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The term college tuition refers to fees which students have to pay to Colleges in the United States. Pay increases in the U.S. have caused chronic controversy since shortly after World War II. Except for its military academies, the U.S. national government does not directly support higher education. Instead it has offered programs of loans and grants, dating back to the Morrill Act during the U.S. Civil War and the "G.I. Bill" programs implemented after World War II. Developed countries whose national governments directly support higher education tend toward more moderate patterns of change in college tuitions and different forms of controversy. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ... For the Wikipedia policy regarding controversial issues in articles, see Wikipedia:Guidelines for controversial articles. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ... Morrill Act redirects here. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Stamp commemorating the G.I. Bill or Servicemens Readjustment Act The G. I. Bill of Rights or Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... World map indicating Human Development Index (as of 2004). ... The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. ... College (Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an educational institution. ... Tuition means instruction, teaching or a fee charged for educational instruction especially at a formal institution of learning. ...

Historical trends

The first chart compares standard undergraduate annual tuition and fees charged by one each major U.S. public, U.S. private and Canadian public 4-year college, showing both current U.S. dollars during the years from 1940 to 2000 and U.S. dollars adjusted to the year 2000 by using the U.S. Consumer Price Index series.^{[1] [2] [3]} In some educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelors degree. ... College (Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an educational institution. ... USD redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Tuition at the University of Toronto tracked close to inflation rates during the entire period. ^[4] The University of Iowa had rapid increases in tuition during the 1950s and then tracked close to inflation rates since that time.^[5] The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), among the most expensive of the private U.S. educational institutions throughout the 20th century,^[6] had continual large tuition increases, dipping slightly below inflation rates only during the World War II years.^{[7] [8]} The University of Toronto (U of T) is a public research university in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... The University of Iowa, also commonly called Iowa or locally UI, is a major coeducational research university located on a 1,900-acre (8 km²) campus in Iowa City, Iowa, US, on the banks of the Iowa River in East Central Iowa. ... The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... “MIT” redirects here. ... This article is about institutions as social mechanisms. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Over the 60-year period charted, the inflation-adjusted, long term, annual increases in tuition at these institutions were 0.4 percent for the University of Toronto, 1.4 percent for the University of Iowa, and 2.1 percent for MIT.^[9] Other institutions in the same categories differ in details but not in general patterns.^[10] The results of the trends are that over the 60 years shown, adjusted for inflation, the tuition at the University of Iowa increased by a factor of 2.3 and that at MIT by a factor of 3.6, while tuition at the University of Toronto rose only about 30 percent.^[11]

Recent trends

The second chart compares average undergraduate tuition and fees charged by about 600 U.S. public and 1,350 U.S. private, non-profit 4-year colleges during years from 1993 through 2004.^[12], both unadjusted and adjusted to the year 2004 by using the U.S. Consumer Price Index series. Data were not available for years 1994, 1995 and 1999. It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

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During the 11-year period charted, both public and private, nonprofit colleges regularly posted tuition increases well above inflation rates. Peak increases for private colleges were in 1997, after the U.S. economy began booming growth. Peak increases for public colleges were in 2003, after state budgets supporting most of them were crimped by a sharp economic recession. Over this period, annual, inflation-adjusted tuition increases at public colleges averaged 4.0 percent, while those at private, non-profit colleges averaged 3.5 percent. Cumulative results over this period are average public tuitions growing 53 percent above inflation, and average private, nonprofit tuitions growing 47 percent above inflation. As of 2004, private, nonprofit colleges cost on average 3.3 times as much as public colleges attended by residents of their states.

Economic and social concerns

Long term price trends make higher education an inflationary sector of the U.S. economy, with tuition increases in recent years sometimes outpacing even explosive health care sectors. ^[13] These trends are the sources of chronic controversy in the United States over costs of higher education^[14] and their potential for limiting the country's achievements in democracy, fairness and social justice.^[15] Today some companies offer tuition reimbursement to employees. A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... Justice is a concept involving the fair and moral treatment of all persons, especially in law. ... Social justice refers to the concept of an unjust society that refers to more than just the administration of laws. ...

See also

• Private university
• Post-secondary education

A private university is a university that is run without the control of any government entity. ... ...

External links

• "College costs hit working class hard" - The Methods Reporter, December 17, 2006
• "Some In-State Students Out of Luck on Tuition", Jack Stripling, The Gainesville Sun, June 19, 2006
• "What does tomorrow's college scholarship look like?" StudentsGlobal News, Oct 2007

References and notes

1. ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Labor. Consumer Price Index.
2. ^ Powell, James (2006). Bank of Canada. A History of the Canadian Dollar.
3. ^ To show a wide range of tuitions, the chart's vertical axis is logarithmic. The span between two horizontal lines is a factor of ten.
4. ^ Canadian Association of University Teachers. Education Review 4(1), Sept, 2002, p. 2, Table 1.
5. ^ University of Iowa. Fact Sheet, 2005.
6. ^ For background on the emergence of MIT and other U.S. research universities, see Geiger, Roger L. (1986). To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940. Oxford University Press. 
7. ^ MIT Undergraduate Association. The Tech, 1994-2006.
8. ^ MIT Undergraduate Association. The Tech, Archives, 1881-1994.
9. ^ Resident tuition rates are charted for public institutions; fees are averaged; nonresident rates are typically higher.
10. ^ Note the qualitatively similar patterns in inflation-adjusted tuitions for three periods: 1940-1950, 1950-1980 and 1980-2000.
11. ^ After 1960, these patterns show gradually widening ratios of private-school to public-school tuition, but some public systems saw tuition increases similar to those of the 1950s in Iowa during different decades.
12. ^ National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education. Average institutional charges for tuition and required fees.
13. ^ Ehrenberg, Ronald G. (2002). Tuition Rising: Why College Costs So Much. Harvard University Press. 
14. ^ Kane, Thomas J. (1999). The Price of Admission: Rethinking How Americans Pay for College. Brookings Institution Press. 
15. ^ Bowen, William G., Tobin, Eugene M., Kurzweil, Martin A., and Pichler, Susanne C. (2005). Equity And Excellence In American Higher Education. University of Virginia Press.