NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cod liver oil

Cod liver oil is a nutritional supplement derived from liver of cod fish. It has high levels of the omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, and very high levels of vitamin A, and vitamin D. It is widely taken to ease the symptoms of arthritis as well as other health benefits. It was once commonly given to children. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1037x778, 100 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cod liver oil Encapsulation (pharmacology) User:Woldo/Contributions ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1037x778, 100 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Cod liver oil Encapsulation (pharmacology) User:Woldo/Contributions ... For the art collective, see Gelitin. ... Cod Liver Oil was a traditional medicinal drink for a lot of Newfoundlanders that was also made into a song. ... A dietary supplement is intended to supply nutrients, (vitamins, minerals, fatty acids or amino acids) that are missing or not consumed in sufficient quantity in a persons diet. ... The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body, and is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... COD may refer to many different topics, including: Cash on delivery Completion of discharge, shipping College of DuPage, a public Junior College with campuses in the suburbs of Chicago Call of Duty (series), a series of computer games Canadian Oxford Dictionary Carrier onboard delivery Catastrophic optical damage, a failure mode... Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids found in certain fish tissues, and in vegetable sources such as flax seeds, walnuts, and canola oil. ... Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. ... Docosahexaenoic acid (commonly known as DHA; 22:6(Ï‰-3), all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid; trivial name cervonic acid) is an omega-3 essential fatty acid. ... The structure of retinol, the most common dietary form of vitamin A Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ... Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ...

Characteristics

Depending on the quality of the oil, the flavor and aroma range from a mild sardine-like flavor, to an intense and obnoxious odor of rotten fish and rancid oil. High quality cod liver oil is a pale-yellow, thin, oily liquid, having a peculiar, slightly fishy, but not rancid odor, and a bland, slightly fishy taste. Manufacturers sometimes add flavorings, such as citrus or mint essence, to cod liver oil to make it more palatable. This article is about flavor as a sensory impression. ... Odor receptors on the antennae of a Luna moth An odor is the object of perception of the sense of olfaction. ... Sardines in the Pacific An open Sardines can Sardines on a plate grilled Sardines For the hide and seek-like game, see Hide and seek. ... Rancidification is the decomposition of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis and/or oxidation. ...

Manufacture

Cod liver oil is made by cooking cod livers with steam, and then pressing/decanting the cooked livers to extract the oil. This is in contrast to fish oils, which are extracted from the cooked whole body tissues of fatty fish during the manufacture of fish meal. Fish Oil is oil derived from fishes. ... Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Fish Meal - Menhaden, Herring, Anchovy, Redfish, and Whitefish meal Menhaden is the major source of fish meal produced in the U.S. The fish are taken in Atlantic coastal waters from Maine to Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico. ...

Therapeutic uses

Cod liver oil is widely taken to ease the pain and joint stiffness associated with arthritis,^[1] but has also been clinically proven to have a positive effect on heart,^[2]^[3] bone,^[4] and brain,^[5] as well as helping to nourish skin,^[6] hair, and nails. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. ...

Cod liver oil and fish oil are similar, but cod liver oil has much higher levels of vitamins A and D. Many adults don't meet the RDA for Vitamin D.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Cod liver oil is effective in treatment of household burns, due to its hugh vitamin content, often leaving no burn-related blister.

In 2005, a study by researchers at the University of California found that Vitamin D may lower the risk of developing different types of cancers, halving the chances of getting breast, ovarian, and colon cancers.^[11] Berkeley Davis Irvine Los Angeles Merced Riverside San Diego Santa Barbara Santa Cruz UC Office of the President in Oakland The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the state of California. ...

Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy is associated with lower risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring.^[12] This effect was found only in mothers taking cod liver oil, not in mothers taking multivitamin supplements. It should be noted that cod liver oil contains unsafe amounts of vitamin A for pregnant women. Cod liver oil taken by nursing mothers improves the breast milk by increasing the amount of fatty acids, which promotes brain development, and the amount of vitamin A, which helps prevent infections, but the level of vitamin D is unchanged. This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...

