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Coffee beans and a cup of coffee

Coffee as a drink, usually served hot, is prepared from the roasted seeds (beans) of the This article discusses the coffee plant; for information on the beverage see coffee (drink). Species Coffea arabica - Arabica Coffee Coffea benghalensis - Bengal coffee Coffea canephora - Robusta coffee Coffea congensis - Congo coffee Coffea excelsa - Liberian coffee Coffea gallienii - caffeine free Coffea bonnieri - caffeine free Coffea mogeneti - caffeine free Coffea liberica - Liberian... coffee plant.

Coffee bean types

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Binomial name Coffea arabica L. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. It is also known as the coffee shrub of Arabia, mountain coffee or arabica coffee. Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for... Coffea arabica - The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. Spanning a vast area between central South America and the Atlantic Ocean, it borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela... Brazil

There are two main species of the coffee plant; Binomial name Coffea arabica L. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee indigenous to Ethiopia. It is also known as the coffee shrub of Arabia, mountain coffee or arabica coffee. Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for... Coffea arabica is the traditional coffee, and considered superior in flavor. Robusta, which is higher in Caffeine molecular structure Caffeine, also known as coffeine, theine, mateine, guaranine, and methyltheobromine, is an alkaloid found naturally in such foods as coffee beans, tea, kola nuts, Yerba maté, guarana, and (in small amounts) cacao beans. It is added to some soft drinks such as colas, Irn-Bru and... caffeine, can be cultivated in environments where Arabica will not thrive, leading to its use as an inexpensive substitute for Arabica in many commercial coffee products. Robusta is not usually consumed by itself, due to its bitter and acidic flavor. Higher quality Robustas are used as ingredients in some L Espresso is the name of an Italian newspaper. Espresso is a strong, flavorful coffee beverage brewed by forcing hot water through finely ground dark-roasted coffee beans. In Italian, espresso means very quickly, and refers to the time it takes to make. The term expresso — used often in... espresso blends.

Coffee is the world's second most widely traded product [1] (http://www.ineedcoffee.com/02/04/vietnam/). Arabica coffees were traditionally named by the port they were exported from, the two oldest being Mocha can refer to several things. Mocha, in Yemen, is a port originally famous as a source of coffee. In the context of coffee: Mocha coffee is an arabica coffee grown near the port of Mocha (hence the name). This coffee is known for its undertones of chocolate, although it... Mocha and View of the Puncak area in West Java Java (Indonesian: Jawa) is the most populous of Indonesias islands, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. It is the most populous island in the world. With an area of 132,000 square km, 114 million inhabitants and 864 people... Java. The modern coffee trade is much more specific about origin, labeling coffees by country, region, and sometimes even the producing estate. Coffee aficionados may even distinguish auctioned coffees by lot number. The largest coffee exporting nation is The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. Spanning a vast area between central South America and the Atlantic Ocean, it borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela... Brazil, but in recent years, as the demand for coffee beans has risen, the coffee bean market has been flooded by large quantities of inexpensive but very low grade robusta beans from The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia. It borders China, Laos, Cambodia, and the Gulf of Tonkin. National motto: Ðộc lập, tự do, hạnh phúc (Vietnamese: Independence, Liberty, Happiness) Official language Vietnamese Capital Hanoi President Tran Duc Luong Prime... Vietnam [2] (http://www.ineedcoffee.com/02/04/vietnam/), mostly destined for large industrial clients (instant coffee producers, etc.) where unappetizing appearance or aroma, or the presence of contaminating debris and so forth are less serious problems.

One unusual and very expensive variety of robusta is the The Republic of Indonesia, the worlds largest archipelago, is located between the Southeast Asian peninsula and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world and the fourth most populous overall. It has had free elections since the Indonesian 1998... Indonesian Kopi Luwak are robusta coffee beans which have been eaten by and passed through the digestive tract of the Common Palm Civet. This process takes place on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi in the Indonesian Archipelago, as well as the country of Vietnam. Kopi is the Indonesian word... Kopi Luwak. The beans are collected from the droppings of the Binomial name Paradoxurus hermaphroditus The Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) is a small, cat-sized animal (family Viverridae) from South-east Asia and southern China. The Common Palm Civet is an nocturnal omnivore. The primary food source is fruit. Some Chinese eat Palm Civets. The SARS virus is thought to... Common Palm Civet, whose digestive processes give it a distinctive flavour.

Preparation

Aging

Although not well-known, certain types of coffee improve with age; they obtain a less acidic, more well-balanced flavor. Several coffee producers sell coffee beans that have been aged to 3 years, and there are several specialty stores (such as Toko Aroma in A view of Bandung from the northern highlands Bandung (formerly spelled: Bandoeng) is the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia. Located on a highland plateau 768 meters above sea level, the city has a population of around 2.1 million. Kabupaten Bandung is the suburban area surrounding the city of... Bandung, The Republic of Indonesia, the worlds largest archipelago, is located between the Southeast Asian peninsula and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world and the fourth most populous overall. It has had free elections since the Indonesian 1998... Indonesia) which age their unroasted beans to 8 years.

Roasting

The roasting process is integral to producing a savory cup of coffee. When roasted, the green coffee bean expands to nearly double its original size, changing in color and density. As the bean absorbs heat, the color shifts to yellow and then to a light "cinnamon" brown. During roasting oils appear on the surface of the bean. The roast will continue to darken until it is removed from the heat source.

Gallery of unroasted coffee beans at various stages R-L: fresh picked, after drying, 1 year after drying. Photos taken at Toko Aroma in Bandung, Indonesia. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to... Unroasted coffee beans at various stages R-L: fresh picked, after drying, 1 year after drying. Photos taken at Toko Aroma in A view of Bandung from the northern highlands Bandung (formerly spelled: Bandoeng) is the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia. Located on a highland plateau 768 meters above sea level, the city has a population of around 2.1 million. Kabupaten Bandung is the suburban area surrounding the city of... Bandung, The Republic of Indonesia, the worlds largest archipelago, is located between the Southeast Asian peninsula and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world and the fourth most populous overall. It has had free elections since the Indonesian 1998... Indonesia.

