35 mm film frames from color film print (positive) with optical sound track (no digital sound tracks present). The frames are hard matted to 1.85:1.

This article discusses the evolution and technology behind color photographic film, with specific focus on motion pictures. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (421x882, 153 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (421x882, 153 KB) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as...

Tinting and hand coloring

For the history of motion picture film, in general, see 35 mm film 35 mm film frames. ...

Color movies started nearly as early as film itself in 1895 with Thomas Edison's hand-painted Anabelle's Dance made for his Kinetoscope viewers. George Méliès was utilizing a similar hand-painting process for his films, including the visual effects pioneering A Trip to the Moon (1902), which had various parts of the film painted frame-by-frame by twenty-one women in Montreuil^[1] in a production-line method.^[2] Between 1900 and 1935, dozens of color systems were introduced, although only a few were successful.^[3] Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life around the world. ... Interior view of Kinetoscope with peephole viewer at top of cabinet. ... Georges Méliès (December 8, 1861 – January 21, 1938), full name Maries-Georges-Jean Méliès, was a French filmmaker famous for leading many technical and narrative developments in the earliest cinema. ... Le Voyage dans la lune is a 1902 French science fiction black and white silent film known in its English language release as A Trip to the Moon. ...

Among the early dye-coloring processes, Pathé Frères invented Pathé Color (renamed Pathéchrome in 1929), one of the most accurate and reliable stencil coloring systems. It incorporated a series of glass stencils, cut by pantograph to correspond to those areas to be tinted in any one of six standard colors^[1] by a coloring machine with dye-soaked, velvet rollers.^[4] After a stencil had been made for the whole film, it was placed into contact with the print to be colored and run at high speed (60 feet per minute) through the coloring (staining) machine. The process was repeated for each set of stencils corresponding to a different color. By 1910 Pathé had over 400 women employed as stencilers in their Vincennes factory. Pathéchrome continued production through the 1930s.^[1] Pathé or Pathé Frères is the name of various businesses founded and originally run by the Pathé Brothers of France. ... This page is about the duplication instrument. ... This article is about the city in France. ...

A more common technique, Film tinting was a process in which either the emulsion or the film base is dyed, giving the image a uniform monochromatic color. This process was popular during the 1920s, with specific colors employed for certain narrative effects (red for scenes with fire or firelight, blue for night, etc.).^[2] An example of light amber tinting and blue toning. ... Film base is a transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it. ... Something which is monochromatic has a single color. ...

A complementary process, called toning, replaces the silver halide particles in the film with metallic salts or mordanted dyes. This creates a color effect in which the dark parts of the image are replaced with a color (e.g., blue and white rather than black and white). Tinting and toning were sometimes applied together.^[2] A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between silver and one of the halogens, usually silver bromide (AgBr), silver chloride (AgCl) and silver iodide (AgI). ... Look up Mordant on Wiktionary, the free dictionary A mordant is a substance used to set dyes. ... Look up dye in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

In the United States, St. Louis engraver Max Handschiegl and cinematographer Alvin Wyckoff created the Handschiegl Color Process; a stencil process first used in Joan the Woman (1917) directed by Cecil B. DeMille and used in special effects sequences for films such as The Phantom of the Opera (1925). The process employed the principles of three-color lithography to tint films by machine.^[1] The Handschiegl color process was a stencil color technique used on motion picture film to give the effect of real color. ... Cecil B. DeMille on August 27, 1934 cover of Time Magazine Cecil Blount DeMille (August 12, 1881 – January 21, 1959) was one of the most successful filmmakers during the first half of the 20th century. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Lithography stone and mirror-image print of a map of Munich. ...

Eastman Kodak introduced its own system of pre-tinted black-and-white film stocks called Sonochrome in 1929. The Sonochrome line featured films tinted in seventeen different colors including Peachblow, Inferno, Candle Flame, Sunshine, Purple Haze, Firelight, Azure, Nocturne, Verdante, Aquagreen,^[3] Caprice, Fleur de Lis, Rose Doree, and the neutral density "Argent", which kept the screen from becoming excessively bright when switching to a black and white scene.^[1] Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is an American multinational public company producing photographic materials and equipment. ... Sonochrome was a brand of Kodak film stock that was pre-tinted, but did not interfere with the optical soundtrack on the film. ...

