Coffea
Coffea arabica trees in Brazil Mature fruit of a Coffea species
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Coffea L.
Species
Coffea arabica - Arabica Coffee Coffea benghalensis - Bengal coffee Coffea canephora - Robusta coffee Coffea congensis - Congo coffee Coffea excelsa - Liberian coffee Coffea gallienii Coffea bonnieri Coffea mogeneti Coffea liberica - Liberian coffee Coffea stenophylla - Sierra Leonian coffee This article explains how to read a taxobox. ... Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1192 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name Coffea arabica L. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Angiospermae, and Anthophyta be merged into this article or section. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class: this name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Magnoliaceae by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN). ... Families Gentianaceae (gentian family) Apocynaceae (dogbane family) Gelsemiaceae Loganiaceae (logania family) Rubiaceae (coffee family) The Gentianales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons. ... Type Genus Rubia L. Genera See text For a full list, see: List of Rubiaceae genera Egyptian Starcluster Pentas lanceolata White luculia gratissima Rubiaceae Juss. ... Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[1] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Binomial name Coffea arabica L. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. ... Binomial name Coffea canephora L. Coffea canephora (robusta) is a species of coffee which has its origins in Africa. ...

Coffea (coffee) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. Seeds of this plant are the source of a stimulating beverage called coffee. The seeds are called "beans" in the trade. Coffee beans are widely cultivated in tropical countries in plantations for both local consumption and export to temperate countries. Coffee ranks as one of the world's major commodity crops and is the major export product of some countries. In fact, coffee ranks second only to petroleum in terms of legally-traded products worldwide. It has been suggested that Angiospermae, and Anthophyta be merged into this article or section. ... Type Genus Rubia L. Genera See text For a full list, see: List of Rubiaceae genera Egyptian Starcluster Pentas lanceolata White luculia gratissima Rubiaceae Juss. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... Stimulants are drugs that increase alertness and wakefulness. ... The word drink is primarily a verb, meaning to ingest liquids, see Drinking. ... A cup of coffee Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... Commodity is a term with distinct meanings in both business and in Marxian political economy. ...

Botany

Robusta Coffee

When grown in the tropics coffee is a vigorous bush or small tree easily grown to a height of 3–3.5 m (10–12 feet). It is capable of withstanding severe pruning. It cannot be grown where there is a winter frost. Bushes grow best at high elevations. To produce a maximum yield of coffee berries (800-1400 kg per hectare), the plants need substantial amounts of water and fertilizer. Calcium carbonate and other lime minerals is sometimes used to reduce acidity in the soil, which can occur due to run off of minerals from the soil in mountainous areas.^[1] Image File history File links Detail of Coffea canephora branch, flower and leaves. ... Image File history File links Detail of Coffea canephora branch, flower and leaves. ... The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ... A hectare (symbol ha) is a unit of area, equal to 10,000 square metres, commonly used for measuring land area. ... Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with chemical formula CaCO3. ... Lime is a general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium predominate. ... For other senses of this word, see acid (disambiguation). ...

There are several species of Coffea that may be grown for the beans, but Coffea arabica is considered to have the best quality. The other species (especially Coffea canephora (robusta)) are grown on land unsuitable for Coffea arabica. The tree produces red or purple fruits (drupes, or "coffee berries"), which contain two seeds (the "coffee beans", although not true beans). In about 5-10% of any crop of coffee cherries, the cherry will contain only a single bean, rather than the two usually found. This is called a 'peaberry' and contains a distinctly different flavor profile to the normal crop, with a higher concentration of the flavors, especially acidity, present due to the smaller sized bean. As such, it is usually removed from the yield and either sold separately (such as in New Guinea Peaberry), or discarded. Binomial name Coffea arabica L. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. ... The peach is a typical drupe (stone fruit) In botany, a drupe is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp or skin and mesocarp or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. ... This article is on the plant. ... Peaberry is a type of coffee bean. ...

