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A color name is a noun, noun phrase that refers to a specific color. The color name may refer to human perception of that color (which is affected by visual context), or of an underlying physical property (such as a specific wavelength of visible light). There are also numerical systems of color specification, referred to as color spaces. In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ...
In linguistics, a noun phrase is a phrase whose Head is a noun. ...
Color is an important part of the visual arts. ...
The optical spectrum (light or visible spectrum) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. ...
A comparison of different color spaces. ...
In natural languages Monolexemic color words are composed of individual lexemes, such as "red", "brown", or "olive". Compound color words make use of adjectives (e.g. "light brown", "sea green") or multiple basic color words (e.g. "yellow-green"). Definition A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are the same in basic meaning. ...
Olive is a dulled, darker yellowish-green color typically seen on green olives. ...
There are many different dimensions by which color varies. For example, hue (red vs. orange vs. blue), saturation ("deep" vs. "pale"), and brightness or intensity make up the HSI color space. The adjective "fluorescent" in English refers to moderatly high brightness with strong color saturation. Pastel refers to colors with high brightness and low saturation. An image with the hues cyclically shifted The hues in the image of this Painted Bunting are cyclically rotated with time. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chromaticity. ...
A series of colors above their pale versions A pale color is light or pastel version of a color. ...
Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to emit a given amount of light. ...
The HLS color space, also called HSL or HSI, stands for Hue, Saturation, Lightness (also Luminance or Luminosity) / Intensity. ...
Pastel is an art medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder. ...
Some phenomena are due to related optical effects, but may or may not be described separately from the color name. These include gloss (high-gloss shades are sometimes described as "metallic"; this is also a distinguishing feature of gold and silver), iridescence or goniochromism (angle-dependent color), dichroism (two-color surfaces), and opacity (solid vs. translucent). Gloss is an optical property, which is based on the interaction of light with physical characteristics of an object. ...
The iridescence of the Blue Morpho butterfly wings. ...
Goniochromism is the property of certain surfaces to change their colour depending on the angle under which they are viewed. ...
In optics, the term dichroic has two related but distinct meanings. ...
A substance or object that is opaque is neither transparent nor translucent. ...
Different cultures have different terms for colors, and may also assign some color names to slightly different parts of the human color space: for instance, the Chinese character 青 (rendered as qīng in Mandarin and ao in Japanese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "青." In more contemporary terms, they are 藍 (lán, in Mandarin) and 綠 (lǜ, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, 綠 (midori which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru 'to be in leaf, to flourish' in reference to trees) and グリーン (guriin, which is derived from the English word 'green'). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colored lights that other countries have, the green light is called using the same word for blue, "aoi", because green is considered a shade of blue, similarly green variants of certain fruits and vegetable such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word "aoi". Japanese name Kanji: Kana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quoc Ngu: Hantu: A Chinese character (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese. ...
Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Chinese, Modern Standard Chinese or Standard spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Singapore. ...
Ao is a Japanese word including what Westerners would call, separately, blue and green. ...
The English language makes a distinction between blue and green but some languages do not. ...
Perilla is a genus of annual herb that is a member of the mint family, Lamiaceae. ...
Similarly, languages are selective when deciding which hues are split into different colors on the basis of how light or dark they are. English splits some hues into several distinct colors according to lightness: such as red and pink or orange and brown. To English speakers, these pairs of colors, which are objectively no more different from one another than light green and dark green, are conceived of as belonging to different categories.[1] A Russian will make the same red-pink and orange-brown distinctions, but will also make a further distinction between sinii and goluboi, which English speakers would simply call dark and light blue. To Russian speakers, sinii and goluboi are as separate as red and pink or orange and brown.
However, Brent Berlin and Paul Kay, in a classic 1969 study of world wide color naming[1] have argued that these differences can be organized into a coherent hierarchy, and that there are a limited number of universal "basic color terms" which begin to be used by individual cultures in a relatively fixed order. Berlin and Kay based their analysis a comparison of color words in 20 languages from around the world. To be considered a basic color term, the words had to be monoleximic ("green", but not "light green" or "forest green"), high-frequency, and agreed upon by speakers of that language (this last point however can be ambiguous as native speaker may not always agree with each other). Their analysis showed that, in a culture with only two terms, the two terms would mean roughly 'dark' (covering black, dark colors and cold colors such as blue) and 'bright' (covering white, light colors and warm colors such as red). All languages with three colors terms would add red to this distinction. Additional color terms added in a fixed order: green and/or yellow; blue; brown; and orange, pink, purple and/or gray. All languages with six color terms use "black", "white", "red", "green", "blue" and "yellow", which roughly correspond to the sensitivities of the retinal ganglion cells, leading Berlin and Kay to argue that color naming is not merely a cultural phenomenon, but is one that is also constrained by biology, contrary to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.[2] In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH) states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. ...