Tinting and toning continued to be used well into the sound era. In the 30s and 40s Westerns were often filmed on sepia-tinted stock to evoke the feeling of old photographs. Tinting was used as late as 1951 for Samuel Newfield's The Lost Continent for the green lost world sequences. Alfred Hitchcock used tinting for the orange-red gunblast at the audience in Spellbound (1945).^[1] Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (August 13, 1899 – April 29, 1980) was a highly influential film director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. ...

Physics of light and color

The principles on which color photography are based were first proposed by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 and presented at the Royal Society in London in 1861.^[1] By that time, it was known that light is comprised of a spectrum of different wavelengths which are perceived as different colors as they are absorbed and reflected by natural objects. Maxwell discovered that all natural colors in this spectrum may be reproduced with additive combinations of three primary colors - red, green and blue - which, when equally mixed together, produce white light.^[1] An undated color photograph from 1905 to 1915 by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. ... James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. ... The premises of The Royal Society in London (first four properties only). ... Prism splitting light Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light) or, in a technical or scientific context, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength[1]. The elementary particle that defines light is the photon. ... A primary color is a color that cannot be created by mixing other colors in the gamut of a given color space. ... Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye. ... Mossy, green fountain in Wattens, Austria. ... For other uses, see Blue (disambiguation). ...

Additive color

The additive color systems were practical because they could be incorporated with black-and-white film stock. The various additive systems entailed the use of color filters on both the movie camera and projector. Additive color adds lights of the primary colors in various proportions to the projected image. Because of the limited amount of space to record images on film, and later because the lack of a camera that could record more than two strips of film at once, most early motion picture color systems consisted of two colors, often red and green or red and blue.^[2] An additive color system involves light emitted directly from a source or illuminant of some sort. ... In photography, a filter is a camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path. ... 35 mm Kinoton movie projector in operation. ...

Practical color in the motion picture business began with Kinemacolor, first introduced in 1906.^[4] This was a two-color system created in England by Edward R. Turner and George Albert Smith, and promoted by film pioneer Charles Urban's The Charles Urban Trading Company in 1908. It was used for a series of films including the documentary With Our King and Queen Through India, depicting the Delhi Durbar (also known as The Durbar at Delhi, 1912) which was filmed in December 1911. The Kinemacolor process consisted of alternating frames of specially sensitized black-and-white film which were photographed at 32 frames per second through a rotating filter with alternating red and green areas. The film was then printed and projected through the same alternating red and green filter at the same speed. The sense of color was achieved through a combination of separate red and green alternating images and the viewer's persistence of vision.^[2][5] Kinemacolor was the first successful color motion picture process, used commercially from 1908 to 1916. ... George Albert Smith (April 4, 1870 – April 4, 1951) was an influential religious leader and the eighth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ... Charles Urban (April 15, 1867 - August 29, 1942) was an Anglo-American film producer and distributor, and one of the most significant figures in UK cinema before the First World War. ... With Our King and Queen Through India is a 1912 British documentary silent film. ... Delhi Durbar means Court of Delhi which took place in 1911. ...

William Friese-Greene invented another additive color system called Biocolour, which was developed by his son Claude Friese-Greene after William's death in 1921. William sued George Albert Smith, alleging that the Kinemacolor process infringed on the patents for his Bioschemes, Ltd., as a result, Smith's patent was revoked in 1914.^[1] Both Kinemacolor and Biocolour had problems with "fringing" or "haloing" of the image, due to the separate red and green images not fully matching up.^[1] William Friese-Greene (September 7, 1855–May 5, 1921) (born William Edward Green) was a portrait photographer and prolific inventor. ... An additive color system involves light emitted directly from a source or illuminant of some sort. ... Claude Friese-Greene (1898 – 1943), British-born cinema technician and filmmaker, and notably most famous for his 1926 collection of films entitled The Open Road. ...

French inventor Louis Dufay developed Dufaycolor in 1931, which was a reversal film (producing a positive image on the camera original) that used a mosaic of tiny filter elements of the primary colors between the emulsion and base of the film.^[4]. Dufaycolor was an early British/French additive colour photographic film process for motion pictures. ... Mosaic is the art of decoration with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other material. ...