The coffee tree will grow fruits after 3–5 years, for about 50–60 years (although up to 100 years is possible). The blossom of the coffee tree is similar to jasmine in color and smell. The fruit takes about nine months to ripen. Worldwide, an estimate of 15 billion coffee trees are growing on 100,000 km² of land. Species See text Jasmine (Jasminum) is a genus of shrubs and vines in the Family Oleaceae, with about 200 species, native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World. ...

Coffee is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Dalcera abrasa, Turnip Moth and some members of the genus Endoclita including E. damor and E. malabaricus. A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Superfamilies Butterflies Hesperioidea Papilionoidea Moths Acanthopteroctetoidea Alucitoidea Axioidea Bombycoidea Calliduloidea Choreutoidea Cossoidea Drepanoidea Epermenioidea Eriocranioidea Galacticoidea Gelechioidea Geometroidea Gracillarioidea Hedyloidea Hepialoidea Heterobathmioidea Hyblaeoidea Immoidea Incurvarioidea Lasiocampoidea Lophocoronoidea Micropterigoidea Mimallonoidea Mnesarchaeoidea Neopseustoidea Nepticuloidea Noctuoidea Palaephatoidea Pterophoroidea Pyraloidea Schreckensteinioidea Sesioidea Simaethistoidea Thyridoidea Tineoidea Tischerioidea Tortricoidea Urodoidea Whalleyanoidea Yponomeutoidea Zygaenoidea The order Lepidoptera... Dalcera is a genus of moths of the family Dalceridae with four Neotropical species. ... Binomial name Agrotis segetum Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 The Turnip Moth (Agrotis segetum) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. ... Endoclita is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. ...

Processing

Fresh, dark-roasted coffee beans (approximately 11 mm × 8 mm × 5 mm)

After picking, the coffee beans are pulped (usually using a mechanical pulper) to remove the bulk of the soft flesh, and then the beans are fermented (by one of several means, most often wet fermentation in water for 10 to 36 hours), then washed (to remove the last of the sticky mucilage not removed by fermentation) and dried (usually in the sun). This process is time-consuming, expensive and, for most growers, labour-intensive. Coffee at this stage is known as milled beans. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 859 KB) Espresso-roasted coffee beans. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 859 KB) Espresso-roasted coffee beans. ... Coffee processing aquapulp Processing of coffee is the method converting the raw fruit of the coffee plant (cherry) into the commodity green coffee. ... In agriculture, a pulper is a machine designed to remove pulp i. ... Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ...

Once the raw ('green') coffee beans arrive in their destination country, they are roasted; this darkens their color and alters the internal chemistry of the beans and therefore their flavor and aroma. Blending can occur before or after roasting and is often performed to ensure a consistent flavor. Once the beans are roasted, they become much more perishable. French roasted coffee beans // Roasting coffee is the transformation of the chemical and physical properties of green coffee beans into roasted coffee products. ...

Problems of maintaining quality during bean production

Coffee (Coffea arabica) branch with immature fruit - Brazil

Achieving consistently excellent milled beans is not easy. Problems include: Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 689 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 689 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name Coffea arabica L. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. ...

• Pests on the bushes (e.g., in Hawaii, scale insects and coconut mealy bugs)
• Poor pruning regimes (e.g., too many verticals that allow the bush to attempt too much and so produce inferior cherries)
• Poor fertiliser regimes (e.g., too little iron or insufficient nutriment for what are demanding plants)
• Bad picking (e.g., picking all the berries on a branch rather than those that are bright red, or picking the berries very late)
• Bad fermentation that produces unpleasant taints in the flavor
• Dilution of superior tasting beans with cheaper beans

The coffee bushes fruit aggressively when conditions permit, and the berries will develop at the expense of the rest of the bush. This consumes sugars in the leaves and can produce die-back (death of leaves and branches). Die-back can be severe and can damage not just the current year's production but the next year's production, which is borne on growth during the current year, leading into a two-year cycle of growth and production. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Families Aclerdidae Asterolecaniidae Beesoniidae Carayonemidae Cerococcidae Coccidae Conchaspididae Dactylopiidae Diaspididae Electrococcidae Eriococcidae Grimaldiellidae Halimococcidae Inkaidae Jersicoccidae Kermesidae Kerriidae Kukaspididae Labiococcidae Lecanodiaspididae Margarodidae Micrococcidae Ortheziidae Phenacoleachiidae Phoenicococcidae Pseudococcidae Putoidae Stictococcidae The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, notable for their habit of secreting a waxy covering that covers... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...

