of the German cockroach holds about 30–40 long, thin eggs, packed like frankfurters in the case called an ootheca. The eggs hatch from the combined pressure of the hatchlings gulping air and are initially bright white nymphs that continue inflating themselves with air and harden and darken within about four hours. Their transient white stage while hatching and later while molting has led to many individuals to claim to have seen albino cockroaches. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (700x713, 61 KB) Female Blatella_germanica with ootheca, taken from the Public Health Image Library (PHIL) of the Center of Desease Control (ID#:6321) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (700x713, 61 KB) Female Blatella_germanica with ootheca, taken from the Public Health Image Library (PHIL) of the Center of Desease Control (ID#:6321) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are... Binomial name Blatella germanica , The German cockroach (Blatella germanica) is a small species of cockroach, measuring about 1/2 to 5/8 long. ... Female cockroach (Blatella germanica) with ootheca Mantis ootheca An ootheca (pl. ... Praying mantis nymphs, approximately 4mm long, clustered on a leaf In biology, a nymph is the immature form of some insect species, which undergoes incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabolism) before reaching its adult stage; unlike a larva, a nymphs overall form already resembles that of an adult. ... Ecdysis is the molting of the cuticula in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). ...

Common household roaches A. German cockroach, B. American cockroach, C. Australian cockroach, D&E. Oriental cockroach (♀ & ♂)

A female German cockroach carries an egg capsule containing around 40 eggs. She drops the capsule prior to hatching. Development from eggs to adults takes 3-4 months. Cockroaches live up to a year. The female may produce up to eight egg cases in a lifetime; in favorable conditions, it can produce 300-400 offspring. Other species of cockroach, however, can produce an extremely high number of eggs in a lifetime, but only needs to be impregnated once to be able to lay eggs for the rest of its life. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1412x1780, 1473 KB) Caption The four species of common household roaches A, the German roach, or Croton bug, Blattella germanica (length 9/16 inch). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1412x1780, 1473 KB) Caption The four species of common household roaches A, the German roach, or Croton bug, Blattella germanica (length 9/16 inch). ... Binomial name Blattella germanica Linnaeus, 1767 The German cockroach or Croton bug (Blattella germanica) is a small species of cockroach, measuring about 1/2 to 5/8 (1. ... Waterbug redirects here. ... Binomial name Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius, 1775 The Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae) is a large species of cockroach, winged, and growing to a length of 3. ... Binomial name Blatta orientalis , The Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is a large species of cockroach, measuring about 1 in length at maturity. ...

Size

Cockroaches are rather large insects. Most species are about the size of a thumb nail, but several species are bigger. The world's largest cockroach is the Australian giant burrowing cockroach, which can grow to 9 cm in length and weigh more than 30 grams. Comparable in size is the giant cockroach Blaberus giganteus, which grows to a similar length but is not as heavy. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... BIC pen cap, about 1 gram. ... Binomial name Blaberus giganteus Linnaeus, 1758 Blaberus giganteus, the giant cockroach, is one of the worlds largest cockroaches, potentially longer than the giant burrowing cockroach, though not as heavy. ...

Hardiness

Cockroaches are among the hardiest insects on the planet, some species capable of remaining active for a month without food, or being able to survive on limited resources like the glue from the back of postage stamps.^[7] Some can go without air for 45 minutes or slow down their heart rate.

Ootheca of Periplaneta americana; Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

It is popularly suggested that cockroaches will "inherit the earth" if humanity destroys itself in a nuclear war. Cockroaches do indeed have a much higher radiation resistance than vertebrates, with the lethal dose perhaps 6 to 15 times that for humans. However, they are not exceptionally radiation-resistant compared to other insects, such as the fruit fly .^[8] The MythBusters of Discovery Channel had tested this popular belief in an episode aired on January 30, 2008, and had confirmed that fruit flies do indeed have a higher resistance to radiation than cockroaches. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Female cockroach (Blatella germanica) with ootheca Mantis ootheca An ootheca (pl. ... Waterbug redirects here. ... The Titan II ICBM carried a 9 Mt W53 warhead, making it one of the most powerful nuclear weapons fielded by the United States during the Cold War. ... Binomial name Meigen, 1830[1] Drosophila melanogaster (from the Greek for black-bellied dew-lover) is a two-winged insect that belongs to the Diptera, the order of the flies. ... MythBusters is an American popular science television program on the Discovery Channel starring American special effects experts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman, who use basic elements of the scientific method to test the validity of various rumors, urban legends and news stories in popular culture. ... Discovery Channel is a cable and satellite TV channel founded by John Hendricks which is distributed by Discovery Communications. ...