By the nature of the systems, additive color was not economical. Because of the filters used to project the films, more light was required than was typically projected onto the screen, resulting in an image that was dimmer than the average black and white image. The larger the screen, the dimmer the picture. For this, and other case-by-case reasons, additive processes for motion pictures grew out of favor about the time of the Second World War, though a variation of additive color systems are employed for all the color video and computer display systems of today.^[2] Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Video (Latin for I see, first person singular present, indicative of videre, to see) is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion. ...

Subtractive color

Subtractive color largely started with the inventions of William Van Doren Kelley. The first successful subtractive color process was Kelley's Prizma Color,^[6] an early color process that was first introduced at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City on 8 February 1917 with the short film Our Navy.^[7] Prizma began in 1916 as an additive system similar to Kinemacolor. However, after 1917, Kelley reinvented the process as a subtractive one with several years of short films and travelogues, such as Everywhere With Prizma (1919) and Catalina Island (1920) before releasing features such as The Glorious Adventure (1922) and Venus of the South Seas (1924).^{[citation needed]} The Prizma Color system was a technique of color motion picture photography, invented in 1913 by William Van Doren Kelley. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Avalon Bay is a beautiful bay on Catalina Island. ... See also: 1921 in film 1922 1923 in film 1920s in film years in film film Events November 26 - Toll of the Sea debuts as the first general release film to use two-tone Technicolor (The Gulf Between was the first film to do so but it was not widely... See also: 1923 in film 1924 1925 in film 1920s in film years in film film // Events Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) considers making a silent film of The Wizard of Oz. ...

Leon Forrest Douglass (1869-1940), a founder of Victor Records, developed a system he called Naturalcolor, and first showed a short test film made in the process on 15 May 1917 at his home in Mill Valley, California. The only feature film known to have been made in this process, Cupid Angling (1918) -- starring Ruth Roland and with cameo appearances by Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks -- was filmed in the Lake Lagunitas area of Marin County, California.^[8] The Victor Talking Machine Company (1901 - 1929) was a United States corporation, the leading American producer of phonographs and phonograph records and one of the leading phonograph companies in the world at the time. ... May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). ... Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Mill Valley is a city in Marin County, California, United States. ... Ruth Roland (August 26, 1892 - September 22, 1937) was an American stage and film actress and film producer. ... Mary Pickford (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979) was an Oscar-winning Canadian motion picture star and co-founder of United Artists. ... Douglas Fairbanks Douglas Fairbanks (May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer, who became noted for his swashbuckling roles in silent movies such as The Mark of Zorro (1920), The Three Musketeers (1921), Robin Hood (1922), The Thief of Bagdad (1924) and The Black... Marin County (pronounced mah-RIN) is a county located in the North San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California, across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco. ...

After experimenting with more advanced methods of additive systems (including a camera with two apertures (one with a red filter one with green) from 1915 to 1921, Dr. Herbert Kalmus, Dr. Daniel Comstock, and mechanic W. Burton Wescott (who left the company in 1921) developed the subtractive color system for Technicolor. This system used a beam splitter in a specially modified camera to send red and green light waves to separate black-and-white film negatives. From these negatives, two prints were made on film stock with half the base thickness than normal, which were toned accordingly: one red, the other green.^[4] Then they were cemented together base-to-base into a single strip of film. The first film using this process was Toll of the Sea (1922) starring Anna May Wong. Perhaps the most ambitious film made with this process was The Black Pirate (1926), starring and produced by Douglas Fairbanks and directed by Albert Parker. The system was refined through the incorporation of dye imbibition, which allowed for the transferring of dyes from both color matrices into a single print, thus avoiding the problems at attaching two prints back-to-back and allowing for multiple prints to be created from a single pair of matrices.^[2] The Arricam ST, a popular 35 mm film camera currently used on major productions. ... a big (1) and a small (2) aperture For other uses, see Aperture (disambiguation). ... Dr. Herbert Thomas Kalmus (born 9 November 1881, Chelsea, Massachusetts – died 11 July 1963, Los Angeles, California) was the co-founder and president of the The Technicolor Corporation. ... Subtractive color mixing An 1877 color photo by Louis Ducos du Hauron, a French pioneer of color photography. ... Logo celebrating Technicolors 90th Anniversary Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation (a subsidiary of Technicolor, Inc. ... The Toll of the Sea was a motion picture produced by the Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, and released by Metro Pictures in 1922. ... See also: 1921 in film 1922 1923 in film 1920s in film years in film film Events November 26 - Toll of the Sea debuts as the first general release film to use two-tone Technicolor (The Gulf Between was the first film to do so but it was not widely... Anna May Wong (January 3, 1905 – February 2, 1961) was the first notable Chinese American Hollywood actress. ... The Black Pirate is a 1926 adventure silent film shot entirely in Technicolor which tells the story of a young nobleman who infiltrates a ship full of pirates to avenge his fathers death. ... // August - Warner Brothers debuts the first Vitaphone film, Don Juan. ... Douglas Fairbanks Douglas Fairbanks (May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer, who became noted for his swashbuckling roles in silent movies such as The Mark of Zorro (1920), The Three Musketeers (1921), Robin Hood (1922), The Thief of Bagdad (1924) and The Black... --61. ...