Adverse effects

Because cod liver oil has a very high level of Vitamin A, it is possible to exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin A. Vitamin A accumulates in body fat, and can reach harmful levels sufficient to cause hypervitaminosis A.^[13]Pregnant women should not take cod liver oil due the high amount of Vitamin A, which, in high doses is shown to cause birth defects. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Daily values. ... Hypervitaminosis A refers to the effects of excessive vitamin A (specifically retinoid) intake. ...

The risks of hypervitaminosis and of exposure to environmental toxins such as mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and other contaminants, are reduced when purification processes are applied to produce refined fish-oil products, which consequently contain raised levels of omega-3 fatty acids, such as EPA and DHA.^[14] This article is about the element. ... Labelling transformers containing PCBs. ... Dioxin is the common name for the group of compounds classified as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs). ... Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. ... Docosahexaenoic acid (commonly known as DHA; 22:6(Ï‰-3), all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid; trivial name cervonic acid) is an omega-3 essential fatty acid. ...

A high intake of cod liver oil by pregnant women is associated with a nearly five-fold increased risk of gestational hypertension,^[15] although this study did not control for mercury, which can be present in harmful amounts in fish^[14] and which is another cause of hypertension.^[16]

Some urge caution when taking cod liver oil and other fish-based supplements since they may contain elevated levels of toxins such as mercury and PCBs found in fish.^[14] Some supplement companies regularly test cod liver oil for purity, while others do not. Ultimately the specific concerns of mercury in cod liver oil are generally not justified. Consumerlab.com tested 44 fish and cod liver oil supplements and found that all were free of detectable levels of mercury. ^[17] It has been suggested that Acrodynia be merged into this article or section. ... Labelling transformers containing PCBs. ...

Other uses

In Newfoundland, cod liver oil was sometimes used as the liquid base for traditional red ochre paint, the coating of choice for use on outbuildings and work buildings associated with the cod fishery. This article is about the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Red ochre and yellow ochre (pronounced //, from the Greek ochros, yellow) are pigments made from naturally tinted clay. ...

See also

Retinol, the animal form of vitamin A, is a yellow fat-soluble, antioxidant vitamin important in vision and bone growth. ... Shark liver oil is obtained from sharks caught for food purposes only, living in cold, deep oceans. ...

References

^ Gruenwald J, Graubaum HJ, Harde A. Effect of cod liver oil on symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. 2002. Adv Ther 19:101-107. PMID 12069368
^ Knapp, HR, et al (1987). "The Effect of Cod liver oil on the Development of Atherosclerosis in an Animal Model.". Proceedings of the AOCS: pp. 35-40.
^ von Schacky, C. (2000). "n-3 Fatty acids and the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis". Am J Clin Nutr 71 ((1 Suppl)): 224S-7S.
^ Akpede, GO, et al (1999). "Rickets and deprivation: a Nigerian study.". J R.Soc.Health 119: 216-22.
^ Cod liver oil, fish oil and Omega 3, "Cod liver oil and depression".
^ Terkelsen, LH, et al (2000). "Topical application of cod liver oil ointment accelerates wound healing: an experimental study in wounds in the ears of hairless mice.". J Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 34: 15-20.
^ Reginster JY. The high prevalence of inadequate serum vitamin D levels and implications for bone health. 2005. Curr Med Res Opin 21:579-586. DOI: 10.1185/030079905X41435 PMID 15899107
^ Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 80:1710S-1716S. PMID 15585792 full text (free)
^ Peterlik M, Cross HS. Vitamin D and calcium deficits predispose for multiple chronic diseases. 2005. Eur J Clin Invest 35:290-304. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01487.x PMID 15860041
^ Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. 2004. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229:1136-1142. PMID 15564440 full text (free)
^ Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, et al. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. 2006. Am J Public Health 96:252-261. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260 PMID 16380576
^ Stene LC, Ulriksen J, Magnus P, et al. Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of Type I diabetes in the offspring. 2000. Diabetologia 43:1093-1098. DOI: 10.1007/s001250051499 PMID 11043854 full-text (free)
^ Paul Lips (2003-05-08). "Hypervitaminosis A and fractures". N Engl J Med 348: 1927-1928. Retrieved on 2008-03-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bays H E (2007-03-19). "Safety Considerations with Omega-3 Fatty Acid Therapy". The American Journal of Cardiology 99 (Supplement 1) (6): S35-S43. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.020.
^ Olafsdottir AS, Skuladottir GV, Thorsdottir I, et al. Relationship between high consumption of marine fatty acids in early pregnancy and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. 2006. BJOG 113:301-309. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.00826.x PMID 16487202
^ Horowitz Y, Greenberg D, Ling G, Lifshitz M. Acrodynia: a case report of two siblings. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86: 453. PMID 12023189
^ ConsumerLab.com - Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA and DHA) from Fish/Marine Oils review