Gallery of unroasted coffee beans at later stages R-L: 7 years after harvest, 8 years after harvest. Photos taken at Toko Aroma in Bandung, Indonesia. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to... Unroasted coffee beans at later stages. The beans are 7 and 8 years old. Photos taken at Toko Aroma in A view of Bandung from the northern highlands Bandung (formerly spelled: Bandoeng) is the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia. Located on a highland plateau 768 meters above sea level, the city has a population of around 2.1 million. Kabupaten Bandung is the suburban area surrounding the city of... Bandung, The Republic of Indonesia, the worlds largest archipelago, is located between the Southeast Asian peninsula and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world and the fourth most populous overall. It has had free elections since the Indonesian 1998... Indonesia.

Roasting coffee using an old cast-iron roaster fueled using wood. This is from Toko Aroma in Bandung, Indonesia. irona File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to download the file or see the... An old large-capacity coffee roaster made from cast-iron. It is wood-fired, and is located at Toko Aroma, A view of Bandung from the northern highlands Bandung (formerly spelled: Bandoeng) is the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia. Located on a highland plateau 768 meters above sea level, the city has a population of around 2.1 million. Kabupaten Bandung is the suburban area surrounding the city of... Bandung, The Republic of Indonesia, the worlds largest archipelago, is located between the Southeast Asian peninsula and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world and the fourth most populous overall. It has had free elections since the Indonesian 1998... Indonesia

Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 585 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. Start the Roasted coffee beans.jpg article. Search for Roasted coffee beans.jpg in other articles. Look for Roasted coffee beans.jpg in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project. Look for Roasted coffee beans... Roasted coffee beans

At lighter roasts, the bean will exhibit more of its "origin flavor" - the flavors created in the bean by the soil and weather conditions in the location where it was grown. Coffee beans from famous regions like View of the Puncak area in West Java Java (Indonesian: Jawa) is the most populous of Indonesias islands, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. It is the most populous island in the world. With an area of 132,000 square km, 114 million inhabitants and 864 people... Java and Kenya (pronounced either as KEN-ya or as KEEN-ya, the former being more common and thought to be correct) is a country of eastern Africa, bordering Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and the Indian Ocean. Nairobi is its capital and largest city. National motto: Harambee (Swahili: Lets work... Kenya are usually roasted lightly so their signature characteristics dominate the flavor. A roasting method native to the Ipoh (latitude 4.60°N, longitude 101.07°E) is a city in Malaysia, the capital city of the Perak state, located to the north of Kuala Lumpur. It takes approximately 2 hours to drive to Ipoh from Kuala Lumpur with a distance of approximately 200 km (125 miles). History... Ipoh town in Malaysia involves the inclusion of balls of butter on a plate Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh cream. It consists of an emulsion of water and milk proteins in a matrix of fat, with over 80% being fat. It is used as a condiment and for cooking in much the same ways... butter during the roasting process, producing a variety of roast known as the Ipoh "white" coffee.

As the beans darken to a deep brown, the origin flavors of the bean are eclipsed by the flavors created by the roasting process itself. At darker roasts, the "roast flavor" is so dominant that it can be difficult to distinguish the origin of the beans used in the roast. These roasts are sold by the degree of roast, ranging from "Light Cinnamon Roast" through "Vienna Roast" to "French Roast" and beyond. The dividing line between extremely dark roast and "burnt" is a matter of some debate. Contrary to popular belief, the darker roasts and more stronger flavored coffees do not deliver any more caffeine than lighter roasts. Major national coffee suppliers tailor their product to tastes in particular regions of the country; for instance, a can of ground coffee purchased in the Northeast or Northwest of the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States will contain a darker roast than an identically appearing can purchased in the central United States.

In the 19th century coffee was usually bought in the form of green beans and roasted in a frying pan. This form of roasting requires much skill to do well, and fell out of favor when vacuum sealing of pre-roasted coffee became possible. Unfortunately, because coffee emits Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequently called by its formula CO2. Carbon dioxide results from the combustion of organic matter if sufficient amounts of oxygen are present. It is also produced by various... CO₂ for days after it is roasted, one must allow the coffee to get slightly stale before it can be vacuum sealed. For this reason two technologies have recently been employed: Illy has begun to use pressurized cans and many roasters bag whole beans immediately after roasting in bags with Pressure Release Valves, also known as one way valves, allow CO2 produced by fresh coffee to escape and at the same time prevent the oxygen from entering into the bag. Therefore, keeping the coffee fresher for a longer period of time. Many companies that offer fresh roasted coffee use bags... pressure release valves. Today home roasting is becoming popular again. Computerized drum roasters are available which simplify home roasting, and some A home roaster refers to a person who will go to the lengths of roasting his or her own green coffee at home, for economics or for enjoyment of the beverage known as coffee. They forgo the average supermarket blends of wholebean and ground coffee as they stale quickly - 5... home roasters will simply roast in an oven or in air popcorn poppers. Once roasted, coffee loses its flavor quickly, although being kept in the absence of oxygen can greatly delay the process. Although some prefer to wait 24 hours after roasting to brew the first cup, all agree that it begins to get off-flavors and bitterness about a week after roasting, even under ideal conditions.

Grinding

The fineness of the grounds has a major impact on flavour, with finer grinding leading to a more intense and full flavour. The main reason to use coarser grounds is simply to prevent the grounds from being pushed through coarser filter types (such as the cafetière), or to allow the grounds to settle rapidly where there is no filter. The rate of deterioration increases when the coffee is ground, as a result of the greater surface area exposed. Until relatively recently, it was almost impossible to find whole beans in American stores, with ground coffee being the only variety available; with the rise of coffee as a gourment beverage, however, it has become much more popular to grind the beans at home before brewing, and there are many home appliances available which are dedicated to the process.

There are two methods of producing coffee grounds ready for brewing.