The cockroach's ability to withstand radiation better than human beings can be explained in terms of the cell cycle. Cells are more vulnerable to effects of radiation when they are dividing. A cockroach's cells divide only once when in its molting cycle, which at most happens weekly in a juvenile roach. The cells of the cockroach take roughly 48 hours to complete a molting cycle, which would give time enough for radiation to affect it but not all cockroaches would be molting at the same time. This would mean some would be unaffected by the initial radiation and thus survive, at least until the fallout arrived.^[9]

Selected species

Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis). a, female; b, male; c, side view of female; d, young.

• Periplaneta americana, American cockroach
• Eurycotis floridana, Florida woods cockroach
• Blatta orientalis, Oriental cockroach
• Blattella germanica, German cockroach
• Blattella asahinai, Asian cockroach
• Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Surinam cockroach
• Supella longipalpa, brown-banded cockroach
• Periplaneta australasiae, Australian cockroach
• Periplaneta fuliginosa, smokybrown cockroach
• Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, Pennsylvania woods cockroach
• Periplaneta brunnea, brown cockroach
• Blaberus discoidalis, discoid cockroach or false death's head
• Blaberus craniifer, true death's head cockroach
• Gromphadorhina portentosa, Madagascar hissing cockroach

Image File history File links Common_Cockroach_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16410. ... Image File history File links Common_Cockroach_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16410. ... Binomial name Periplaneta americana , The American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is a large species of cockroach, winged, and growing to a length of 1-1 1/2. It is very common the southern United States, and in tropical climates, and can be found in many locations throughout the world, including, due... Binomial name Eurycotis floridana , The Florida Woods Cockroach (Eurycotis floridana), is a large species of cockroach, which ussually grows to a length of 1 1/2 to 2. It is black in colour, and has a wide, glossy body, and appears at first glance to be wingless, however it does... Binomial name Blatta orientalis , The Oriental cockroach (blatta orientalis) is a large species of cockroach, measuring about 1 in length at maturity. ... Binomial name Blattella germanica Linnaeus, 1767 The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is a small species of cockroach, measuring about 1/2 to 5/8 long. ... Binomial name Blattella asahinai , The Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai), is a cockroach. ... Binomial name Pycnoscelus surinamensis , The Surinam cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis), is a cockroach. ... Binomial name Supella longipalpa , The Brown-banded cockroach (Supella longipalpa) is a small species of cockroach, measuring about 5/8 long. ... Binomial name Periplaneta australasiae , The Australian Cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae) is a large species of cockroach, winged, and growing to a length of 1 1/4-1 3/8. It is brown in colour. ... Binomial name Periplaneta fuliginosa , The Smokybrown Cockroach (Periplaneta fuliginosa) is a large species of cockroach, winged, and growing to a length of 1 1/4-1 3/8. It is brown in colour. ... Binomial name Parcoblatta pennsylvanica , The Pennslyvania woods cockroach (Parcoblatta pennsylvanica) is a species of cockroach, measuring about 1 long. ... Binomial name Periplaneta brunnea , The Brown cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea) is a large species of cockroach, winged, and growing to a length of 1 1/4-1 1/2. It is dark, reddish brown in colour. ... The discoid cockroach is also commonly called the false deaths head cockroach. ... Blaberus Craniifer The true deaths head cockroach is very similar to the discoid roach and is a nice display animal for entymologists due to its striking appearance. ... Binomial name Gromphadorhina portentosa (Schaum, 1853) The Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) is one of the largest species of cockroach, reaching 2-3 inches at maturity. ...

Behavior

Cockroaches have been shown to exhibit emergent behavior.^[10] A termite cathedral mound produced by a termite colony: a classic example of emergence in nature. ...