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Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. ... mccall is cooool Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. ... Prebiotics are a category of functional food, defined as: Non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health. ... Probiotics are dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial bacteria or yeasts. ... Species L. acidophilus L. brevis L. delbrueckii subsp. ... Bifidobacteria (genus Bifidobacterium) are a group of anaerobic bacteria and a form of probiotic that is thought to have health-promoting properties for humans. ... Retinol (one vitamer of Vitamin A) A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. ... Whole food supplements comprise a unique class within the food supplement industry. ... Retinol (one vitamer of Vitamin A) A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. ... mccall is cooool Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. ... The structure of retinol, the most common dietary form of vitamin A Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient. ... The B vitamins are eight water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. ... For the similarly spelled nucleic acid, see Thymine Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is one of the B vitamins. ... Riboflavin (E101), also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in animals. ... Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell. ... Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life (essential nutrient). ... Pyridoxine Pyridoxal phosphate Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin. ... Vitamin H redirects here. ... Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9. ... Cyanocobalamin is a compound that is metabolized to a vitamin in the B complex commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short). ... This article is about the nutrient. ... Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. ... The Î±-tocopherol form of vitamin E. Main articles: tocopherol and tocotrienol Vitamin E is the collective name for a set of 8 related tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are fat-soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties. ... Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... Choline is an organic compound, classified as an essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex. ... General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... REDIRECT [[ Insert text]]EWWWWWWWWWWWWW YO General Name, symbol, number chromium, Cr, 24 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 6, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Standard atomic weight 51. ... For other uses, see Cobalt (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... Distinguished from fluorene and fluorone. ... For other uses, see Iodine (disambiguation). ... Fe redirects here. ... 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This article is about the use of species of Ephedra in medicine. ... Fish Oil is oil derived from fishes. ... Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9. ... Species Subgenus Panax Section Panax Series Notoginseng Panax notoginseng Series Panax Panax bipinnatifidus Panax ginseng Panax japonicus Panax quinquefolius Panax vietnamensis Panax wangianus Panax zingiberensis Section Pseudoginseng Panax pseudoginseng Panax stipuleanatus Subgenus Trifolius Panax trifolius Ginseng field in Wisconsin Ginseng refers to species within Panax, a genus of 11 species... Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. ... Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; Glx or Z represents either glutamine or glutamic acid) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. ... Iron supplements are supplements that can be prescribed by a doctor for a medical reason. ... Binomial name Thunb. ... Krill oil is made from krill. ... Binomial name (Curtis) P. Karst LÃngzhÄ« (traditional Chinese: éˆèŠ; simplified Chinese: çµèŠ; Japanese: reishi; Korean: yeongji, hangul: ì˜ì§€) is the name for one form of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, and its close relative Ganoderma tsugae, which grows in the northern Eastern Hemlock forests. ... Flax oil (in bottles) and coconut oil (in jars in the middle) Linseed oil, also known as flax seed oil, is a yellowish drying oil derived from the dried ripe seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum, Linaceae). ... Melatonin, 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is a hormone found in all living creatures from algae[1] to humans, at levels that vary in a diurnal cycle. ... Dried grain red yeast rice Red yeast rice (Chinese: ç´…éº´ç±³, çº¢æ›²ç±³; pinyin: hÃ³ng; lit. ... Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of the larvae. ... Saw palmetto extract is an extract of the fruit of Serenoa repens. ... 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