• Grinding: burr based with two revolving elements crushing or "tearing" the bean and with less risk of burning. Burr grinders can be either wheel or conical with the latter being quieter and having less chance of clogging. The grinding burrs in these machines wear rapidly, however, which makes them less popular in the home.
  • Conical Burr Grinders preserve the most aroma and can grind very fine and very consistent. The intricate design of the steel burrs allow a high gear reduction to slow down the grinding speed. The slower the speed the less heat is imparted to the ground coffee thus preserving maximum amount of aroma. Because of the wide range of grind settings these grinders are ideal for all kinds of coffee equipment, Espresso, Drip, Percolators, French Press. The better Conical Burr Grinders can also grind extra fine for the preparation of Turkish coffee. Grinding speed is generally below 500 rpm.
  • Burr Grinders with disk type burrs grind at a faster speed than conical burr grinders and create a bit more warmth in the coffee (10,000 to 20,000 rpm). They are the most economical way of getting a consistent grind in a wide range of applications. They are well suited for most home pump espresso machines. However they do not grind as fine as Conical Burr Grinders.
• Chopping: Most modern 'grinders' actually chop the bean into pieces (and some coffee drinkers merely use a home The word blender has a number of meanings: A blender (device) is a common kitchen appliance. Blender (program) is a free computer program for modelling and rendering. Blender (magazine) is a music-themed magazine from the publishers of Maxim This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists... blender to do the job). Although giving a similar result to proper grinding and enjoying a much longer life before wearing out the blades, purists suggest that the result is less effective in producing a homogenously ground result.
  • Blade Grinders “smash” the beans with a blade at very high speed (20,000 to 30,000 rpm). The ground coffee has larger and smaller particles and is warmer than ground coffee from burr grinders. Blade grinders create “coffee dust” which can clog up sieves in espresso machines and French presses. These type of grinders are suitable for drip coffee makers. They also can do a great job for grinding spices and herbs. They are not recommended for use with pump espresso machines.
• Pounding: Turkish coffee is a specific way of preparing coffee. It is common throughout Middle East, North Africa and Balkan countries, brought there by the Ottoman Turks. In Greece and Greek parts of Cyprus, Turkish coffee is known as Greek coffee. To Armenian communities, it should always be referred to as... Turkish coffee is produced from an infusion where the beans are pounded nearly to dust in a mortar and pestle. It produces grounds which are too fine for other preparation methods.

Brewing

Coffee can be brewed in several different ways, but these methods fall into four main groups depending upon how the water is introduced to the coffee grounds. If the method allows the water to pass only once through the grounds, the resulting brew will contain mainly the more soluble components (including caffeine), whereas if the water is repeatedly cycled through the beans (as with the common percolator), the brew will contain more of the relatively less soluble compounds found in the bean; as these tend to be more bitter, that type of process is less favored by coffee afficianados.

Coffee in all these forms is made with coffee grounds (coffee beans that have been roasted and ground) and hot water, the grounds either remaining behind or being filtered out of the cup or jug after the main A substance is soluble in a fluid if it dissolves in the fluid. The dissolved substance is called the solute and the fluid (present in excess) is called the solvent, which together form a solution. The process of dissolving is called solvation, or hydration if the solvent is water. A... soluble compounds have been removed. The fineness of the grinding required differs by the method of intended drink production.

• Boiling:
  • Turkish coffee is a specific way of preparing coffee. It is common throughout Middle East, North Africa and Balkan countries, brought there by the Ottoman Turks. In Greece and Greek parts of Cyprus, Turkish coffee is known as Greek coffee. To Armenian communities, it should always be referred to as... Turkish coffee. A very early method of making coffee, still used in the Middle East, North Africa, Turkey and Greece, is to put the water together with very finely ground coffee in a narrow-topped pot, called an ibrik ( Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. It is spoken throughout the Arab world and is widely known throughout the Islamic world. Arabic has been a literary language for over 1500 years, and is the liturgical language of Islam. The expression Arabic may refer either to... Arabic), cezve ( Turkish (Türkçe or Türk dili) is a Turkic language, spoken natively by over 100 million speakers in Turkey, Cyprus, and worldwide. Classification Turkish is a member of the Turkish family of languages, which includes Balkan Gagauz Turkish, Gagauz, and Khorasani Turkish in addition to... Turkish) or dzezva ( Serbo-Croatian (srpskohrvatski or hrvatskosrpski) is a name for a language of the Western group of the South Slavic languages. Serbo-Croatian was one of the official languages of the former Yugoslavia (the other two were Slovenian and Macedonian). It continues to be used under different names/standards in today... Serbo-Croatian), and allow it to briefly come to the boil. It is sometimes drunk sweet, in which case sugar is added to the pot and boiled with the coffee; it also often flavoured with Binomial name Elettaria caramomum Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a pungent aromatic spice belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. It is a perennial plant which can grow to be between six and 12 feet tall. Cardamon is also popularly known as elaichi in India. The green seed pods of the plant are... cardamom. The result is small cups of very strong coffee with a foam on the top and thick layer of sludgy grounds at the bottom of the cup.
  • "Cowboy coffee" is made by simply boiling coarse grounds with water in a pot, letting the grounds settle and pouring off the liquid to drink. While the name suggests that this method was derived or used by This article is about the cowboys and cowgirls of the Americas; for other uses see Cowboy (disambiguation) or Cowgirl (disambiguation). A cowboy (Spanish vaquero) tends cattle and horses on cattle ranches in North and South America. The cowboy in charge of the horses, however, is the wrangler. In addition to... cowboys, presumably on the trail around a campfire, it is also frequently seen among others who do not drink coffee frequently and lack any specialized equipment for otherwise brewing.

• Pressure:
  • L Espresso is the name of an Italian newspaper. Espresso is a strong, flavorful coffee beverage brewed by forcing hot water through finely ground dark-roasted coffee beans. In Italian, espresso means very quickly, and refers to the time it takes to make. The term expresso — used often in... Espresso is made with pressurised hot water which converts to steam within a tightly packed container of very finely ground extremely darkly roasted grounds, during the brewing process. It can be served alone (often after an evening meal), and is the basis for many coffee drinks. It is one of the strongest tasting forms of coffee regularly consumed, with a distinctive flavour and Crema (Italian, cream) is a key component in the flavor of espresso with the appearance of a golden foam on the surface of the coffee. It is composed of oils, proteins and sugars. The crema has elements of both emulsion and colloid. External links TooMuchCoffee: The European Coffee and Espresso... crema, the stiff foam standing over the liquid. Classically, in Europe, the crema was the point of the exercise, rather than the liquid below it in the cup.
  • A A coffee percolator is a type of coffee pot. There are two separate types of percolator, the first recycles the boiling water through the grounds under gravity until the drink reaches the required strength, the second creates a pressured water supply that is forced through the grounds into a separate... Percolator (or mocha pot) is a three-chamber design which boils water in the lower section and forces the boiling water through the separated coffee grounds in the middle section. The resultant, almost espresso strength, coffee (although without the crema) is collected in the upper section. It usually sits directly on a heater or stove. Some models feature a glass or plastic top to view the coffee as it is forced up.