Research being conducted at the University of Florida shows that cockroaches leave chemical trails in their feces. Other cockroaches will follow these trails to discover sources of food and water, and also discover where other cockroaches are hiding. Research has shown that group-based decision making is responsible for more complex behavior such as resource allocation. A study where 50 cockroaches were placed in a dish with three shelters with a capacity for 40 insects in each, the insects arranged themselves in two shelters with 25 insects in each, leaving the third shelter empty. When the capacity of the shelters was increased to more than 50 insects per shelter, all of the cockroaches arranged themselves in one shelter. Researchers found a balance between cooperation and competition exists in group decision-making behavior found in cockroaches. The models used in this research can also explain the group dynamics of other insects and animals.^[10] The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a flagship public land-grant, sea-grant[3] major research university located on a 2,000 acre campus in Gainesville, Florida, United States of America. ...

Cockroaches are mainly nocturnal and will run away when exposed to light. A peculiar exception is the Oriental cockroach, which is attracted to light. Another study tested the hypothesis that cockroaches use just two pieces of information to decide where to go under those conditions: how dark it is and how many of their friends are there. The study conducted by José Halloy and colleagues at the Free University of Brussels and other European institutions created a set of tiny robots that to the roaches appear to be other roaches and can thus alter the roaches perception of critical mass. The robots were also specially scented so that they would be accepted by the real roaches.^[11] Binomial name Blatta orientalis , The Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is a large species of cockroach, measuring about 1 in length at maturity. ... The Free University of Brussels is the name of two Belgian universities both in Brussels: the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and the French-speaking Université Libre de Bruxelles This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see robot (disambiguation). ... For other uses of critical mass, see critical mass (disambiguation). ...

Additionally, researchers at Tohoku University engaged in a Classical Conditioning experiment with cockroaches and discovered that the insects were able to associate the scent of vanilla and peppermint with a sugar treat. ^[12] This article is Tohoku University in Japan. ... Classical Conditioning (also Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning) is a form of associative learning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. ... For other uses, see Vanilla (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Mentha × piperita L. Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) is a (usually) sterile hybrid mint, a cross between watermint (Mentha aquatica) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). ...

Cockroaches and health risks

A 2005 US national study on factors that affect asthma in inner-city children shows that cockroach allergens appear to worsen asthma symptoms more than other known triggers. This study, funded by the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), is the first large-scale study to rank asthma triggers according to severity. For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... The National Institutes of Health is an institution of the United States government which focuses on medical research. ... National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. ...

Additionally, a 2005 research study, sponsored by the National Pest Management Association (NPMA), shows a disparity in homeowner knowledge about this link. Only 10% of homeowners in the USA feel that cockroaches are a threat to their family's health. The National Pest Management Association (NPMA), a non-profit organization with more than 5,000 members, was established in 1933 to support the professional pest control industry’s commitment to the protection of public health, food and property, reflected both in the continuing education of pest control professionals and the...

Habitat

A bush cockroach

Cockroaches live in a wide range of environments around the world. Pest species of cockroaches adapt readily to a variety of environments, but prefer warm conditions found within buildings. Many tropical species prefer even warmer environments and do not fare well in the average household. Only about 20 species of cockroaches out of the known 4,000-7,500 are suited to thrive in the typical home. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 799 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2653 × 1990 pixel, file size: 3. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 799 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2653 × 1990 pixel, file size: 3. ...

Free-standing houses sited near wilderness areas or those with elaborate gardens often remain strikingly cockroach-free without chemical control or any particularly rigorous attention to hygiene. The explanation appears to be the surrounding habitat carries a healthy population of inoffensive non-invasive species of cockroaches, in turn supporting a population of cockroach predators, which do not discriminate between invasive and non-invasive species.^{[citation needed]}

Often when such houses are sprayed with insecticide for the first time, the most noticeable effect is the appearance of large numbers of dead predatory species such as centipedes.^{[citation needed]} For the arcade game called Centipede see Centipede (video game). ...

Pest control

Cockroach control, with cockroach baits, boric acid, and hydramethylnon gel.

