Coke

Coke is a solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. The volatile constituents of the coal, including water, coal-gas and coal-tar, are driven off by baking in an airless oven at temperatures as high as 1,000 degrees Celsius so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Most coke in modern facilities is produced in "by-product" coke ovens, such as in the photograph on the right, and the resultant coke is used as the main fuel in iron making blast furnaces. Today, the hydrocarbons are considered the by-products of modern coke-making facilities (though they are usually captured and used to produce valuable products). Non-byproduct coke oven facilities, such as in the lower photograph, burn hydrocarbon off-gases on site to provide the heat needed to drive the carbonization process. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2580 × 1932 pixel, file size: 720 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Koks source:Own image File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2580 × 1932 pixel, file size: 720 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Koks source:Own image File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... Destructive Distillation means driving off (and collecting) gas from some matter by heating it in the absence of air, where pyrolysis occurs during heating. ... Bituminous coal Bituminous coal is a relatively hard coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen. ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... In the UK Coal gas specifically means gas made by the Destructive distillation of coal. ... Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke. ... A blast furnace is a type of furnace for smelting whereby the combustion material and ore are supplied with air from the bottom of the chamber such that the chemical reaction does not take place only at the surface. ...

Coke oven at smokeless fuel plant, South Wales

The Illawarra Coke Company (ICC) in Coalcliff, New South Wales.

Download high resolution version (3039x2136, 887 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (3039x2136, 887 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the country. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1126x845, 209 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Coke (fuel) Coalcliff, New South Wales Illawarra Coke Company Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1126x845, 209 KB) [edit] Summary [edit] Summary [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Coke (fuel) Coalcliff, New South Wales Illawarra Coke Company Metadata This file... The Illawarra Coke Company (ICC) in Coalcliff. ... View of Coalcliff from the Escarpment. ... Slogan or Nickname: First State, Premier State Motto(s): Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Professor Marie Bashir Premier Morris Iemma (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 50  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004...

Properties and usage

Coke typically has a specific density between 1.85 and 1.9. It is highly porous. Relative density (also known as specific gravity) is a measure of the density of a material. ... A pore, in general, is some form of opening, usually very small. ...

Since smoke-producing constituents are driven off during the coking of coal, coke forms a desirable fuel for stoves and furnaces in which conditions are not suitable for the complete burning of bituminous coal itself. Coke may be burned with little or no smoke under combustion conditions which would result in a large amount of smoke if bituminous coal were the fuel. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A stove is a heat-producing device. ... A furnace is a device for heating air or any other fluid. ... Bituminous coal Bituminous coal is a relatively hard coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen. ...

Bituminous coal must meet a set of criteria for use as coking coal, determined by particular coal assay techniques. These include moisture content, ash content, sulfur content, volatile content, tar, and plasticity. Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Standard atomic weight 32. ... Tar can be produced from corn stalks by heating in a microwave. ... For other uses, see Plasticity. ...

Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coke from coal is gray, hard, and porous. Fuel imports in 2005 Fuel is any material that is capable of releasing energy when its chemical or physical structure is altered. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Electric phosphate smelting furnace in a TVA chemical plant (1942) Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of extractive metallurgy. ... This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...

Discovered by accident to have superior heat shielding properties when combined with other materials, coke was one of the materials used in the heat shielding on NASA's Apollo program space vehicles. In its final form, this material was called AVCOAT 5026-39. This material has been used most recently as the heat shielding on the Mars PATHFINDER vehicle. Although not used for modern day space shuttles, NASA is utilizing coke and other materials for a new heat shield for its next generation space craft, named ORION due to be completed in 2014.

History

The use of coke as a fuel was pioneered in 17th century England in response to the ever-growing problem of European deforestation. Wood was becoming increasingly scarce and expensive, and coal's fumes, particularly smoke and sulfur compounds, disqualified it from many applications, including cooking and iron smelting. In 1603, Sir Henry Platt suggested that coal might be charred in a manner analogous to the way charcoal is produced from wood. This process was not put into practice, however, until 1642, when coke was used for roasting malt in Derbyshire. Coal cannot be used in brewing, because its sulfurous fumes would impart a foul taste to the resulting beer. Perhaps more significantly, in 1709, Abraham Darby set up a coke-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron. Coke's superior crushing strength allowed blast furnaces to become taller and larger. The ensuing availability of inexpensive iron was one of the factors leading to the Industrial Revolution. Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem specific to England — the United Kingdom anthem is God Save the Queen. ... Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland. ... Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. ... Trunks A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is a solid material derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... Malted barley Malting is a process applied to cereal grains, in which the grains are made to germinate and then are quickly dried before the plant develops. ... Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. ... Leffe, a Belgian beer, served in branded glasses Schlenkerla Rauchbier straight from the cask Beer brewed from wheat. ... Abraham Darby is the name of three generations of an English Quaker family that was key to the development of the Industrial Revolution. ... Blast furnace in Sestao, Spain. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... The Industrial Revolution was a major shift of technological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions that occurred in the late 18th century and early 19th century in some Western countries. ...

Other coking processes

The solid residue remaining from refinement of petroleum by the "cracking" process is also a form of coke. Petroleum coke has many uses besides being a fuel, such as the manufacture of dry cells, electrodes, etc. Gas works that manufacture syngas also produce coke as an end product, called gas house coke. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Factory of Shukhov cracking process, Baku, USSR, 1934 In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules (e. ... Petroleum coke (often abbreviated pet coke) is a carbonaceous solid derived from oil refinery cracking processes. ... A dry cell is a galvanic electrochemical cell with a pasty low-moisture electrolyte. ... An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a metallic part of a circuit (e. ... It has been suggested that Town gas be merged into this article or section. ...

Fluid coking is a process by which heavy residual crude is converted into lighter products such as naptha, kerosene, heating oil, and hydrocarbon gases. The "fluid" term refers to the fact that coke particles are in a continuous system versus older batch-coking technology. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Lubbock, Texas Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Naphtha is a group of various volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures used chiefly as solvents. ... Kerosene or kerosine, also called paraffin oil or paraffin in British usage (not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin wax or just paraffin) is a flammable hydrocarbon liquid. ... Heating oil, or burning oil, also known in the United States as No. ... Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons; crude oil is processed through several stages to form desirable hydrocarbons, used in fuel and other commercial products. ...

Gases from coke

Coke may be used to make fuel gases. It appears that the names have different meanings in the USA and the UK so confusion is possible. The following are UK meanings:

• Water gas: a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, made by passing steam over red-hot coke (or any carbon based char)
• Producer gas, wood gas, generator gas, synthetic gas, suction gas: a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen, made by passing air over red-hot coke (or any carbon based char)

These are useful gases but require careful handling because of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. Water gas is a method of hydrogen production that combines steam and coke gas In the following chemical reaction: CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 In 1873, Professor Thaddeus S. C. Lowe developed and patented a process by which large amounts of hydrogen gas could be generated for residential and commercial use... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Producer Gas is a generic term referring to: Wood gas : produced in a gasifier to power cars with ordinary internal combustion engines. ... Wood gasifier on a Ford truck converted to a tractor (an EPA tractor). ... Syngas (from synthesis gas) is the name given to gasses of varying composition that are generated in coal gasification and some types of waste-to-energy facilities. ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of carbon monoxide gas. ...

References

• Coking coal manufacturing procedure