• Gravity:
  • Drip brew is a method for brewing coffee which involves pouring water over coffee contained in a paper filter. Water seeps through the coffee, absorbing its oils and essences, solely under gravity then passes through the bottom of the filter. The used coffee grounds are retained in the filter with... Drip brew (or filter coffee) is made by letting hot water drip onto coffee grounds held in a filter (paper or perforated metal). Strength varies according to the ratio of water to coffee, but is typically weaker than espresso.
  • The common electric percolator which was almost universal prior to the 1970s - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ 1970s From Wikipedia Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium Events and trends Although in the United States and in many other Western societies the 1970s are often seen as a period of... 1970s and is still popular today differs from the pressure percolator described above, in that it uses the pressure of the boiling water to force it to a chamber above the grounds, but relies on gravity to pass the water down through the grounds, where it then repeats the process until shut off by an internal timer. The coffee produced is held in low esteem by coffee afficianados because of this multiple pass process.

• Steeping:
  • A A French Press, also known as a press pot, is a French coffee or tea brewing device — the cafetière. Its operation is simple and the coffee it produces is rich and flavourful, albeit strong. A French Press consists of a narrow cylinder usually made of glass or clear... French press (or cafetière) is a tall narrow glass cylinder with a plunger that includes a filter. The coffee and hot water are mixed in the cylinder (normally for a few minutes) before the plunger, in the form of a metal foil, is depressed, leaving the coffee at the top ready to be poured.
  • Coffee bags are an innovation developed to provide the convenience of instant coffee but maintain the flavor of brewed coffee, generally recognized as superior. Modeled after tea bags, they consist of a gauze bag containing a mixture of instant coffee and finely ground roast coffee, which is to be steeped... Coffee bags (akin to tea bags) are much rarer than their tea equivalents, as they are much bulkier (more coffee is required in a coffee bag than tea in a tea bag).

Electronic coffee makers boil the water and brew the infusion with little human assistance and sometimes according to a timer. Some even grind the beans automatically before brewing. Connoisseurs shun such conveniences as compromising the flavor of the coffee; they prefer freshly ground beans and traditional brewing techniques.

Presentation

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A cup of black coffee.

• Black coffee is drip brew, percolated or French press style coffee served without milk; sugar may be added.
• White coffee is coffee with milk added after preparation, perhaps with sugar.
• A typical cappuccino with foam. Cappuccino is an Italian beverage, prepared with espresso and milk. A cappuccino is generally defined as 1/3 espresso, 1/3 steamed milk and 1/3 frothed milk. Another definition would call for 1/3 espresso and 2/3 microfoam. A cappuccino differs from a... Cappuccino comprises equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and frothed milk in 4.5 oz. (served in a 5 oz. cup), is occasionally garnished with powdered cinnamon, other spices, or cocoa.
• Caffè e latte (or caffelatte or in America plainly A latte is one of several types of coffee beverages made with hot milk. The term is from the Italian caffè e latte (commonly caffelatte), literally coffee and milk, analogous to (but not the same as!) the French café au lait. As the term has come to be used in... latte, which is Italian for "milk" ) is espresso with steamed milk, traditionally topped with frothed milk. It is not as strong as a Cappuccino because of a greater quantity of milk.
• A Café au lait is a French coffee drink prepared by mixing coffee and scalded (not steamed) milk. It is similar to Italian latte, but with coffee instead of espresso and with scalded insted of steamed milk. It is a staple of the Café du Monde, the legendary coffee... Café au lait is like a Latte except that drip-brewed coffee is used instead of espresso, with an equal amount of milk. Sugar is added to taste.
• Americano (also cafe Americano) is a style of coffee prepared by adding hot water to espresso, giving a similar strength but different flavor than regular coffee. Like espresso, Americano tends to be an acquired taste, and many drinkers prefer it black and unsweetened to fully appreciate the differences in taste... Americano style coffee is made with espresso (normally several shots) and hot water to give a similar strength (but different flavour) from drip brewed coffee.
• The term iced coffee is a cold version of the popular hot beverage, coffee. The name usually referrers to a specific process of brewing coffee, using cold water rather than hot. The term is synonymous with the term Toddy coffee, which actually referrers to a specific brewing system that was... Iced coffee is normally served with milk and sugar.
• Flavoured coffee: In some cultures, flavored coffees are common. A stack of chocolate pieces, including milk chocolate, dark chocolate, and white chocolate. Chocolate block in melted chocolate Sculptural chocolate in Spain Chocolate is a common ingredient in many kinds of sweets—one of the most popular in the world. Chocolate is made from the fermented, roasted and ground... Chocolate is a common additive that is either sprinkled on top or added to the coffee to imitate the taste of Mocha can refer to several things. Mocha, in Yemen, is a port originally famous as a source of coffee. In the context of coffee: Mocha coffee is an arabica coffee grown near the port of Mocha (hence the name). This coffee is known for its undertones of chocolate, although it... Mocha. Other flavourings include spices such as Binomial name Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, synonym C. verum) is a small evergreen tree 10-15 m tall, belonging to the family Lauraceae, and a spice obtained from the inner bark of this species. It is native to Sri Lanka. The leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, 7... cinnamon, Species About 100 species, including: Myristica argentea Myristica fragrans Myristica malabarica The nutmegs Myristica are a genus of evergreen trees indigenous to tropical southeast Asia and Australasia. They are important for two spices derived from the fruit, nutmeg and mace. Mace within nutmeg fruit Nutmeg is the actual seed of... nutmeg, Binomial name Elettaria caramomum Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a pungent aromatic spice belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. It is a perennial plant which can grow to be between six and 12 feet tall. Cardamon is also popularly known as elaichi in India. The green seed pods of the plant are... cardamom or Italian In cooking, Syrup (from the Arabian šarab via Latin siropus) is a thick, viscous liquid, containing a large amount of dissolved sugar, but showing little tendency to deposit crystals. The viscosity arises from the multiple hydrogen bonds between the dissolved sugar, which has many hydroxyl (OH) groups and the... syrups.
• A classic Irish coffee consists exclusively of hot coffee, Irish whiskey and sugar, with cream (proper cream, not Irish cream) floated on top. Irish coffee can be considered to be a variation on hot toddy. It is made as follows: Pre-heat coffee glass with hot water and empty. Add... Irish coffee is hot brewed coffee spiked with Whisky (or whiskey) is an alcoholic beverage distilled from grain, often including malt, which has then been aged in wooden barrels. bottles of whisky Spelling The spelling whisky (plural whiskies) is generally used for those distilled in Scotland, Canada, and Japan, while whiskey (with an e; plural whiskeys) is used... whiskey and with a layer of This article is about cream, the food item. There are articles on the colour cream, the 1960s rock band Cream and the nightclub Cream. Cream is a dairy product that is composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from the top of raw milk before homogenization. In the raw milk... cream on the top.