Commercial operators come under a variety of pressures to cut costs and maximise yield. Arguably the best flavours will be produced when the coffee is grown in organic conditions. Some people who grow organically do so primarily to obtain the premium prices organic beans command, an alternative strategy to increase profits. Organic cultivation of mixed vegetables in Capay, California. ...

The economics of growing coffee

Coffee-making in Indonesia.

It is very questionable whether small growers can generate a high return on capital growing coffee if they have less than 1.2 ha (3 acres or 12,000 m²) and if they are based in the United States. The retail price of the beans varies between about 1 USD/pound for ripe berries to 9 USD/pound for Kona milled beans, and there are many costs including fertiliser, irrigation, labour (e.g. picking and pruning) and land value. Integrated operations that capture much or all of the available revenue (by controlling the whole process from growing to retail) may generate higher returns. Image File history File links Making handmade coffee in Sumatra, Indonesia. ... Image File history File links Making handmade coffee in Sumatra, Indonesia. ...

It is estimated that 10 million people are working on plantations in the source lands of coffee. A single worker can harvest 50–100 kg of fruits per day, which results in 10–20 kg of raw coffee. Crops from Brazil (30%) and Colombia (10%) comprise 40% of the worldwide coffee production. As of 1998, the world's coffee production equals about 100 million sacks of coffee.

Many farmers receive a low price for their coffee because of a global market slump. This has led to coffee being available as a 'fair trade' labelled item in many countries. International Fairtrade Certification Mark Fairtrade certification (usually simply Fairtrade or Fair Trade Certifiedâ„¢ in the United States) is a product certification system designed to allow consumers to identify products which meet agreed environmental, labour and developmental standards. ...

Hand picked coffee

Coffee farmer in Ethiopia.

The highest quality coffee is generally hand picked. Normally, coffee growers harvest their coffee with portable vacuum packs, which the pickers wear on their backs and brush over the branches of the coffee bushes. Although it is much more efficient and quick to harvest the coffee with the vacuum packs, coffee beans do not become ripe at the same time, even if they are on the same tree, and thus many unripe beans are sucked away by the vacuum packs. Also, coffee pickers are sure to pick beans only of the highest quality. As a general rule, hand picked coffee is used for drip machines, while vacuum picked coffee is used to make instant coffee and decaffeinated coffee. Image File history File links What: Woman coffee farmer with basket of coffee beans in Ethiopia Source: USAID: Sub-Saharan Africa Picture Library File links The following pages link to this file: Coffea ... Image File history File links What: Woman coffee farmer with basket of coffee beans in Ethiopia Source: USAID: Sub-Saharan Africa Picture Library File links The following pages link to this file: Coffea ...

History

I invented coffee. Kingdom of Kaffa (now part of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region of Ethiopia), though there is controversy about its origins, with Yemen also suggested as an area of origin. One apocryphal tale claims that an Ethiopian goat-herder noticed his goats prancing about energetically, and found they were eating coffee berries, and tried some himself. The Kingdom of Kaffa was an ancient state located in what is now Ethiopia, with its capital at Bonga. ... Map of Ethiopia highlighting the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples region. ...

The crop first became popular in Arabia around the 13th century, and Islam's prohibition against alcoholic beverages probably enhanced its popularity. Before 1600, coffee production was a jealously guarded secret, and fertile beans were not found outside Arabia. Many consider the German botanist Leonhard Rauwolf to have first described coffee in a book published in 1583. Sometime after 1600, coffee trees were grown in India, possibly due to smuggling of fertile beans. Around 1650, coffee importation into England began and coffeehouses opened in Oxford and London. Coffee planting began in the English colonies, but a disease wiped out the plantations, leading the English to re-plant with tea instead. The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... Bottles of cachaça, a Brazilian alcoholic beverage. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Leonhard Rauwolf (Augsburg, June 21, 1535 – September 15, 1596, Waitzen, Hungary) was a German physician, botanist and traveller. ... 1583 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Tea leaves in a Chinese gaiwan. ...