There are numerous parasites and predators of cockroaches, but few of them have proven to be highly effective for biological control. Wasps in the family Evaniidae are perhaps the most effective insect predators, as they attack the egg cases, and wasps in the family Ampulicidae are predators on adult and nymphal cockroaches (e.g., Ampulex compressa). The house centipede, however, is probably the most effective control agent of cockroaches, though most homeowners find the centipedes themselves objectionable. Preventative measures include keeping all food stored away in sealed containers, using garbage cans with a tight lid, frequent cleaning in the kitchen, and regular vacuuming. Any water leaks, such as dripping taps, should also be repaired. It is also helpful to seal off any entry points, such as holes around baseboards, in between kitchen cabinets, pipes, doors, and windows with some steel wool or copper mesh and some cement, putty or silicone caulk. Once a cockroach infestation occurs, chemical controls may help alleviate the problem. Bait stations, gels containing hydramethylnon or fipronil, as well as boric acid powder, are toxic to cockroaches.^[13] Baits with egg killers are also quite effective at reducing the cockroach population. Additionally, pest control products containing deltamethrin or pyrethrin are very effective.^[13] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1148x1600, 1121 KB) Summary Cockroach control, with roach baits, boric acid, and hydramethylnon gel. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1148x1600, 1121 KB) Summary Cockroach control, with roach baits, boric acid, and hydramethylnon gel. ... Families See text. ... Genera see text The ensign wasps (family Evaniidae) are a small cosmopolitan group of very distinctive appearance, with 20 extant genera containing some 450 known species. ... Genera Ampulex Aphelotoma Dolichurus Paradolichurus Riekefella Trirogma The Ampulicidae, or Cockroach wasps, is a small (approx. ... Binomial name Ampulex compressa (Fabricius, 1781) The emerald cockroach wasp (Ampulex compressa, also known as the jewel wasp) is a parasitoid wasp of the family Ampulicidae. ... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The house centipede, Scutigera coleoptrata, is a yellowish grey centipede with 15 pairs of legs. ... Hydramethylnon is an organic chemical compound. ... Fipronil is the active ingredient in Frontline, a topical flea control commonly used on dogs and cats. ... Flash point Non-flammable. ... Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid ester insecticide. ... Pyrethrin I, R = CH3 Pyrethrin II, R = CO2CH3 The pyrethrins are a pair of natural organic compounds that have potent insecticidal activity. ...

Lowering the habitat temperature below freezing point may render most of the eggs infertile. This method may be practical in rural homes but it is highly unlikely to work in large cities.^{[citation needed]}

In Singapore and Malaysia, taxi drivers use Pandan leaves as a cockroach repellent in their vehicles.^[14] American cockroaches have been known to live up to three months without food and a month without water. Frequently living outdoors, although preferring warm climates and considered "cold intolerant," they are resilient enough to survive freezing temperatures. In Russia, some people, after opening all cupboards, leave a saucepan half-full of sulfur burning on a gas ring, then quickly come back in to switch it off (with gas mask) and leave the residence for a few days. This is said to be protective for ten years.^{[citation needed]} Pandan leaves is widely used in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. ...

Recently a method called the Vegas roach trap has proven to be a sucessful way in controlling cockroach infestation. The Vegas roach trap or Las Vegas roach trap refers to the serendipitous discovery, in Las Vegas, of a cockroach trap consisting of a jar, coffee grounds, and water, placed against a wall. ...

Popular culture

Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.

In popular culture, cockroaches are often regarded as vile and extremely resilient pests, due to their shiny exoskeletons (making them look slimy, contrary to their fastidious habits), and their size, unusual for a scavenging insect. An exoskeleton is an external anatomical feature that supports and protects an animals body, in contrast to the internal endoskeleton of, for example, a human. ...

