The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government of the United States. The CFR is published by the Office of the Federal Register, an agency of the National Archives and Records Administration. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The Federal Register contains most routine publications and public notices of United States government agencies. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      The government of the United States of America, established by the U.S. Constitution, is a... The Office of the Federal Register is an agency of the United States Government within the National Archives and Records Administration. ... The National Archives building in Washington, DC The United States National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records. ...

Background

Administrative law exists because the United States Congress often grants broad authority to executive branch agencies to interpret the statutes in the United States Code (and in uncodified statutes) which the agencies are entrusted with enforcing. Congress may be too busy or congested to micromanage the jurisdiction of those agencies by writing statutes that cover every possible detail, or Congress may determine that the technical specialists at the agency are best equipped to develop detailed applications of statutes to particular fact patterns as they arise (executive). Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate Dick Cheney, R, since January 20, 2001 Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, R, since January 6, 1999 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups (as of January 4, 2005 elections) Democratic Party Republican Party... Delegation is handing a task over to a subordinate. ... The United States Code (U.S.C.) is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal law of the United States. ...

Under the Administrative Procedure Act, the agencies are permitted to promulgate detailed rules and regulations through a public "rulemaking" process where the public is allowed to comment (public information). After a period of time, the rules and regulations are usually published in the Federal Register. The federal Administrative Procedure Act (APA) of 1946 governs the way in which administrative agencies of the United States federal government may propose and establish regulations. ... Promulgation is the act of formally proclaiming new legislation to the public. ... In administrative law, rulemaking refers to the process that executive agencies use to create, or promulgate, regulations. ... The Federal Register contains most routine publications and public notices of United States government agencies. ...

Effect of administrative law

The regulations are treated by the courts as being as legally binding as statutory law, provided the regulations are a reasonable interpretation of the underlying statutes. This "reasonable interpretation" test or Chevron doctrine was articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in a unanimous decision (6 voting, 3 recused) involving a challenge to new Clean Air Act regulations promulgated by the Reagan administration in 1981. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc..^[1] A trial at the Old Bailey in London as drawn by Thomas Rowlandson and Augustus Pugin for Ackermanns Microcosm of London (1808-11). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Statute of Grand Duchy of Lithuania A statute is a formal, written law of a country or state, written and enacted by its legislative authority, perhaps to then be ratified by the highest executive in the government, and finally published. ... Chevron Corporation (NYSE: CVX) is one of the worlds largest global energy companies. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... A Clean Air Act describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and atmospheric pollution in general. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). ... Holding Courts must defer to administrative agency interpretations of the authority granted to them by Congress (1) where the grant of authority was ambiguous, and (2) where the interpretation was reasonable or permissible. ...

For example, if Congress passed a law that simply stated that there are not to be "excessive" levels of mercury in any significant body of water in the United States (but defined things no further), an entity designated, as part of the law, to enforce it (probably the United States Environmental Protection Agency) could define in a scientific way what an excessive level of mercury is, as well as what constitutes a significant body of water. The Agency's definitions, and its plan of enforcement for what Congress intended (along with listed penalties for violation coming from Congress unless Congress specified otherwise) will all go into the CFR. Equality and the balancing of our interests under law is symbolised by a blindfold and weighing scales For other senses of this word, see Law (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery Atomic mass 200. ... EPA redirects here. ... A penalty is a punishment: a legal sentence, e. ... The word violation, when used alone, has several possible meanings in the English language. ...

Also, enabling legislation can be passed by Congress which gives a federal non-Congressional entity wide latitude in creating rules (law of bases). For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency could be designated by Congress to pass rules "that control harmful pollutants"; the Agency could then pass broad rules (including definitions and enforcement provisions), in the absence of existing specific laws, to control lead emissions, radon emissions, pesticide emissions, and so forth. Such rules, including any Congressional- or Agency-created definitions and enforcement provisions, will all go into the CFR. Pollution is the release of environmental contaminants. ... For PB or pb as an abbreviation, see PB. General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number radon, Rn, 86 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 6, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass (222) g/mol Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 Physical properties Phase gas Density (0 °C, 101. ... A cropduster spreading pesticide. ...

