NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Colonial mentality

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Colonial mentality refers to institutionalised or systemic feelings of inferiority within some societies or peoples who have been subjected to colonialism, relative to the mores or values of the foreign powers which had previously subjugated them. The concept essentially refers to the acceptance, by the colonised, of the culture or doctrines of the coloniser as intrinsically more worthy or superior. The subject matter is quite controversial^{[citation needed]}. It has been suggested that Benign colonialism be merged into this article or section. ... Mores are strongly held norms or customs. ...

Origins

Throughout human history nations and peoples have continuously colonised and been colonised. It is said that when a foreign colonial or imperial power is too strong to be effectively resisted, the colonised population often has no other immediate option than to accept the rule of the foreigners as an inescapable reality of life. As time progresses, the colonised natives would perceive the differences between the foreigners and themselves, between the foreigners' ways and the native ways. This would then sometimes lead the natives to mimic the foreigners in power as they began to associate that power and success with the foreigners' ways. This eventually leads to the foreigners' ways being regarded as the better way and being held in a higher esteem than previous indigenous ways. In general, the word colonial means of or relating to a colony. In United States history, the term Colonial is used to refer to the period before US independence. ... For the computer game, see Imperialism (computer game). ...

In much the same fashion, and with the same reasoning of better-ness, the colonised soon equates the foreigners' racial strain itself as being responsible for their superiority. The native soon strives to that strain to give their children a better standing in life than just their native genes.

English-speaking societies

The Indian Subcontinent

Some critics claim that Rudyard Kipling's portrayals of Indian characters generally supported the colonialist view that the Indians and other colonized people were incapable of surviving without the help of Europeans, claiming that these portrayals are racist. Examples of this alleged racism are mentioning "lesser breeds without the Law" in "Recessional" and referring to colonised people in general as "half-devil and half-child" in the poem "The White Man's Burden". A fact also supported by the fact that India had its own administration prior to the British occupation and that much the system was even adapted by the British administration of India. This article is about the British author. ... The white mans burden - a satiric take This advertisement for soap uses the theme of the White Mans Burden, encouraging white people to teach cleanliness to members of other races The White Mans Burden is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling. ...

The term Macaulay's Children is used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western culture as a lifestyle. The term is usually used in a derogatory fashion, and the connotation is one of disloyalty to one's country and one's heritage. It derives from Thomas Macaulay, the 19th Century British historian and colonial administrator who regarded British culture as inherently superior to the Indian one, and who was the prime mover in replacing Sanskrit and Arabic with English as the medium of instruction.^[1] (see Thomas Macaulay#India). Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man, for many a symbol of the changes of the Western culture during the Renaissance Western culture or Western civilization is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures of European origin and most of their descendants. ... Quotes His imagination resembled the wings of an ostrich. ... The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... Quotes His imagination resembled the wings of an ostrich. ...

Now lot of things have changed in the mentality of the Indians. The resurgence of Hinduism in the 19th and 20th centuries by a series of saints and social reformers (like Swami Vivekananda, Sri Aurobondo, Ramana Maharishi, Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj) contributed to the pride of Hindus in their tradition and native religion. Plus, the slow rise of the Indian economy in the face of huge corruption and infrastructure problems and the rise of the educated middle class have diminished such kind of mentality quite a bit. However, aspects still remain. In the award-winning book "The God of Small Things" by Arundhati Roy, some of the characters depractingly refer to themselves as "We are Anglophiles". Swami Vivekananda (Bengali: Shami Bibekanondo) (January 12, 1863 - July 4, 1902), whose pre-monastic name was Narendranath Dutta ( NÃ´rendrÃ´nath DÃ´t-tÃ´), was one of the most famous and influential spiritual leaders of the philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga and a major figure in the history of Hinduism... Ramana Maharishi was a great yogi who lived a few decades back in Tiruvannamalai,also known as arunachala,which is a small town in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. ... Brahmo Samaj is a social and religious movement founded in Kolkata, India in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. ... Arya Samaj (Aryan Society or Society of Nobles) is a Hindu reform movement in India that was founded by Swami Dayananda in 1875. ... The God of Small Things (1997) is a semi-autobiographical, politically charged novel by Indian author Arundhati Roy. ... Suzanna Arundhati Roy[1] (born November 24, 1961) is an Indian novelist, writer and activist. ...