Movies

• Scarface — The fictional character Tony Montana calls people "Cockroaches".
• Honey, we shrunk ourselves — After some characters are shrunk by Wayne Salinsky's shrinking machine, they have to evade a hungry cockroach. Eventually, the insect is killed, but just in time before it eats Wayne's wife, Diane.
• Joe's Apartment — The bugs are cheerful, swinging party-goers who help the titular human hero.
• Creepshow — Swarms of them terrorize a cantankerous and verminophobic old man.
• Damnation Alley — A post-apocalyptic Salt Lake City, Utah is infected with a four-inch long, flesh-eating mutant variety (played by the Madagascar Hissing Cockroach).
• Bug (1975 film) also starred Madagascar Hissing Cockroaches, this time able to produce fire from their abdomens, wreaking havoc.
• Men in Black — A giant cockroach-like alien's actions threaten to lead to the destruction of the Earth.
• Team America: World Police — After his apparent death, a cockroach crawls out of Kim Jong-Il's mouth and flies away in a rocket ship, in parody of Men in Black.
• Mimic — Diseased cockroaches are the target of the genetically-altered titular species.
• Twilight of the Cockroaches — An anime film in which roaches live peacefully in a bachelor's apartment until he begins dating a woman across the street, who encourages killing the insects.
• A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master, Debbie is working out when she falls asleep on the bench, giving Freddy full reign of turning her into a cockroach (her biggest fear), and being squished to death.
• An American Tail, the chief villain, Warren T. Rat, carries with him a cockroach named Digit who he forces to count his money and frequently abuses, even threatening to eat him at one point.
• Naked Lunch, the main character, William Lee's "case worker" appears to him in the form of large cockroach that speaks through a hole in its abdomen. Later, this cockroach appears again as a hybrid of a cockroach/typewriter that has a keypad on its face. The case worker reveals his name as "Clark Nova", which also happens to be the name of Lee's typewriter model.
• Godzilla vs Gigan, both King Ghidorah and Gigan are controlled remotely by Nebulans, an alien race of giant cockroaches that inherited a waste planet after the dominant species on it polluted it into oblivion.
• The 1983 film Scarface, Tony refers to Gasper Gomez and the Diaz Brothers, rival gang leaders to Frank Lopez, as cockroaches in one of the film's most famous lines: "I'll bury those cock-a-roaches."
• Starship Troopers — in one scene, a group of children show their support for the war effort against the huge alien insect creatures by squashing cockroaches in the school yard.
• Enchanted features the magical Princess Giselle using her voice to summon various creatures from New York City to help her tidy the apartment she is staying in, including many cockroaches.
• Mouse Hunt includes a scene at the beginning in which the mayor of New York City chokes to death on the head of a cockroach accidentally ingested during a dinner at a gourmet restaurant.

Television

• X-Files episode "War of the Coprophages", cockroaches are seen to group together to murder people. The character Dr. Berenbaum (based on the University of Illinois entomologist) suggests that it is actually swarms of cockroaches that are responsible for most UFO sightings because they can generate an electro-static field which can be illuminated dependent on atmospheric conditions. In one of the scenes, a cockroach that escaped can be seen crawling over the camera, making it appear that the viewer's television has become infested. Though the shot was not planned, the producers decided to leave it in the episode.
• ALF, Alf inadvertently releases a Melmacian cockroach in the house. When it is sprayed with insecticide, it grows bigger until it is large enough to eat him. He discovers that a bottle of perfume will kill the cockroach.
• The short-lived kids television show Freaky Stories was hosted by a cockroach named Larry.
• Heroes, Mohinder Suresh (a genetics professor) describes cockroaches, and not humans, as the pinnacle of evolution. The series' main antagonist, Sylar, is also associated with cockroaches in a couple of scenes.
• They are referred to in the episode "Insect Inside" of The Powerpuff Girls.
• In the television show "King of the Hill", the character Dale Gribble has been shown as a breeder of cockroaches. He attempts to breed a colony of Madagascar hissing cockroaches to do his bidding, theorizing that they will believe he is their mother and obey if he is the first thing they see when they hatch.
• In the Travel Channel show "Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern", during the New York City episode, Andrew and special guest Anthony Bourdain eat teriyaki cockroaches.