Color words in a language can also be divided into abstract color words and descriptive color words, though the distinction is blurry in many cases. Abstract color words are words that only refer to a color. In English white, black, red, yellow, green, blue, brown, and gray are definitely abstract color words. These words also happen to be 'basic color terms' in English as described above, but colors like maroon and magenta are also abstract though they may not be considered 'basic color terms' either because they are considered by native speakers to be too rare, too specific, or to be subordinate hues to a higher 'basic color term', in this case red (or maybe purple). Descriptive color words are words that are secondarily used to describe a color but primarily used to refer to an object or phenomenon that has that color. "Salmon", "rose", "saffron", and "lilac" are descriptive color words in English because their use as color words is derived in reference to natural colors of salmon flesh, rose flowers, infusions of saffron pistols, and lilac blossoms respectively. Often a descriptive color word will be a subordinate hyponym of a 'basic color term' (salmon and rose [descriptive] are both hues of pink). In some languages colors may be denoted by descriptive color words even though English may use an abstract color word for the same color; for example in Japanese pink is "momoiro" (桃色, lit. "peach-color") and grey is either "haiiro" or "nezumiiro" (灰色, 鼠色, lit. "ash-color" for light grays and "mouse-color" for dark grays respectively), nevertheless, as languages change they may adopt or invent new abstract color terms, as Japanese has adopted "pinku (ピンク) for pink and "guree" (グレー) for gray from English. Maroon is a color related to dark red. ...
Magenta is a color made up of equal parts of red and blue light. ...
Illustration of a male Coho Salmon The Chinook or King Salmon is the largest salmon in North America and can grow to 1. ...
Species Between 100 and 150, see list A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa, and the flower of this shrub. ...
Binomial name Crocus sativus L. Saffron (IPA: ) is a spice derived from the flower of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), a species of crocus in the family Iridaceae. ...
Species About 20 species; see text. ...
The status of some color words as abstract or descriptive is debatable. The color "pink" was originally a descriptive color word derived from the name of a flower called a "pink" (see dianthus), however because the word "pink" (flower) has become a very rare word and "pink" (color) has become a very common, many native speakers of English use "pink" as an abstract color word alone and furthermore consider it to be one of the 'basic color terms' of English ("purple" is another example of this, as it was originally a word that referred to a dye, see Tyrian purple but has also became a 'basic color term'). The word "orange" is also difficult to categorize as abstract or descriptive because both its use as a color word and as a word for an object are very common and it is difficult to distinguish which is the primary and which is the secondary use of the word. On the one hand the fruit "orange" is the color "orange," and etymologically the word "orange" as a fruit) from the Sanskrit "narang" or Tamil "naraththai" via the Portuguese "laranja," preceded the use of "orange" as a color word in English. On the other hand "orange" (color) is usually given equal status to red, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, pink, gray, white and black (all abstract colors) in membership to the 'basic color terms' of English. Based solely on current usages of the word it would be impossible to distinguish if an orange is called an orange because the fruit is orange, or if the color orange is called orange because oranges are orange (other examples of this problem are the colors "violet" and "indigo"). The use of the word pink as a color first occurred in the 17th century to describe the light red flowers of pinks, flowering plants in the genus Dianthus. ...
species About 300 species; see text Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dianthus Dianthus is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native mainly to Europe and Asia, with a few species extending south to north Africa, and one species () in arctic North America. ...
Not to be confused with Violet (color). ...
Murex brandaris, also known as the Spiny dye-murex The chemical structure of 6,6′-dibromoindigo, the main component of Tyrian Purple A space-filling model of 6,6′-dibromoindigo Tyrian purple (Greek: , porphura), also known as royal purple or imperial purple, is a purple-red dye made by the...
Look up orange in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The Sanskrit language ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ...
Tamil ( ; IPA ) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. ...
Violet (named after the flower violet) is used in two senses: first, referring to the color of light at the short-wavelength end of the visible spectrum, approximately 380–420 nanometres (this is a spectral color). ...
Indigo is the color on the spectrum between about 450 and 420 nm in wavelength, placing it between blue and violet. ...
Recently, a researcher at Hewlett-Packard, Nathan Moroney, has been performing an online experiment in unconstrained color naming in English and 21 other languages. [3] [4] He has published[5] some of the results of this work and the experiment is ongoing. Among other things, he demonstrated that fuchsia is the most consistently misspelled non-basic color name in the English language. Fuchsia is a color named after the flower of the fuchsia plant. ...