Canada

In areas where the indigenous nations were decimated by epidemics and their cultures suffered generations of set-back the settler societies quickly outnumbered the colonized. In these cases, including much of North America, and Oceania, decolonization is now taking the form of indigenous decolonization in bringing back traditional cultural knowledge in the new society. In epidemiology, an epidemic (from [[Latin language] epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... World map exhibiting a common interpretation of Oceania; other interpretations may vary. ... Colonialism in 1945 Decolonization refers to the achievement of independence by the various Western colonies and protectorates in Asia and Africa following World War II. This conforms with an intellectual movement known as Post-Colonialism. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

It has also been claimed that Canada itself has somewhat of a colonial mentality in regards to both the United States and the United Kingdom.

United States of America; Black America

The extremely race-conscious society of the United States is often cited as a prime example of colonial mentality. Numerous examples included the one drop rule and practice of the "Paper Bag Test", where African-Americans were allowed or denied entry in Black-only social institutions (bars, night clubs, cinemas, sororities, fraternities, etc.) based on how light the skin tone was when compared to a brown paper bag. Those African-Americans with skin tones the same or lighter than the paper bag were allowed entry. This practice of institutionalized colorism, favoring degrees of "whiteness", was exemplified more so by "The Blue Vein Society". The one-drop theory (or one-drop rule) is the colloquial term for the standard, found throughout the USA, that holds that a person with even one drop of non-white ancestry should be classified as colored, especially for the purposes of laws forbidding inter-racial marriage. ... Colorism is a form of black-on-black racism, based on skin-tone, exemplified in terms such as high yellow as well as the brown paper bag test. There seems to be an implicit calculus behind this belief that makes the goodness of the individual inversely related to the darkness... Colorism is a form of discrimination which primarily occurs in the United States. ... When U.S. slavery was at its zenith, a Mulatto Society known as The Blue Vein Society came into being. ...

The "Blue Vein Society"

When U.S. slavery was at its zenith, a mulatto society known as "The Blue Vein Society" came into being. When U.S. slavery was at its zenith, a Mulatto Society known as The Blue Vein Society came into being. ...

The original "Blue Veins" were organized in New England. Their primary objective was to establish and maintain "correct" social standards amongst a people whose social condition, by virtue of their white bloodlines, was almost unlimited. This article is about the region in the United States of America. ...

An outsider suggested that one must show "Blue Veins" to be eligible for membership. This suggestion was readily adopted by those who were not of the favored few; and "The Blue Vein Society" has been known as such ever since.

Black is Beautiful

In the late 20th century, the "Black is Beautiful" movement sought to counteract the colonial mentality among African Americans by promoting dark skin and African features as ideals of high fashion. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... â€¹The template below has been proposed for deletion. ...

The Spanish Empire

The former subjects of the Spanish Empire in Hispanic America and the Philippines are the most commonly cited examples where the phenomenon of colonial mentality may be found. Spanish conquistadors, the first European settlers in the New World, divided the conquered lands among themselves and ruled as feudal lords, treating their Amerindian subjects as something between serfs and slaves. Some Spaniards, however, objected to this encomienda system, notably Bartolomé de Las Casas, who insisted that the indígenas (natives) were human beings with souls and rights. Serfs stayed to work the land and imported African slaves were exported to the mines, where large numbers of them died. Largely due to the efforts of Bartolomé de Las Casas, the New Laws were adopted in 1542 to protect the Amerindians, but the abuses were not entirely or permanently abolished. Capital Toledo (1492-1561) Madrid (since 1561) Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy Monarch - 1516-1556 Charles I - 1886-1902 Maria Christina of Austria, Regent during the minority of king Alphonse XIII History - Discovery of the Americas 1492 - Conquest of the Aztec Empire 1519-1521 - Conquest of the... Hispanic America (HispanoamÃ©rica in Spanish) refers to those parts of the Americas inhabited by Spanish-speaking peoples. ... Conquistadors (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) were Spanish soldiers, explorers and adventurers who invaded and conquered much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas // HernÃ¡n Cort... Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmÃ©rique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... Feudalism comes from the Late Latin word feudum, itself borrowed from a Germanic root *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which means fief, or land held under certain obligations by feodati. ... An independent origin and development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. ... Costumes of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel, from original Documents in the great Libraries of Europe. ... Slave redirects here. ... The encomienda system was a trusteeship labor system used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. ... BartolomÃ© de Las Casas This article is about a Spanish priest in the 16th century. ... Human beings are defined variously in biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or in combinations thereof. ... The soul, according to many religious and philosophical traditions, is the self-aware essence unique to a particular living being. ... In jurisprudence and law, a right is the legal or moral entitlement to do or refrain from doing something or to obtain or refrain from obtaining an action, thing or recognition in civil society. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... Chuquicamata, the second largest open pit copper mine in the world, Chile. ... During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the New Laws of 1542 were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous people by the encomenderos. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ...