Image clicked by me, South Indian filter coffee served in a traditional tumbler and dabarah (or) davarah File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to download the file or see the image uploaded on...

Image clicked by me, South Indian filter coffee served in a traditional tumbler and dabarah (or) davarah File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to download the file or see the image uploaded on...

Frothy South Indian Coffee, also known as Madras Filter Coffee is a sweet milky coffee made from dark roasted coffee beans (70%-80%) and chicory (20%-30%), especially popular in the southern states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The most commonly used coffee beans are Peaberry (preferred), Arabica, Malabar and Robusta... Madras filter coffee

• South Indian Coffee, also known as Madras Filter Coffee is a sweet milky coffee made from dark roasted coffee beans (70%-80%) and chicory (20%-30%), especially popular in the southern states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The most commonly used coffee beans are Peaberry (preferred), Arabica, Malabar and Robusta... Indian (Madras) filter coffee, particularly common in the south of the country, is prepared off rough ground dark roasted coffee beans (Arabica, PeaBerry). The coffee is drip brewed for a few hours in a traditional metal Categories: Stub ... Coffee filter before being served with milk and sugar. The ratio is usually (1/4 - decoction, 3/4 - milk).
• Vietnamese style coffee is another form of drip brew. In this form, hot water is allowed to drip though a metal mesh into a cup with the resulting strong brew being poured over ice into a glass containing sweetened condensed milk. Due to the high volume of coffee grounds required to make strong coffee in this fashion the brewing process is quite slow.
• Turkish coffee is a specific way of preparing coffee. It is common throughout Middle East, North Africa and Balkan countries, brought there by the Ottoman Turks. In Greece and Greek parts of Cyprus, Turkish coffee is known as Greek coffee. To Armenian communities, it should always be referred to as... Greek coffee or Turkish coffee is a specific way of preparing coffee. It is common throughout Middle East, North Africa and Balkan countries, brought there by the Ottoman Turks. In Greece and Greek parts of Cyprus, Turkish coffee is known as Greek coffee. To Armenian communities, it should always be referred to as... Turkish coffee is made by boiling finely ground coffee and water together in an ibrik, which is a long-handled, open, brass or copper pot. When done, it is poured directly into tiny demitasse cups, along with the fine grounds. The coffee is then allowed to settle before consumption. Spice and sugar are often added into the mix.
• Kopi tubruk is an Indonesian-style coffee similar in presentation to the Turkish coffee is a specific way of preparing coffee. It is common throughout Middle East, North Africa and Balkan countries, brought there by the Ottoman Turks. In Greece and Greek parts of Cyprus, Turkish coffee is known as Greek coffee. To Armenian communities, it should always be referred to as... Greek coffee. However, kopi tubruk is made from coarse coffee grounds, and is boiled together with a solid lump of sugar. It is popular on the islands of View of the Puncak area in West Java Java (Indonesian: Jawa) is the most populous of Indonesias islands, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. It is the most populous island in the world. With an area of 132,000 square km, 114 million inhabitants and 864 people... Java and This article is about Bali, the Indonesian island. For other uses of Bali, see Bali (disambiguation). Bali is an Indonesian island. It is located in a chain with Java to the west and Lombok to the east. The island is a popular tourist destination and known, along with Java, for... Bali and their surroundings.
• A A small cup (normally about 3 oz.) used to serve turkish coffee or espresso. The word means half cup in French.Typical design in the west is a white porcilean cup (appearing similar to the cups in a childs tea set) with matching saucer, though some coffeehouses also sell... demitasse is, somewhat similar to an espresso without the crema, a small cup of strong black coffee, often served after a meal.
• Coffee Pots come in many shapes and sizes. Traditional coloring uses brown or black colored pots for regular caffeinated coffee, and orange is used for decaffeinated coffee.
• Brewed coffee left on the warmer will deteriorate rapidly in flavor; even at room temperature deterioration will occur. However, if kept in an oxygen free environment, it can last almost indefinitely at room temperature; sealed containers of brewed coffee are sometimes commercially available in food stores in America or Europe.
• A stack of chocolate pieces, including milk chocolate, dark chocolate, and white chocolate. Chocolate block in melted chocolate Sculptural chocolate in Spain Chocolate is a common ingredient in many kinds of sweets—one of the most popular in the world. Chocolate is made from the fermented, roasted and ground... Chocolate covered roasted coffee beans are available as a The term confectionery refers to food items rich in sugar. Different dialects of English also use regional terms for confections: In British and Hiberno-English, sweets In Australian English and New Zealand English, lollies In American English, candy (although this term can also refer to a specific range of confectionery... confection; unless the beans have been decaffeinated, these will deliver the same caffeine content as brewed coffee and have the same physiological effects.