Technicolor's system was extremely popular for a number of years, but it was a very expensive process: shooting cost three times that of black and white photography and printing costs were no cheaper. By 1932, general color photography had nearly been abandoned by major studios, until Technicolor developed a new advancement to record all three, primary colors. Utilizing a special dichroic beam splitter equipped with two 45-degree prisms in the form of a cube, light from the lens was deflected by the prisms and split into two paths to expose each one of three black and white negatives (one each to record the densities for red, green, and blue).^[9] In optics, the term dichroic has two related but distinct meanings. ... A beam splitter is an optical device, that splits a beam of light in two. ... Look up prism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The three negatives were then printed to gelatin "matrices" which also completely bleached the image, washing out the silver and leaving only the gelatin record of the image. A "receiver print", consisting of a 50% density print of the black and white negative for the green record strip, and including the soundtrack, was struck and treated with dye mordants to aid in the imbibition process (this "black" layer was discontinued in the early 1940s). The matrices for each strip were coated with their complementary dye (yellow, cyan, or magenta), and then each successively brought into high-pressure contact with the receiver, which would imbibe and hold the dyes which collectively were able to render a wider spectrum of colors than the previous technologies.^[10] The first animation film with the three-color (also called three-strip) system was Walt Disney's Flowers and Trees (1932), the first short live-action film was La Cucaracha (1934), and the first feature was Becky Sharp (1935).^[4] For the company founded by Disney, see The Walt Disney Company. ... Flowers and Trees was the first animated cartoon to be produced in the full-color three-strip Technicolor process. ... See also: 1931 in film 1932 1933 in film 1930s in film years in film film // Events Shirley Temples film career begins Disney released Flowers and Trees their first cartoon in three-strip Technicolor film. ... See also: 1933 in film 1934 1935 in film 1930s in film years in film film // Events January 26 - Samuel Goldwyn (of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) finally purchased the film rights to The Wizard of Oz from Frank J. Baum for $40,000. ... The 1935 film Becky Sharp, based on the novel Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, tells the story of a lower-class girl who insinuates herself into an upper class family, only to see her life and the lives of those around her destroyed. ... See also: 1934 in film 1935 1936 in film 1930s in film years in film film Events Judy Garland signs a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). ...

The real push for color films, and the nearly immediate changeover from black and white production to nearly all color films was pushed forward by the prevalence of television in the early 1950s. In 1947 only 12 percent of American films were made in color. By 1954 that number rose to over 50 percent.^[1] The rise in color films was also aided by the breakup of Technicolor's near monopoly on the medium. In 1947 the United States Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Technicolor for monopolization of color cinematography (even though rival processes such as Cinecolor and Trucolor were in general use). In 1950 a Federal court ordered Technicolor to allot a number of its three-strip cameras for use by independent studios and filmmakers. Although this certainly affected Technicolor, its real undoing was the invention of Eastmancolor that same year.^[1] Cinecolor is an early subtractive color-model two color film process, based upon the Multicolor system of the 1920s. ... Thats My Gal (1947, Republic Pictures) Filmed in Trucolor This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Logo celebrating Technicolors 90th Anniversary Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation (a subsidiary of Technicolor, Inc. ...

Monopack color film

A strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative.