A 1969 study [6] by Berlin and Kay has shown that there are substantial regularities in naming colors across many different languages. In the study, they identified the following basic color terms: black, grey, white, pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and brown. Today every natural language that has words for colors is considered to have from two to twelve basic color terms. All other colors are considered by most speakers of that language to be variants of these basic color terms. English has the eleven basic color terms listed above. Russian and Italian have twelve, distinguishing blue and azure. That doesn't mean English speakers cannot describe the difference of the two colors, of course; however, in English, azure is not a basic color term because one can say light blue instead, while pink is basic because speakers do not say light red. Image File history File links Information. ...
Brent Berlin is an anthropologist. ...
Paul Kay is a linguist. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
While the range in the number of basic color terms between languages may seem to highlight a striking difference, there is almost without exception a pattern to how these color terms are included among the basic color terms. As might be expected, languages with two basic color terms name black/dark and white/light. Red is almost always next, followed by either green or blue. After this, the patterns are more complex, and Berlin and Kay's original results have had to be extended on more than one occasion to accommodate new data. However, many linguists still agree that these patterns exist. See also the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ...
In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (SWH) states that there is a systematic relationship between the grammatical categories of the language a person speaks and how that person both understands the world and behaves in it. ...
Standardized systems Some examples of color naming systems are Munsell color system and ISCC-NBS lexicon of color names. The disadvantage of these systems, however, is that they only specify specific color samples, so while it is possible to, by interpolating, convert any color to or from one of these systems, a lookup table is required. In other words, no simple invertible equation can convert between CIE XYZ and one of these systems. Munsell Color Wheel In colorimetry, the Munsell color system is a color system that specifies colors based on three color dimensions. ...
As a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce’s Technology Administration, the National Institute of Standards (NIST) develops and promotes measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. ...
Philatelists traditionally use names to identify postage stamp colors. While the names are largely standardized within each country, there is no broader agreement, and so for instance the US-published Scott catalog will use different names than the British Stanley Gibbons catalogue. Close examination of the Penny Red, left, reveals a 148 in the margin, indicating that it was printed with plate #148. ...
The colors of postage stamps are at once obvious, and among the most difficult areas of philately. ...
Covers of the 2002 edition featured art on stamps. ...
Stanley Gibbons Ltd is a London, UK based company specialising in trading postage stamps and related products. ...
On modern computer systems a standard set of basic color names is now used across the web color names (SVG 1.0/CSS3), HTML color names, X11 color names and the .NET Framework color names, with only a few minor differences. Web colors are colors used in designing web pages, and the methods for describing and specifying those colors. ...
The HTML 4. ...
In computing, on the X Window System, X11 color names are represented in a simple text file, which maps certain strings to RGB color values. ...
The Crayola company is famous for its many crayon colors, often creatively named. Crayola logo 2002-present Crayola past logo, 1997-2002 Crayola is a brand of crayons and other writing and drawing utensils, such as markers, chalk, and colored pencils manufactured by Binney & Smith, Inc. ...
This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...
Color names, paint stores, and fashion Color naming in fashion and paint exploits the subjectiveness and emotional context of words and their associations. This is particularly seen in the naming of paint chips and samples where paint is sold. This may in fact be an aid to moving a customer through the store more rapidly, as closely similar shades may be equally valid in a specific application, with selection being determined by individual preference, colors of furnishings and artwork, and the quality and character of light, both artificial and natural. The attachment of an emotional context to a color sample by choice of name may enhance the rapidity of selection.
In fashion and automotive colors the objective of naming is to enhance the perception of color through appropriate naming to fit the emotional context desired. Thus the same "poppy yellow" can become either the hot blooded and active "amber rage", the cozy and peaceful "late afternoon sunshine", or the wealth evoking "sierra gold".
See also . ...
References - ^ a b Brent Berlin and Paul Kay (1969) Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution
- ^ Language, Thought and Reality (1956) by Benjamin Lee Whorf)
- ^ http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Nathan_Moroney/color-name-hpl.html
- ^ http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Nathan_Moroney/mlcn.html
- ^ Moroney, Nathan, "Unconstrained web-based color naming experiment", SPIE/IS&T Electronic Imaging'03 (2003).
- ^ Berlin B & Kay P Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, University of California Press (1991)
Brent Berlin is an anthropologist. ...
Paul Kay is a linguist. ...
Benjamin Lee Whorf (April 24, 1897 - July 26, 1941) was an American linguist. ...
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