The Spaniards were committed to converting their Amerindian subjects to Roman Catholicism, and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end. However, most initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as Amerindian groups simply blended Catholicism with their traditional beliefs. On the other hand, the Spaniards did not impose their language to the degree they did their religion, and the Roman Catholic Church even evangelized in Quechua, Nahuatl and Guarani, contributing to the expansion of these Amerindian languages and equipping them with writing systems. ^[2] The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Topics in Christianity Movements Â· Denominations Ecumenism Â· Preaching Â· Prayer Music Â· Liturgy Â· Calendar Symbols Â· Art Â· Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul Â· Church Fathers Constantine Â· Athanasius Â· Augustine Anselm Â· Aquinas Â· Palamas Â· Luther Calvin Â· Wesley Arius Â· Marcion of Sinope Pope Â· Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Quechuan languages. ... Nahuatl is a native language of central Mexico. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The Philippines

In the Philippines colonial mentality is most evident in the existence of favoritism for Filipino mestizos (primarily those of native Filipino and white ancestry, but also indigenous Filipino and Chinese, and other ethnic groups) in the entertainment industry and mass media, in which they have received extensive exposure despite constituting a small population in the country. ^[3] In 1998, Benjamin J. Cayetano became the first Filipino American (and second Asian American after Governor George R. Ariyoshi) to be elected state Governor of the United States. ... Languages Predominantly Spanish, (with a minority of other languages), while Mestizos speaks Portuguese Religions Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestant and other Religions) Related ethnic groups Other Spanish people, Italian people, French people, Portuguese people, Amerindian, African people, Austronesian people, Hispanics and Latinos Mestizo (Portuguese, MestiÃ§o... Languages Filipino, Bikol, Cebuano, English, Hiligaynon, Ilokano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray-Waray, and over 100 others Religions Predominantly Roman Catholic Various smaller Christian denominations Significant Muslim minority Filipinos are the inhabitants of the Philippines, located in Southeast Asia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Of the current demographics of the Philippines, the combined number of all types of Caucasian mestizos constitute no more than 4% of the entire Filipino population. Of that 3%, half are of Spanish ancestral blood line, while nearly all the rest of the population, constituting 95% and numbering over 80 million, is composed of indigenous Filipinos. A recent study ^[4] by Stanford University indicates that 3.6% of the population have Spanish, Mexican or other European ancestry. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university located approximately 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco and approximately 20 miles northwest of San JosÃ© in Stanford, California. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not include all significant viewpoints. ...

Physical consequences

One of the more adverse physical consequences in the idealization and acceptance of the racial concepts of colonial mentality can be seen in the high rate of consumer demand for skin bleaching products used by some indigenous women in the Philippines.^[5] Skin-whitening creams have for a long time been popular and widely used in much of the Philippines for the lightening of the skin tones in order to achieve the so-called "Mestizo look". The products are believed to be used primarily by women who have succumbed to the Filipino ideal and colonial doctrine of the idealization of mestizo beauty to the greatest extreme. The consumers of these products, whether conscious or subconsciously, are following the dangerous edict on beauty by continuing to use those products despite the extremely hazardous side effects to their health, including a high risk of various cancers due to many of its active ingredients, including mercury. These products have been banned in the USA, but their sale and demand in the Philippines continues to be widespread. ^[6] Vitiligo (or leukoderma) is the patchy loss of skin pigmentation due to an auto-immune attack by the bodys own immune system on skin melanocytes. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 200. ...