Written works

• Franz Kafka's story The Metamorphosis, the character Gregor Samsa awakes to find himself transformed into a giant insect, often interpreted as a cockroach. Actually, the type of bug into which Gregor transforms is not specified, though it is referred to as "vermin" and the little physical description offered could match either a cockroach or beetle. Conversely, Tyler Knox published a noir comedy in 2006 called "Kockroach" (William Morrow) in which a cockroach wakes up one morning as a man and becomes a leading gangster in Times Square during the 1950s.
• Revolt of the Cockroach People, an autobiographical novel by Oscar Zeta Acosta, cockroaches are used as a metaphor for oppressed and downtrodden minorities in US society in the 1960s and 70s, particularly Mexican-Americans. There are several references to the folk song La Cucaracha throughout the novel.
• Daniel Evan Weiss's novel The Roaches Have No King tells the story of a humanized colony of cockroaches, who swear revenge against their hosts for renovating the kitchen and thus preventing easy access to food supplies.
• In the Discworld novel The Last Continent by Terry Pratchett, Ponder Stibbons is horrified to learn that the cockroach is actually the most highly evolved and advanced creature in the world, and not mankind as he had assumed.
• Along with rats, cockroaches are frequently seen infesting various locations in Steve Purcell's comic book series Sam & Max, and one storyline features a race of gigantic cockroaches living on the moon.
• Archy is a cockroach in an historic series of newspaper columns by Don Marquis.

Games

• The cult computer game Bad Mojo deals with a person turned into a cockroach, in clear reference to Kafka's Metamorphosis.
• Deadly Rooms of Death (DROD), cockroaches are considered as flesh-eating monsters, which infest dungeons of all kinds.
• The role playing game Werewolf: The Apocalypse feature a tribe of werewolf, the Glass Walkers who have the unusual totem Cockroach as their spiritual patron, the Glass Walkers find themselves semi-pariahs among their brethren for their love for the city (and, to a lesser extent, for their affinity for humanity and its technology).
• In The Sims' expansion pack The Sims: Livin' Large and up, cockroaches appear if the house is left in an untidy state for too long (even if beds are left unmade or such other trivial things). They are generally quite hard to kill, as they can move underneath furniture to avoid being removed.

Music

• "La Cucaracha" ("The Cockroach") is a traditional Spanish language folk song.
• Los Angeles rapper Bobby Jimmy released the song "Roaches" as a parody of Timex Social Club's hit song "Rumors". Its chorus line was Look at all these roaches / Around me everyday / Need somethin' strong / To make 'em go away.
• Hardcore rapper Necro has a track called "Cockroaches" in which he raps about people's fear and/or dislike of cockroaches.
• The album Infest from Papa Roach features a large roach on the cover.
• The Shuffle Demons did a song in 1986, Get Out Of My House, Roach, on the album Streetniks
• Sleepytime Gorilla Museum's second studio album, Of Natural History features the song Cockroach, which describes cockroaches with disgust.
• The album Lonesome Crowded West published in 1997 by American indie rock band Modest Mouse contains a song titled Doin' the Cockroach.
• In 2007, American group Ween released their 11th studio album entitled La Cucaracha (The Cockroach).
• International pop superstar Madonna has famously quoted,"I am a survivor. I am like a cockroach, you just can't get rid of me."[3]

Nicknames

• Boxing coach Freddie Roach was nicknamed La Cucaracha (The Cockroach) when he was still competing as a fighter.
• In Australian rugby league, the New South Wales State of Origin Team are informally known as the Cockroaches, due to the commonality of the cockroach as a household pest in that state. Their opponents, the Queensland State of Origin Team, are known as the Cane Toads, after that state's most common pest.
• Former England cricket captain-turned-media cricket analyst and commentator Michael Atherton was nicknamed as 'The Cockroach' by the former Australian cricket captain Steve Waugh because he was extremely difficult to stamp out.[4]