Instant coffee

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Instant coffee

Instant coffee is a beverage derived from coffee. Through various manufacturing processes the coffee is dehydrated into the form of either powder or granules. These can be rehydrated using hot or boiling water to provide a drink that most people are happy to accept as coffee. There is also at... Instant and soluble coffee has been dried into soluble powder or granules, which can be quickly dissoved in hot water for consumption. It is distinct from fresh coffee and is commercially prepared differently, by vigorous extraction of almost all soluble material from the ground roasted beans. This process naturally produces a different mix of components than home brewing; in particular, the percentage of caffeine in instant coffee is less, and less desirable bitter flavor components are more present. Sometimes lower grade beans are used. Opinions on instant coffee range from "intolerable imposter" to "reasonable alternative" to "better than the real thing", and in some areas of the world it is seen as a sophisticated beverage popular in The word America has several meanings: Geographical and political The Americas: North, Central, and South America. The United States of America. America - a small town in the Netherlands. America, a small town in Cambridgeshire, England. Other America is an alternate title for the patriotic song, My Country, Tis of Thee... America. Some varieties are Freeze drying (also known as Lyophilization) is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material, or to make the material more convenient for transport. Freeze drying works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen water in the material to sublimate directly... freeze dried in an effort to maintain a flavor more similar to brewed coffee. In countries where it is popular it is often referred to as "Café Puro" to the horror of coffee aficionados. Instant coffee is also convenient for preparing iced coffee, which is popular in warmer climates and/or hot seasons.

Liquid coffee concentrate

Another type of pre-made coffee is liquid coffee concentrate. It is described as having a flavor about as good as low-grade robusta coffee. It costs about 10 cents a cup to produce. Its primary use is in large institutional situations where coffee needs to be produced for thousands of people at the same time. The machines used to process it can handle up to 500 cups an hour, or 1,000 if the water is pre-heated.^{[3]  (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee#fn_wsjcomrep)}

Social aspects of coffee

See also: A Street Cafe, Jerusalem, Henry Fenn (1838- ): steel engraving in Picturesque Palestine, ca 1875 A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café shares some of the characteristics of a bar, and some of the characteristics of a restaurant. In the United States, it does not emphasize alcoholic beverages; typically, it does not... Coffeehouse for a social history of coffee, and Caffè is the Italian word for coffee and may indicate either the Italian way of preparing this beverage at home or espresso, which is prepared instead with electrical steam machines. Italians, and especially Neapolitans, pay special attention to the preparation, the selection of the blends and the use of... caffé for specifically Italian traditions.

The The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States is the largest market for coffee, followed by The Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. Due to its central location, Germany has more neighbours than any other European country: these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the... Germany. The Republic of Finland ( Finnish: Suomen tasavalta, Swedish: Republiken Finland) is a Nordic country in northeastern Europe, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the southwest, the Gulf of Finland to the southeast and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west. Finland has land frontiers with Sweden, Norway and Russia and... Finland consumes the most coffee per capita. Coffee is so popular in The Americas (sometimes referred to as America) is the area including the land mass located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, generally divided into North America and South America. The term also usually includes the Caribbean, the islands in and around the Caribbean Sea, and Greenland, though not... The Americas, the A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. The Middle East is a... Middle East, and World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. It is conventionally considered a continent, which, in this case, is more of a cultural distinction than a geographic one. ( National Geographic, however, officially recognises... Europe that many restaurants specialize in coffee; these are called " A Street Cafe, Jerusalem, Henry Fenn (1838- ): steel engraving in Picturesque Palestine, ca 1875 A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café shares some of the characteristics of a bar, and some of the characteristics of a restaurant. In the United States, it does not emphasize alcoholic beverages; typically, it does not... coffeehouses" or "cafés". Most cafés also serve This article is about the beverage. For alternative meanings, see tea (disambiguation). A tea bush. Tea drinking in China dates back to before the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Tea is a caffeinated beverage, an infusion made by steeping the dried leaves or buds of the shrub Camellia sinensis in hot... tea, This article is about the food item. For other uses see: sandwich (disambiguation). Deli Sandwiches The sandwich is a food item consisting of bread and other fillings such as one or more layers of meat (often a type of cold cut), cheese, vegetables, condiments, sauces or other filling. According to... sandwiches, Pastry the name given to various kinds of dough made from ingredients such as flour, butter and eggs, that are rolled out thinly and used as the base for baked goods. Common pastry dishes include pies, tarts, and quiches. A good pastry is very light and airy, but firm enough... pastries, and other light refreshments. Some cafés are miniature shacks that specialize in coffee to go for hurried travelers. Some travelers transport their coffee in Lunchbox and vacuum bottle owned by Harry S. Truman A vacuum flask or Thermos flask is a bottle that reduces heat transfer from the inside to the outside and conversely to a minimum, and therefore keeps warm drinks warm and refrigerated drinks cold. It was invented by Sir James Dewar... vacuum bottles, which can keep a beverage hot for hours.

In some countries, notably in northern Europe, coffee parties are a popular form of Entertainment is an amusement or diversion intended to hold the attention of an audience or its participants. A stilt-walker entertains shoppers at a shopping centre in Swindon, England Examples of entertainment include: Animation (primarily traditional, computer, and stop-motion) Betting Chat Circus Dance Film Drinking Game Geisha Humor (including... entertaining. Besides coffee, the host or hostess at the coffee party also serves cake and pastries, hopefully homemade.

The stimulant properties of coffee and the fact that coffee does not adversely impact higher mental functions causes coffee to be associated with White-collar workers perform tasks which are less laborious yet often more highly paid than blue-collar workers, who do manual work. They are salaried professionals (such as some doctors or lawyers), as well as employees in administrative or clerical positions. In some studies managers are considered as part of... white collar jobs. Social habits involving coffee include the morning coffee and A coffee break is a daily social gathering and short downtime practiced by employees through business and industry in the modern world. Coffee breaks usually last 10 - 20 minutes and frequently occur at the end of the first third of the work shift. The break is often held away from... coffee breaks.

See also To dunk is to dip biscuit, bread, or cake into a beverage, usually hot, especially tea or coffee, but the popular American snack milk and cookies features cookies dunked into cold milk. Dunking a biscuit is said to release flavour. The physics of dunking is driven by the porosity of... dunk (biscuit) for the habit of dipping one's biscuit or cake into one's coffee.