Pedigree and forgery

Colonial mentality is also at the root of a long established indigenous/European Filipino tradition of ancestral ethnicity forgery used in the attempt to conform to the idealized "mestizo pedigree" dictated by the former colonial rulers Spanish-Filipino socio-racial hierarchy.

This ethnic ancestral forgery is characterized by the habit of some modern-day indigenous Filipino families of no European ancestry, and claiming mestizo ancestry. It is often accompanied by handed-down oral accounts of a presumed Spanish great-great-grandfather and grandmother with no evidence of Spanish blood in their genes, other than a Spanish surname. Most mestizo Filipinos have Spanish-names and surnames inherited from their Spanish ancestors, whereas most indigenous Filipinos with Spanish names and surnames acquired them as a result of the Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos ["Alphabetic Catalogue of Surnames"] decreed to be imposed on the entire indigenous Filipino population by the Spanish royal courts in order to facilitate record-keeping and tax collecting. Languages Predominantly Spanish, (with a minority of other languages), while Mestizos speaks Portuguese Religions Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestant and other Religions) Related ethnic groups Other Spanish people, Italian people, French people, Portuguese people, Amerindian, African people, Austronesian people, Hispanics and Latinos Mestizo (Portuguese, MestiÃ§o... In Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan speaking regions of the world, people have at least two surnames. ... The British historian Arnold J. Toynbee once asserted in one of his works that the Philippines is a Latin American country that was transported to the Orient by a gigantic marine wave. While itâ€™s impossible to deny the many Hispanic contributions made to the culture of the Philippines, Toynbee... The CatÃ¡logo alfabÃ©tico de apellidos (English: Alphabetical Catalog of Surnames) is a book of surnames published in the Philippines in the mid-19th century. ...

Latin America

As in the Philippines, colonial mentality can also be seen in much the same form across Latin America. The demographic reality of Latin America is that half of its population is of part-white mixed race, either mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian) or mulatto (mixed white and black) or triracial (of mixed white, black and Amerindian), who together account for approximately 50% of the region's total population. However, these percentages vary by country. Some countries, such as Argentina, Brazil and Chile, have large European-descended populations, while in others, such as Bolivia, European descendants make up a very small percentage of society. A very large minority (perhaps 30%) of Latin Americans is of mainly European descent. Amerindians, Asians, Blacks, and zambos (mixed black and Amerindian) make up the remaining 20%. In the Latin American context, the "Ideal of Beauty" is not to be of mixed European and other ancestry - as most Latin Americans already are of that ancestry - but rather to be unmixed European. Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Languages Predominantly Spanish, (with a minority of other languages), while Mestizos speaks Portuguese Religions Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestant and other Religions) Related ethnic groups Other Spanish people, Italian people, French people, Portuguese people, Amerindian, African people, Austronesian people, Hispanics and Latinos Mestizo (Portuguese, MestiÃ§o... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ... Mulatto (Spanish mulato, small mule, person of mixed race, mulatto, from mulo, mule, from Old Spanish, from Latin mÅ«lus. ... A Masai man in Kenya Black people or blacks is a political, social or cultural classification of people. ... A representation of Zambos in Pintura de Castas during the Latin American colonial period. ...

In this instance, the Latin American entertainment industry is saturated with criollos (people of unmixed Spanish ancestry) or other Europeans, with few mestizos, fewer mulattos, and almost no unmixed blacks or Amerindians. In the Dominican Republic, a predominantly mulatto country, skin whitening products are also quite popular and readily available.^{[citation needed]} In the Spanish colonial caste system (castas), a criollo was a person of unmixed Spanish ancestry born in the colonies. ...