By the 18th century, the beverage had become popular in Europe, and European colonists had introduced coffee to tropical countries worldwide as a plantation crop to supply domestic demand. At the end of the 19th century, plantations in Brazil alone were producing over 80% of the world's coffee crop. At the same time, European demand for coffee was so strong that when genuine coffee beans were scarce, people developed similar-tasting substitutes from various roasted vegetable substances, such as chicory root, dandelion root, acorns, or figs. For example, the British used acorns as a coffee substitute during World War II when German U-boats blockaded Britain. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Species C. endivia - cultivated endive - wild endive - common chicory Chicory is the common name given to the flowering plants in genus Cichorium of the family Asteraceae. ... Species See text A dandelion is a short plant, usually with a yellow flower head and notched leaves. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Species About 800, including: Ficus altissima Ficus americana Ficus aurea Ficus benghalensis- Indian Banyan Ficus benjamina- Weeping Fig Ficus broadwayi Ficus carica- Common Fig Ficus citrifolia Ficus coronata Ficus drupacea Ficus elastica Ficus godeffroyi Ficus grenadensis Ficus hartii Ficus lyrata Ficus macbrideii Ficus macrophylla- Moreton Bay Fig Ficus microcarpa- Chinese... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom France Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian... German UC-1 class World War I submarine A model of Günther Priens Unterseeboot 47 (U-47), German WWII Type VII diesel-electric hunter-killer (SSK) submarine Inside of the Argonaute, showing the typical obstructed, tiny space of a post-WWII diesel attack submarine. ...

The major coffee-producing countries are Brazil, Colombia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Mexico, India, and Puerto Rico but coffee is grown in over 70 countries (2003 USDA and ICO data). Major importers are United States, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, and Spain (2002 USDA data), and per-capita consumers of coffee are Finland (11 kg), Denmark (9.7 kg), Norway (9.5 kg), Sweden (8.6 kg), and Austria (7.8 kg). The United States, while the largest importing country, only ranks 16th (4.1 kg) in per-capita consumption (2001 USDA data).

See also

• Coffee (drink)
  • Caffè sospeso
  • Espresso
• Kopi Luwak
• List of coffee companies

A cup of coffee Coffee as a drink, usually served hot, is prepared from the roasted seeds (beans) of the coffee plant. ... A tradition in the cafés of Naples is to order a caffè sospeso – literally, a coffee in suspense – as a sign of your good fortune. ... Espresso brewing, with a dark reddish-brown foam, called crema. ... Kopi Luwak or Civet coffee is coffee made from coffee cherries which have been eaten by and passed through the digestive tract of the Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). ... . ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Coffea

• Coffee & Conservation - Many resources on sustainable coffee, including reviews, especially shade coffee and biodiversity
• Ethiopian Plant Names
• Just About Coffee — General information webpage about the coffee tree subject.
• Coffea arabica by James A. Duke — detailed information about this species.
• Excellent article about the nutritional needs of coffee plants (written by an expert in Hawaii).
• University of Hawaii spreadsheets dealing with costs of production including those of coffee growing in Hawaii.
• Farmers Bookshelf guide to coffee growing and processing in Hawaii.
• Coffee Forums (offers open discussion about coffee, the beans, machines and effects).
• How To Brew Coffee (consists of coffee information and tutorials on various types of brewing including Turkish and Vietnamese).
• United States Department of Agriculture — Foreign Agriculture Service (a valuable source of coffee (and other commodities) production and consumption data).
• TooMuchCoffee: The European Coffee and Espresso Resource (offers non-commercial articles and discussion about coffee, coffee preparations and homeroasting; interesting documentary (15 MB) about coffee planters in Nicaragua available for free download).
• The etymology of the word coffee