Publication of administrative law

The rules and regulations are first promulgated or published in the Federal Register, and are later organized by topic or subject matter and are incorporated into the CFR.

Organization and printing schedule

The CFR is a multi-volume set divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. While new regulations are continually becoming effective, the physical printing of the CFR is updated on a set schedule. Each volume of the CFR is updated once each calendar year and is issued on a quarterly basis.

• Titles 1-16 are updated as of January 1st
• Titles 17-27 are updated as of April 1st
• Titles 28-41 are updated as of July 1st
• Titles 42-50 are updated as of October 1st

When finalized, new regulations are published in the Federal Register with CFR part numbers, such as 42 CFR 260.11(a), that can be cited immediately, without waiting for a page number from the physical copy. An Internet version of the CFR, known as e-CFR, is also maintained by NARA, and is normally current to within three days of the Federal Register.

List of Regulation Titles

• Title 1 - General Provisions
• Title 2 - Grants and Agreements
• Title 3 - The President
• Title 4 - Accounts
• Title 5 - Administrative Personnel
• Title 6 - Homeland Security
• Title 7 - Agriculture
• Title 8 - Aliens and Nationality
• Title 9 - Animals and Animal Products
• Title 10 - Energy
• Title 11 - Federal Elections
• Title 12 - Banks and Banking
• Title 13 - Business Credit and Assistance
• Title 14 - Aeronautics and Space (aka the Federal Aviation Regulations, administered by the Federal Aviation Administration)
• Title 15 - Commerce and Foreign Trade
• Title 16 - Commercial Practices
• Title 17 - Commodity and Securities Exchanges
• Title 18 - Conservation of Power and Water Resources
• Title 19 - Customs Duties
• Title 20 - Employees' Benefits
• Title 21 - Food and Drugs (details all regulations officially promulgated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or by the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA))
• Title 22 - Foreign Relations
• Title 23 - Highways
• Title 24 - Housing and Urban Development
• Title 25 - Indians
• Title 26 - Internal Revenue
• Title 27 - Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms
• Title 28 - Judicial Administration
• Title 29 - Labor
• Title 30 - Mineral Resources
• Title 31 - Money and Finance: Treasury
• Title 32 - National Defense
• Title 33 - Navigation and Navigable Waters
• Title 34 - Education
• Title 35 - Panama Canal
• Title 36 - Parks, Forests, and Public Property
• Title 37 - Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights
• Title 38 - Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief
• Title 39 - Postal Service
• Title 40 - Protection of Environment
• Title 41 - Public Contracts and Property Management
• Title 42 - Public health
• Title 43 - Public Lands: Interior
• Title 44 - Emergency Management and Assistance
• Title 45 - Public Welfare
• Title 46 - Shipping
• Title 47 - Telecommunication
• Title 48 - Federal Acquisition Regulations System
• Title 49 - Transportation
• Title 50 - Wildlife and Fisheries

It has been suggested that Temporary Flight Restriction be merged into this article or section. ...   FAA redirects here. ... Title 21 is the portion of the Code of Federal Regulations that governs food and drugs within the United States for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). ... The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for regulating food (humans and animal), dietary supplements, drugs (human and animal), cosmetics, medical devices (human and animal) and radiation emitting devices (including non-medical devices), biologics, and... Since 1973, the DEA has enforced the drug laws in the United States. ...

Notes

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Code of Federal Regulations

• Available CFR Titles on GPO Access
• Code of Federal Regulations
• History of federal regulation from OMB.
• History of the Federal Register and CFR
• CFR index and search (cross-referenced to U.S. Code) from LII-Cornell Law School
• Federal regulations: The laws behind the acts from About.com
• CFR Books in Digital Format