Modern color film is based on the subtractive color system, which filters colors from white light through dyed or color sensitive layers within a single strip of film. A subtractive color (cyan, magenta, yellow) is what remains when one of the additive primary colors (red, green, blue) has been removed from the spectrum. Eastman Kodak's tripack color film incorporated three separate layers of color sensitive emulsions into one strip of film. Kodachrome was the first commercially successful application of monopack multilayer film, introduced in 1935.^[11] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (488x740, 143 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (488x740, 143 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ... Kodachrome (also known as Tripack) is a brand of color transparency (slide) film sold by Kodak. ...

Eastmancolor, introduced in 1952, was Kodak's first, economical, single-strip 35 mm negative recording system, incorporated into one strip of film. This rendered three-strip color photography relatively obsolete, even though for the first few years, Technicolor's quality control in printing produced colors that were more precise than monopack film and the dye-transfer print would maintain its color much longer than an Eastman print, which would fade over time, mostly due to poor processing and improper storage.^[3] Logo celebrating Technicolors 90th Anniversary Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation (a subsidiary of Technicolor, Inc. ... 35 mm film frames. ...

Technicolor continued to offer the dye-imbibition print process for projection prints until 1975, and even briefly revived it in 1998. As an archival format, Technicolor prints are one of the most stable color print processes yet created, and prints properly cared for are estimated to retain their color for centuries.^[12] With the introduction of low-fade (LPP) films, properly stored (at 45 °F or 7 °C and 25 per cent relative humidity) monopack color film is expected to last, with no fading, a comparative amount of time. Kodachrome transparency film stored at 0^oF (−18 °C) is predicted to last a similar length in time without noticeable picture degradation. Improperly stored monopack color film from before 1983 can incur a 30 per cent image loss in as little as 25 years.^[13]

How modern color film works

A representation of the layers within a piece of developed modern color 35 mm negative film. When developed, the dye couplers in the blue, green and red sensitive layers turn the exposed silver halide crystals to their complimentary colors (yellow, magenta, cyan). The film is made up of (A) Clear protective topcoat (B) UV filter (C) "Fast" blue layer (D) "Slow" blue layer (E) Yellow filter to cut all blue light from passing through to (F) "Fast" green layer (G) "Slow" green layer (H) Inter (subbing) layer (I) "Fast" red layer (J) "Slow" red layer (K) Clear triacetate base (L) Antihalation (rem-jet) backing.

Modern color film is made up of many different layers all working together to create the color image. In color negative films there are three main color layers: the blue record, green record and red record; each made up of two separate layers containing silver halide crystals and dye-couplers. A cross-sectional representation of a piece of developed color negative film is shown in the figure at right. Each layer of the film is so thin that the composite of all layers, in addition to the triacetate base and antihalation backing, is less than 0.0003" (8 µm) thick.^[14] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 325 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (327 × 603 pixel, file size: 52 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Template:GFDL-Self I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 325 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (327 × 603 pixel, file size: 52 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Template:GFDL-Self I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the...

The three color records are stacked as shown at right with a UV filter on top to keep the non-visible ultraviolet radiation from exposing the silver halide crystals, which are naturally sensitive to UV light. Next, the fast and slow blue sensitive layers, which, when developed, form the latent image. When the exposed silver halide crystal is developed, it is coupled with a dye grain of its complementary color. This forms a dye "cloud" (like a drop of water on a paper towel) and is limited in its growth by development inhibitor releasing (DIR) couplers, which also serve to refine the sharpness of the processed image by limiting the size of the dye clouds. The dye clouds formed in the blue layer are actually yellow (the opposite or complimentary color to blue).^[15] There are two layers to each color; a "fast" and a "slow." The fast layer features larger grains that are more sensitive to light than the slow layer, which has finer grain and is less sensitive to light. Silver halide crystals are naturally sensitive to blue light, so the blue layers are on the top of the film and they are followed immediately by a yellow filter, which stops any more blue light from passing through to the green and red layers and biasing those crystals with extra blue exposure. Next are the red sensitive record (which forms cyan dyes when developed), and at the bottom, the green sensitive record, which forms magenta dyes when developed. Each color is separated by a gelatin layer which prevents silver development in one record from causing unwanted dye formation in another. The bottom of the whole stack (film base) is an antihalation layer that prevents bright light from reflecting off the clear base of the film and passing back through the negative to double-expose the crystals and create "halos" of light around bright spots. In color film this backing is rem-jet, which is a black-pigmented non-gelatin layer on the back of the film base and is removed in the developing process.^[14] Film base is a transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it. ...