Health

Coffee as a stimulant

Coffee contains caffeine, which acts as a A stimulant is a drug which increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria or awakeness. Stimulants can be used as recreational drugs, or therapeutically to increase alertness. They are also used and sometimes abused to boost endurance and productivity as well as to... stimulant. For this reason, it is often consumed in the morning, and during working hours. Students preparing for examinations with late-night "cram sessions" use coffee to maintain their concentration. Office workers take a "coffee break" whenever their energy is diminished.

Recent research has uncovered additional stimulating effects of coffee which are not related to the caffeine. Coffee contains an as yet unknown chemical agent which stimulates the production of In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. Glucocorticoids such as cortisol control... cortisone and Epinephrine (INN) or adrenaline (BAN) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Both names mean the same: the Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots epi-+nephros both literally mean on/to the kidney (referring to the adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine). Epinephrine is sometimes shortened to epi in medical... adrenaline, two stimulating hormones.

For occasions when one wants to enjoy the flavor of coffee with less stimulation, Decaffeination is the act of removing caffeine from coffee beans. All decaffeination processes are performed on green beans, but the methods vary somewhat. They generally start by steaming the beans. The beans are then rinsed in some solvent that contains as much of the chemical composition of coffee as possible... decaffeinated coffee, also called decaf, is available. This is coffee from which most of the caffeine has been removed by water or a chemical A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. The most common solvent in everyday life is water. The term organic solvent refers to most other solvents that are organic compounds and contain carbon atoms. Solvents usually have a low boiling point... solvent such as The chemical compound trichloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent. It is a clear non-inflammable liquid with a sweet smell. Its IUPAC name is trichloroethene. In industry, it is informally referred to by the abbreviations TCE and tri, and it is sold under a variety... trichloroethylene ("tri"). There are also A herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is a herbal infusion other than that made with real (black, oolong, or green) tea (Camellia sinensis). Tisanes can be made with fresh or dried flowers, leaves, seeds or roots; generally by pouring boiling water over the plant parts and letting them steep for... tisanes that resemble coffee in taste but contain no caffeine (see below).

Coffee dependence is widespread and withdrawal symptoms are real. See the Caffeine molecular structure Caffeine, also known as coffeine, theine, mateine, guaranine, and methyltheobromine, is an alkaloid found naturally in such foods as coffee beans, tea, kola nuts, Yerba maté, guarana, and (in small amounts) cacao beans. It is added to some soft drinks such as colas, Irn-Bru and... caffeine article for more on the pharmacological effects of caffeine.

Benefits

Coffee increases the effectiveness of pain killers -- especially Migraine is a form of headache, usually very intense and disabling. It is a neurologic disease of vascular origin. The word migraine originates from the Greek construction hemikranion (pain affecting one side of the head) [1]. Symptoms Migraine is characterized by attacks of sharp pain involving (usually) one half of... migraine medications -- and can rid some people of asthma. Some of the beneficial effects may be restricted to one sex, for instance it has been shown to reduce suicide for women, and prevent In medicine, gallstones are crystalline bodies formed within the body by accretion or concretion of normal or abnormal bile components. Cholesterol stones are usually white or yellow in color and account for about 80 percent of gallstones. They are made primarily of cholesterol. Pigment stones are small, dark stones made... gallstones and The gallbladder (or cholecyst) is a pear-shaped organ that stores bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. It is connected to the liver and the duodenum by the biliary tract. Anatomy Not all mammals have gallbladders. The rat and horse, for example, do not have a... gallbladder disease in men. It also reduces the incidence of diabetes in both sexes, but reduces the risk by about 30% in women and over 50% in men. Coffee can also reduce the incidence of liver Cirrhosis is a chronic disease of the liver in which liver tissue is replaced by connective tissue, resulting in the loss of liver function. Cirrhosis is caused by damage from toxins (including alcohol), metabolic problems, chronic viral hepatitis or other causes. Cirrhosis is sometimes referred to by its obsolete eponym... cirrhosis and prevent colon and bladder cancers. Coffee can reduce the risk of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer) of the liver. Most cases are secondary to either hepatitis infection (hepatitis B or C usually) or cirrhosis (alcoholism being the most common cause of hepatic cirrhosis). Treatment options and prognosis are dependent on many factors but especially on... hepatocellular carcinoma, a variety of liver cancer (Inoue, 2005). Finally, coffee reduces the incidence of heart disease, though whether this is simply because it rids your blood of excess fat or because of its stimulant effect is unknown.

There are of course the reasons most people drink coffee such as its ability to increase Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as primary or active memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time (roughly 30-45 seconds). This can be contrasted to long-term memory, in which a seemingly unlimited amount of information is... short term recall and increase IQ redirects here; for other uses of that term, see IQ (disambiguation). Intelligence quotient or IQ, is a score derived from a set of standardized tests that were developed with the purpose of measuring a persons cognitive abilities (intelligence) in relation to their age group. It is expressed as... IQ. It also changes the Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος(metavallo), the Greek word for change), in the most general sense, is the ingestion and breakdown of complex compounds, coupled... metabolism of a person so that their body burns a higher proportion of Figure 1: Basic lipid structure. A lipid consists of a polar head group (P) and a nonpolar tail (U for unpolar). The lipid shown is a phospholipid (two tails). The image on the left is a zoomed version of the more schematic image on the right, which will be used... lipids to Carbohydrates (literally hydrates of carbon) are chemical compounds that act as the primary biological means of storing or consuming energy, other forms being fat and protein. Relatively complex carbohydrates are known as polysaccharides. Carbohydrates are naturally produced by plants. A more precise definition of carbohydrates is: carbohydrates are polyhydroxyaldehydes, or... carbohydrates, which can help athletes avoid muscle fatigue.

Some of these health effects are realized by as little as 4 cups a day (24 oz), but others kick in at 6 or more cups a day (32 oz or more).

NOTE: Health benefits of decaffeinated coffee have not been found.