Scarface can refer to: people Al Capone, an American gangster whose nickname was Scarface. Scarface (rapper), a rapper who is a member of the Geto Boys. ... Joes Apartment is a 1996 musical-serio-comic film starring Jerry OConnell. ... Creepshow is a classic 1982 anthology horror movie directed by George A. Romero (of Night of the Living Dead and Dawn of the Dead fame), and written by Stephen King (The Shining, Misery, The Stand). ... This article is about the 1977 film. ... The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is Salt Lake Citys top tourist draw. ... Binomial name (Schaum, 1853) Hissing roaches kept as pets. ... Bug is a 1975 horror film starring Bradford Dillman, Joanna Miles and Richard Gilliland. ... Binomial name (Schaum, 1853) Hissing roaches kept as pets. ... Men in Black is a 1997 science fiction comedy action film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, starring Tommy Lee Jones, Will Smith and Vincent DOnofrio. ... Team America: World Police Team America: World Police is a 2004 movie by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, the creators of the Comedy Central television program South Park. ... Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il) (born February 16, 1942) is the leader of North Korea. ... In contemporary usage, a parody (or lampoon) is a work that imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself, the subject of the work, the author or fictional voice of the parody, or another subject. ... Mimic is a 1997 science fiction horror film, directed by Guillermo del Toro. ... An American Tail is an animated film produced by Steven Spielbergs Amblin Entertainment, and directed by Don Bluth, originally released in movie theatres on November 21, 1986. ... Naked Lunch is a novel by William S. Burroughs. ... Scarface is a 1983 film directed by Brian De Palma, written by Oliver Stone and starring Al Pacino as Antonio Tony Montana. ... Antonio Tony Montana Scarface is a fictional character in the Brian DePalma film Scarface, portrayed by Al Pacino. ... Starship Troopers is a 1997 film directed by Paul Verhoeven, written by Edward Neumeier, and starring Casper Van Dien, Dina Meyer and Denise Richards. ... Enchanted is a 2007 musical film, directed by Kevin Lima and produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Josephson Entertainment. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... From: DreamWorks Nathan Lane Lee Evans In MouseHunt Christmas 1997 ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The X-Files is an American Peabody, Golden Globe and Emmy Award-winning science fiction television series created by Chris Carter, which first aired on 10 September 1993, and ended on 19 May 2002. ... War of the Coprophages is the twelth episode of the third season of The X-Files. ... A Corner of Main Quad The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, or simply Illinois), is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious campus in the University of Illinois system. ... UFO redirects here. ... ALF is a 30-minute television sitcom that originally ran on NBC from 1986 to 1990. ... Melmac was a fictional planet in the television series ALF. Melmac was discovered 23,000 years ago when Harold Twink accidentally took the wrong exit for Neptune. ... It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ... Freaky Stories is a television series, which airs in English on YTV (Youth Television) and in French on VRAK.TV, in Canada. ... Heroes is an American science fiction serial drama television series created by Tim Kring, which premiered on NBC on September 25, 2006. ... The Powerpuff Girls is an Emmy-winning American animated television series about three little girls in kindergarten who have superpowers. ... This article is about the television program. ... Dale Alvin Gribble (voiced by Johnny Hardwick) is a character in the animated series King of the Hill. ... Binomial name (Schaum, 1853) Hissing roaches kept as pets. ... The Travel Channel is a cable television network that features documentaries and how-to shows related to travel and leisure around the United States and throughout the world. ... Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern is a documentary-styled travel and cuisine program hosted by Andrew Zimmern on the Travel Channel. ... Anthony Michael Tony Bourdain (born June 25, 1956) is an American author and chef. ... Kafka redirects here. ... The Metamorphosis (German: ) is a novella by Franz Kafka, first published in 1915, and arguably the most famous of his works along with the longer works The Trial and The Castle. ... Look up vermin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Times Square (disambiguation). ... The Revolt of the Cockroach People is a novel by Oscar Zeta Acosta. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For other uses, see La Cucaracha (disambiguation). ... This article is about the novels. ... Terence David John Pratchett, OBE (born 28 April 1948) is a British fantasy and science fiction author, best known for his Discworld series. ... Ponder Stibbons is a wizard in the fictional universe of Terry Pratchetts Discworld series. ... At the 1992 San Diego Comic Con. ... A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ... Front cover of The collected Sam & Max: Surfin The Highway. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Don Marquis (July 29, 1878 - December 29, 1937) was an American poet, artist, newspaper columnist, humorist, playwright and author; best known for creating the characters Archy and Mehitabel. Archy was a cockroach who left poems on Marquiss typewriter by jumping on the keys, and Mehitabel, a cat, was Archy... Bad Mojo is a computer game by Pulse Entertainment, released in 1996. ... Deadly Rooms of Death (commonly abbreviated to DROD) is a computer puzzle game. ... This articles content is specific to the fictional setting known as the World of Darkness. ... The Glass Walkers are a fictional tribe of Garou, or werewolves, in White Wolfs Werewolf: The Apocalypse role-playing game, set in the World of Darkness multiverse. ... This article is about a computer game that was released in year 2000. ... For other uses, see La Cucaracha (disambiguation). ... Russ Parr is an American radio and television personality. ... The Timex Social Club was a group formed in 1982. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Infest can mean to overly populate, much in the same way that cockroaches do. ... Papa Roach is a four-piece rock band from Vacaville, California. ... The Shuffle Demons are a Canadian jazz fusion band, who had a surprise Top 40 hit in Canada with their 1986 single Spadina Bus. The song, from their debut album Streetniks, referred to the Toronto Transit Commissions Spadina Avenue bus in Toronto, Ontario. ... Streetniks is an album by The Shuffle Demons, recorded over two days. ... Sleepytime Gorilla Museum (often abbreviated to SGM) are an American avant-rock band, formed in 1999 in Oakland, California. ... Of Natural History is the second album by avant-rock group Sleepytime Gorilla Museum. ... The Lonesome Crowded West is the second full-length album recorded by indie rock band Modest Mouse. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Indie rock is a subgenre of rock music often used to refer to bands that are on small independent record labels or that arent on labels at all. ... Modest Mouse is an North-American indie rock band formed in 1993 in Issaquah, Washington by singer/lyricist/guitarist Isaac Brock, drummer Jeremiah Green, bassist Eric Judy, and guitarist Dann Gallucci. ... Look up Madonna in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other meanings of these words, see boxing (disambiguation) or boxer. ... This cites very few or no references or sources. ... Rugby league football is a full-contact team sport played with a prolate spheroid-shaped ball by two teams of thirteen on a rectangular grass field. ... Most recent series 2006 State of Origin: LOST Queensland 2 - New South Wales 1 Biggest win New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland (Stadium Australia, Sydney; 7 June 2000) Biggest defeat Queensland 36 - 6 New South Wales (Lang Park, Brisbane; 23 May 1989) The New South Wales Rugby League team represents... NSW redirects here. ... The logo of the Queensland State of Origin team The Queensland State of Origin team is a rugby league team representing the state of Queensland that plays in Australias annual three-match State of Origin series against arch-rivals the New South Wales team. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Distribution of the Cane Toad. ... Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Motto(s): Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Anna Bligh (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 28  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $158,506 (3rd... Michael Andrew Atherton (born March 23, 1968) is a broadcaster, journalist and retired cricket player. ... Stephen Rodger Waugh AO (born June 2, 1965 in Canterbury, New South Wales) is a former Australian cricketer who captained the Australian Test cricket team from 1999 to 2004. ...