Eastman Kodak manufacturers film in 54 inch (1,372 mm) wide rolls. These rolls are then slit into various sizes (65 mm, 35 mm, 16 mm) as needed.

Modern manufacturers of color film for motion picture use

See also List of motion picture film stocks This is a list of motion picture camera films. ...

Motion picture film, primarily because of the rem-jet backing, requires different processing than standard C-41 process color film. The process necessary is Eastman Color Negative 2 (ECN-2), which has an initial step using an alkaline bath to remove the backing layer. There are also minor differences in the remainder of the process. If motion picture negative is run through a standard C-41 color film developer bath, the rem-jet backing will partially dissolve and destroy the integrity of the developer and, potentially, ruin the film. C-41 is the name given to the process for developing a specific type of color print film used in photography and often to the type of film itself. ... Eastman Color Negative, specifically abbreviated as ECN, is a photographic processing system created by Kodak in the 1950s for the development of negative motion picture film stock. ...

There are two main companies manufacturing color film for motion picture use: Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm. Eastman Kodak Company (NYSE: EK) is an American multinational public company producing photographic materials and equipment. ... Fujifilm TYO: 4901 , NASDAQ: FUJIY is a Japanese company known for its photographic film and cameras. ...

Kodak color motion picture films

In the late 1980s Kodak introduced the T-Grain emulsion, a technological advancement in the shape and makeup of silver halide grains in their films. T-Grain is a tabular silver halide grain that allows for greater overall surface area, resulting in greater light sensitivity with a relatively small grain and a more uniform shape which results in a less overall graininess to the film. This made for sharper and more sensitive films. The T-Grain technology was first employed in Kodak's EXR line of motion picture color negative stocks.^[16] This was further refined in 1996 with the Vision line of emulsions, followed by Vision2 in the early 2000s. Tabular-grain film is a type of photographic film that includes T-max films from Kodak (with Kodaks T-grain emulsion), Delta films from Ilford Photo and the Fuji Neopan films. ...

Fuji color motion picture films

Fuji films also integrate tabular grains in their SUFG (Super Unified Fine Grain) films. In their case the SUFG grain is not only tabular, it is hexagonal and consistent in shape throughout the emulsion layers. Like the T-grain, it has a larger surface area in a smaller grain (about one-third the size of traditional grain for the same light sensitivity. In 2005 Fuji unveiled their Eterna 500T stock, the first in a new line of advanced emulsions, keeping competitive with Kodak's innovations.

References

2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini (common) era. ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (86th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 177 days remaining. ...

See also

• List of color film systems
• List of film formats
• List of motion picture film stocks
• Photographic film
• Film base
• Kinemacolor
• Prizma
• Multicolor
• Cinecolor
• Technicolor
• 35 mm film
• 135 film
• Color photography

This is a list of color film formats known to have been developed for shooting or viewing color motion pictures since the development of such photographic technology towards the end of the 19th century. ... This is a list of film formats known to have been developed for shooting or viewing motion pictures since the development of such photographic technology towards the end of the 19th century. ... This is a list of motion picture camera films. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Film base is a transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it. ... Kinemacolor was the first successful color motion picture process, used commercially from 1908 to 1916. ... The Prizma Color system was a technique of color motion picture photography, invented in 1913 by William Van Doren Kelley. ... Multicolor is a subtractive natural color process for motion pictures. ... Cinecolor is an early subtractive color-model two color film process, based upon the Multicolor system of the 1920s. ... Logo celebrating Technicolors 90th Anniversary Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation (a subsidiary of Technicolor, Inc. ... 35 mm film frames. ... 135 Film Size, Kodak Tri-X 400 speed 135 (ISO 1007) is a film format for still photography. ... An undated color photograph from 1905 to 1915 by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. ...

External links

• The American Widescreen Museum has a thorough treatise on early motion picture color processes.
• List of films in Prizmacolor at IMDB