Codex Sangallensis 878 is a manuscript kept in the library of the Abbey of St. Gall. It dates to the 9th century and probably originates in Fulda. The Abbey of St. ... This earthenware dish was made in 9th century Iraq. ... Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the Fulda River and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district. ...

It contains mainly excerpts of grammatical texts, including the Ars minor and Ars maior of Aelius Donatus, the grammar of Priscian, the Etymologiae of Isidore of Sevilla and the grammar of Alcuin. Grammar is the discovery, enunciation, and study of rules governing the use of language. ... Aelius Donatus (fl. ... Priscian (Priscianus Caesariensisi), the celebrated Latin grammarian, lived about A.D. 500, i. ... First printed edition of 1472 (by Guntherus Ziner, Augsburg), title page of chapter 14 (de terra et partibus), illustrated with a T and O map. ... This article or section should include material from Isidro Saint Isidore of Seville (560 - April 4, 636) was Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and has the reputation of being one of the great scholars of the early middle ages. ... Rabanus Maurus (left), supported by Alcuin (middle), presents his work to Otgar of Mainz Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus or Ealhwine (about 735-May 19, 804) was a monk from York, England. ...

Furthermore, it contains a presentation of the Greek alphabet, the Hebrew alphabet, the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc and the Scandinavian Younger Futhark, the latter in the form of a short rune poem known as the Abecedarium Nordmannicum. The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century B.C.. It was the first true alphabet and is the oldest alphabet in use today. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... The Anglo-Saxons refers collectively to the groups of Germanic tribes who achieved dominance in southern Britain from the mid-5th century, forming the basis for the modern English nation. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... The rune poems list the letters of a runic alphabet with a short verse characterizing each one. ...

Bischoff (1980) considers the manuscript a personal collection or brevarium of Walahfrid Strabo's, who from 827 was in Fulda as a student of Hrabanus Maurus, and from 838 was abbot of the Reichenau Abbey. Hrabanus himself is known to have been interested in runes, and he is credited with the treatise Hrabani Mauri abbatis fuldensis, de inventione linguarum ab Hebraea usque ad Theodiscam ("on the invention of languages, from Hebrew to German"), identifying the Hebrew and Germanic ("Theodish") languages with their respective alphabets. Walafrid (also Walahfrid), surnamed Strabo (or Strabus, i. ... Events Succession of Pope Valentine, then Pope Gregory IV. Arabs invade Sicily. ... Rabanus Maurus Magnentius (c. ... Events At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh. ...

The Abecedarium Nordmannicum

The text of the rune poem was unfortunately destroyed in the 19th century, by chemicals intended for its preservation. It survives in a 1828 drawing by Wilhelm Grimm. Under a heading ABECEDARIUM NORD it presents the Younger Futhark in three lines, read by Derolez (1965) as: 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Brothers Grimm on a 1000DM banknote. ...

 ᚠ feu forman | ᚢ ur after | ᚦ thuris thriten | ᚬ os ist imo |ᚱ rat end stabu | oboro | os uuritan ᚴ chaon thanne ᚼ hagal ᚾ naut habet |ᛁ is ᛅ ar ᛋ endi sol diuet/cliuot ᛏ [tiu] ᛒ brica ᛘ endi man | ᛚ lagu the leohto | ᛦ yr al bihabet midi 

Linguistically, the text is a mixture of Old Norse, Old Saxon and Old High German. It is probably based on a Danish original, maybe imported from Haithabu to Lower Germany, and adapted to the idiom of its recipients. The background of the Carolingian notation of Norse runes is that of intensified contacts between the Frankish Empire and Denmark which necessitated interpreters for economic and political exchanges. Old Norse or Danish tongue is the Germanic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the Nordic countries (for instance during the Viking Age). ... Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is a Germanic language. ... Old High German is the earliest recorded form of the modern German language, and was spoken from the middle of the 9th to the end of the 11th century. ... Hedeby (referred to also as Haithabu and Latin Heidiba) was a settlement and trading center on the southern Baltic Sea coast of the Jutland Peninsula at the head of a narrow, navigable inlet, the Schlei in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany. ... Statue of Charlemagne (also called Karl der Große, Charles the Great) in Frankfurt, Germany. ...

The content of the poem are the names of the runes, connected by a few additional alliterating words as mnemonical aids.

Differences in rune names are feu for fe, rat for reidh (as Anglo-Saxon rad), chaon for kaun, uncertain tiu for tyr (as Anglo-Saxon tiw), man for madr (as Anglo-Saxon), lagu for logr (as Anglo-Saxon).

References

• Bernhard Bischoff, Die südostdeutschen Schreibschulen und Bibliotheken in der Karolingerzeit, Wiesbaden (1980)
• Thomas Birkmann, Codex Sangallensis und die Entwicklung der Runenreihe im Jüngeren Futhark, in: Alemannien und der Norden, ed. Naumann (2004), 213-223
• René Derolez, Scandinavian runes in continental manuscripts, in: Bessinger, Creeds (eds.) Franciplegius, New York (1965).