History

Some of the earliest writings with regards to cockroaches encourage their use as medicine. Pedanius Dioscorides (1st century), Kamal al-Din al-Damiri and Abu Hanifa ad-Dainuri (9th century) all offered medicines that either suggest grinding them up with oil or boiling. The list of ailments included earaches, open wounds and "gynecological disorders."^{[citation needed]} Pedanius Dioscorides Pedanius Dioscorides (c. ... The 1st century was that century that lasted from 1 to 100 according the Gregorian calendar. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ...

References

Notes

is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Discovery Channel is a cable and satellite TV channel founded by John Hendricks which is distributed by Discovery Communications. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Discover Magazine is a science magazine that publishes articles about science. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Alamance County is a county located in the state of North Carolina. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

• Cockroaches: Ecology, Behavior, and Natural History, by William J. Bell, Louis M. Roth, and Christine A. Nalepa, ISBN 0-8018-8616-3, 2007
• Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN 1-55297-612-2, 2002
• Insects: Their Biology and Cultural History, Bernhard Klausnitzer, ISBN 0-87663-666-0, 1987

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Blattodea

• Blattodea Species File Online world catalogue of cockroaches.
• Online book about cockroaches
• Allpet Roaches Photos and information about pet relevant species.
• Order Blattodea (Cockroaches), Exploring California Insects photos of a few California species
• Cockroach health threats
• UC Davis on cockroaches
• The cockroach FAQ
• Cockroach Pest Control Information - National Pesticide Information Center
• Harvard University fact sheet on American cockroaches
• Cosmic cockroaches faster developers, Russian scientists say