This European idealisation of beauty has also lead to a condition of ethnic forgery among many Latin Americans. However, in contrast to the Filipino experience where the majority is composed of unmixed native Filipinos of whom some attempt to claim mix-blooded status, in Latin America the norm is for some within the mix-blooded majority to concentrate on attempting to diminish, hide or deny any non-European admixture. These will then often falsely claim to be pure Spanish or other European in their attempts to conform to the idealized pedigree dictated by their Latin American socio-racial hierarchy. See also Passing - Race This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

A common joke in the United States, among both Hispanics and non-Hispanics alike, is the presence of more blonde and blue-eyed presenters on US-based Spanish language television networks such as Telemundo and Univisión than on the general public networks such as NBC or CBS. In Mexico the joke is made by suggesting the re-naming of media giant TV Azteca into "TV Blanca" (White TV), because in a country of over 100 million, where 60% is mestizo, 30% is Amerindian and 9% is unmixed European, almost every single presenter is an unmixed Spanish descendant or other European; there are few mestizos, and almost no natives after whom the network is supposedly named after, the Aztecs. ^[7] This article is about the international language known as Spanish. ... Telemundo is an American television network based in Hialeah, Florida. ... This redirect page is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ... CBS Broadcasting, Inc. ... TV Azteca is the second largest Mexican television network. ... It has been suggested that Mexica be merged into this article or section. ...

Nada El-Yassir comments that "in certain areas in the Arab world, the lighter you are the more beautiful you are considered." She also says that it is common that women in the upper classes dye their hair blond. In some countries the implications of this hierarchy go so far as to affect one's social class and job opportunities. Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Mauritania, Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ...

There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with beauty ideals; all cultures have particular notions about what is aesthetically pleasing. Like other places, India and certain Arabic countries had their own culturally specific beauty ideals. However, these largely fell by the wayside after their encounters with colonial powers.

Iman Al-Jazairi says "Looking at Arabic poetry and novels, it is interesting to see that pre-Islamic poetry up until western colonization at the eighteenth century, women were always described as having long, wavy, black hair, brown skin, black eyes with the white of the eyes very white. The body proportions were also bigger. During the later part of the nineteenth century and until very recently, light skinned, blond women have usurped the beauty standard in modern Arabic literature. ^[8] Arabic poetry is poetry composed and written down in the Arabic language either by Arab people or non-Arabs. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ...

The former Soviet Union

In some of the successor states of the former USSR much of the local, ethnically non-Russian population sees Russian culture as superior to the local ones. This has been the case in Ukraine, for example, one of the more advanced successors, whose post-Soviet history has been marked by a preference for all things Russian and an overwhelming presence of the Russian language in politics, television, the internet and music, at least. The Russian culture is rooted in the early East Slavic culture. ... Russian ( , transliteration: , ) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ...

Quebec

The idea that some Quebecers hold a colonial mentality, due to the conquest of Quebec by the British and subsequent domination by English Canada is important in a segment of Quebecois intellectual thought, notably within the Quebec nationalist and independence movements. These thinkers portray the relationship of Canada and Quebec as a dominant-dominated relationship and often consider the Quiet Revolution an event of decolonization. Those who are in favour of independence hold that Quebec sovereignty is another necessary decolonizing step. The colonial mentality concept has also been used to criticize the relationship some Quebecois have with France, as Quebec was a colony of France in the era of New France. Combatants Britain France Commanders James Wolfe â€ Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm â€ Strength 4,800 regulars 4,000 regulars 300 militia Casualties 658 dead or wounded 644 dead or wounded The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was a pivotal battle in the North American theatre of the Seven Years War... English Canada is a term used to describe either: the English-speaking residents of Canada or the Canadian provinces which are majority anglophone, i. ... In Canadian English, a Québécois (IPA: ) is a native or resident of the province of Quebec, Canada, especially a French-speaking one. ... An intellectual is one who tries to use his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas. ... Quebec nationalism is the subject of many international studies together with the contemporary nationalism of Scotland, Catalonia and other non-sovereign regions of the world. ... The Quebec sovereignty movement (French: Mouvement souverainiste du QuÃ©bec) is a political movement aimed at attaining independent statehood (sovereignty) for the Canadian province of Quebec. ... The Quiet Revolution (French: RÃ©volution tranquille) was the 1960s period of rapid change in Quebec, Canada. ... Colonialism in 1945 Decolonization refers to the achievement of independence by the various Western colonies and protectorates in Asia and Africa following World War II. This conforms with an intellectual movement known as Post-Colonialism. ... â€œSovereignâ€ redirects here. ... Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King See List of French monarchs Governor See list of Governors Legislature Sovereign Council of New France Historical era Ancien RÃ©gime in France - Royal Control 1655 - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759 - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760 - Treaty...

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