Risks

Many coffee drinkers are familiar with "coffee jitters", a nervous condition that occurs when one has had too much caffeine. Coffee can also increase blood pressure among those with Arterial hypertension, or high blood pressure is a medical condition where the blood pressure is chronically elevated. Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks and heart failure, and is a leading cause of chronic renal failure. Definition Blood pressure is a continuous variable, and risks... high blood pressure, but follow-up studies showed that coffee still decreased the chance of dying from heart disease in the aggregate. Coffee can also cause insomnia in some, while paradoxically it helps a few sleep more soundly. It can also cause anxiety and irritability, in some with excessive coffee consumption, and some as a withdrawal symptom. There are also sex specific effects, in some Premenstrual stress syndrome (PMS, also called Premenstrual stress, Premenstrual tension, PMTand premenstrual syndrome) is stress which is a physical symptom prior to the onset of menstruation. PMS is exceedingly common, occurring in 75% of women of reproductive age during their lifetime. A more severe form of PMS is premenstrual dysphoric... PMS sufferers it increases the symptoms, and it can reduce fertility in women, also it may increase the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and there may be risks to a fetus if a pregnant woman drinks 8 or more cups a day (48 oz or more).

A February 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003 Denmark (disambiguation). The Kingdom of Denmark is geographically the smallest Nordic country and is part of the European Union. It is located in Scandinavia, which is in northern Europe. Denmark borders the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, and consists of a peninsula attached to Northern Germany named Jutland (Jylland... Danish study of 18,478 women linked heavy coffee consumption during A pregnant woman Pregnancy is the process by which a mammalian female carries a live offspring from conception until it develops to the point where the offspring is capable of living outside the womb. It starts with conception, the process of fertilization to form a zygote, and ends in childbirth... pregnancy to significantly increased risk of The expected result of pregnancy is the birth of a living child. Some pregnancies do not result in a live birth. If a pregnancy ends without a live birth because of natural causes, this is called stillbirth, pregnancy loss, miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion. Miscarriage is commonly used to describe the... stillbirths (but no significantly increased risk of infant death in the first year). "The results seem to indicate a threshold effect around four to seven cups per day," the study reported. Those who drank eight or more cups a day (48 oz or more) were at 220% increased risk compared to non-drinkers. This study has not yet been repeated but has caused some doctors to caution against excessive coffee consumption during pregnancy.

A study published in 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (abstract available online at [4]  (http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/4/862)) tried to discover why the beneficial and detrimental effects of coffee are conflicting and found that consumption of coffee is associated with significant elevations in biochemical markers of Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. Inflammation is characterized by the following quintet: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor) and dysfunction of the organs involved (functio laesa). The first four characteristics have... inflammation. This is a detrimental effect of coffee on the cardiovascular system which may explain why coffee has so far only been shown to help the heart at levels of 4 or less cups a day (20oz or less).

Caffeine is toxic in high enough doses. It is unlikely though, that a toxic dose will be ingested in the form of common drinks. In concentrated forms such as pills or powders it can be taken in sufficient quantities to cause vomiting, unconsciousness, and even death. A single box of caffeine pills can be fatal if taken at one time.

The health risks of decaffeinated coffee have been studied, with varying results. One variable is the type of decaffeination process used; while some involve the use of A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. The most common solvent in everyday life is water. The term organic solvent refers to most other solvents that are organic compounds and contain carbon atoms. Solvents usually have a low boiling point... organic solvents which may leave residual traces, others rely on steam.

Coffee as a fertilizer

Spent coffee grounds are a good fertilizer in gardens because of their high General Name, Symbol, Number Nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15 (VA), 2 , p Density 1.2506 kg/m3 Hardness NA Appearance colorless Atomic properties Atomic weight 14.0067 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 65 (56) pm Covalent radius 75 pm van der Waals radius 155 pm Electron... nitrogen content. Coffee grounds also contain General Name, Symbol, Number potassium, K, 19 Series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1(IA), 4 , s Density, Hardness 856 kg/m3, 0.4 Appearance silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 39.0983 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 220 (243) pm Covalent radius 196 pm van der Waals radius 275 pm... potassium, General Name, Symbol, Number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series Nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15 (VA), 3 , p Density, Hardness 1823 kg/m3, __ Appearance colorless/red/silvery white Atomic properties Atomic weight 30.973761 amu Atomic radius (calc.) 100 pm (98 pm) Covalent radius 106 pm van der Waals radius... phosphorus and many other trace Generally, an element is a basic part that is the foundation of something. For a long time, elements (classical element) were believed (by the Pythagoreans and alchemists for example) to be the building blocks of all matter in the universe. Similarly, Chinese Taoism holds that the universe is based around... elements that aid plant development. Many gardeners report that roses love coffee grounds and when furnished with the same become big and colorful. When added to a compost pile, spent coffee grounds compost very rapidly.

Coffee grounds can be obtained inexpensively (usually free) from local coffee shops. Large coffee shop chains may have a policy of Compost is the decomposed remnants of organic materials (those with plant and animal origins). Compost is used in gardening and agriculture, mixed in with the soil. It improves soil structure, increases the amount of organic matter, and provides nutrients. Compost is a common name for humus, which is the result... composting coffee grounds or giving them away to those who ask.

References

• Just About Coffee - Detailed information website about coffee (http://www.justaboutcoffee.com/)
• CoffeeFaq.com: Information about the various major methods of coffee preparation (http://coffeefaq.com/coffaq9.htm)
• The Coffee FAQ: Guide to coffee, coffee preparation coffee roasting, and coffee paraphernalia (http://thecoffeefaq.com)
• about.com: Blade vs Burr grinders (http://coffeetea.about.com/library/weekly/aa021603bladeburr.htm)
• TooMuchCoffee: The European Coffee and Espresso Resource (http://www.toomuchcoffee.com/) Offers non-commercial articles and discussion about coffee, coffee preparations and homeroasting.
• Coffeekid.com (http://www.coffeekid.com): Information about coffee making, and essays on various aspects of coffee presentation.
• The Open Coffee Library (http://www.opencoffee.com): An encyclopedia about coffee with links and quotations from other coffee-related websites.
• Wisborg, Kirsten et al. Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study. British Medical Journal 2003 (326): 420 (22 February). Online copy (http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7386/420?ijkey=uUbP.lv5Owx42#T1).
• Inoue, Manami et al. (2005). Influence of Coffee Drinking on Subsequent Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Study in Japan (http://jncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jnci;97/4/293?fulltext=coffee&searchid=QID_NOT_SET). Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 97, No. 4, 293-300.

1. ⇧ regarding liquid coffee concentrate: Wall St. Journal, March 21st, 2005, page C4, Commodities Report

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