Color revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that have developed in Post-Communism is a name sometimes given to the period of political and economic transition in former communist states located in parts of Europe and Asia. ...post_communist societies in Eastern Europe is, by convention, that part of Europe from the Ural and Caucasus mountains in the East to an arbitrarily chosen boundary in the West. ...Eastern Europe and are possibly spreading elsewhere. Their participant use mostly Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of applying power to achieve socio_political goals through symbolic protests, economic or political noncooperation, civil disobedience and other methods, without the use of physical violence. ...nonviolent A revolution is a relatively sudden and absolutely drastic change. ...revolutionary change to protest against governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian, and to advocate This article deals with democracy in its modern sense. ...democracy, Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present_day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government. ...liberalism, and Self_determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ...national independence. They usually also adopt a specific For alternative meanings, see color (disambiguation). ...color or Wildflowers A flower is the reproductive organ of those plants classified as angiosperms (flowering plants; Division Magnoliophyta). ...flower as their symbol, and the protests are notable for the important role of A non_governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is not a part of a government. ...NGOs and particularly Student activism is work done by students to effect political or societal change. ...student activist organizations in organizing creative nonviolent resistance.

So far these movements have been successful in Serbia and Montenegro  _Serbia    _ Kosovo and Metohia    _ Vojvodina  _ Montenegro Official language Serbian 1 Capital Belgrade Area  _ Total  _ % water 88,361 km² n/a Population  _ Total ( 2002) census _ without Kosovo  _ Density 7. ...Serbia (the 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2000 The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...downfall of Milosević), Georgia ( Georgian: საქართველო Sakartvelo), known from 1991 to 1995 as the Republic of Georgia, is a country to the east of the Black Sea in the southern Caucasus. ...Georgia (the 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 _ Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. ...2003 Mikhail Saakashvili and his supporters marched on the parliament carrying roses as a symbol of nonviolence Rose Revolution refers to a peaceful 2003 revolution in the country of Georgia that displaced president Eduard Shevardnadze. ...Rose Revolution), Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south. ...Ukraine (the 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2004 Orange_clad supporters of Viktor Yushchenko gather in Independence Square in Kiev. ...Orange Revolution), and (though more violent than the previous ones) Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан) is a country in Central Asia. ...Kyrgyzstan (the 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2005 The Kyrgyz revolution of 2005 refers to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his government in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of February 27 and of March 13, 2005. ...Tulip Revolution). Each time massive street protests followed disputed elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ...authoritarian.

Color revolutions

Post_communist states

• The The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...demonstrations in Yugoslavia in 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2000, which led to the overthrow of The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...Slobodan Milosevic. These demonstrations are considered by many to be the first example of the peaceful revolutions that followed. However the protesters didn't adopt a color or specific symbol, and despite the commonalities, many others refer to Georgia as the most definite beginning of the series of "color revolutions." The demonstrations were supported by youth movement Otpor.
• The Mikhail Saakashvili and his supporters marched on the parliament carrying roses as a symbol of nonviolence Rose Revolution refers to a peaceful 2003 revolution in the country of Georgia that displaced president Eduard Shevardnadze. ...Rose Revolution in Georgia ( Georgian: საქართველო Sakartvelo), known from 1991 to 1995 as the Republic of Georgia, is a country to the east of the Black Sea in the southern Caucasus. ...Georgia, following the disputed Parliamentary elections were held in the Republic of Georgia on November 2, 2003. ...Georgia legislative election, 2003, led to the overthrow of Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (Georgian: ედუარდ შევარდნაძე, Russian: Эдуа́рд Амвро́сьевич Шевардна́дзе; pronounced ed_oo_ard am_vro_see_ye_vitch she_va_rd_nad_zuh) (born 25 January 1928) is a Georgian politician. ...Eduard Shevardnadze and his replacement by Mikhail Saakashvili briefing the press at UN headquarters Mikhail Saakashvili (Georgian: მიხეილ სააკაშვილი) (born December 21, 1967), Georgian jurist and politician, is the President of Georgia. ...Mikhail Saakashvili after Legislative elections were held in the Republic of Georgia on March 28, 2004. ...new elections were held in March 2004. The Rose Revolution was supported by civic resistance movement Kmara (Georgian: კმარა), a civic resistance movement in the republic of Georgia which undermined the government of Eduard Shevardnadze. ...Kmara.
• The Orange_clad supporters of Viktor Yushchenko gather in Independence Square in Kiev. ...Orange Revolution in Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south. ...Ukraine, followed the disputed second round of the The presidential election held in November and December 2004 in Ukraine was mostly a political battle between Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych and former Prime Minister and opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko. ...2004 presidential election and led to the annulment of the result and the repeat of the round—leader of the opposition Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko ( Ukrainian: Віктор Андрійович Ющенко) (born 23 February 1954) is the president of Ukraine. ...Viktor Yushchenko was declared president, defeating Viktor Yanukovych Campaign Poster 2004 Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych ( Russian: Виктор Федорович Янукович1) (born July 9, 1950 in Yenakiieve, Donetska oblast) was Prime Minister of Ukraine from November 21, 2002 to December 31, 2004. ...Viktor Yanukovych. The Orange Revolution was supported by Pora! (Cyrillic: ПОРА!), meaning ITS TIME! in Ukrainian, is a civic youth organization in Ukraine espousing nonviolent resistance and advocating increased national democracy, in opposition to what they claim is the authoritarian governing style of Ukraines president Leonid Kuchma. ...Pora.
• The The Tulip Revolution refers to the overthrow of President Askar Akayev and his government in the Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections of February 27 and of March 13, 2005. ...Kyrgyz revolution of 2005, was more violent than its predecessors and followed the disputed The 2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary elections were held in February and March 2005. ...Kyrgyz parliamentary elections, 2005. At the same time more fragmented than the previous such revolutions, it was given several different nicknames, including the Tulip Revolution, the Pink Revolution or the Lemon Revolution, the protesters in different areas having adopted different colours for their protests (pink and yellow). This revolution was supported by youth resistance movement KelKel.

Related usages in the Middle East

The following events, having taken place in the Middle East instead of post-Communist Europe and Central Asia, have nonetheless at times been described as part of the series of colored revolutions, and their popular names designed specifically to draw the parallel. Nonetheless they have marked differences with the revolutions described above, and thus their inclusion in the series of "colored revolutions" is so far not universally accepted.

• The A sea of Lebanese flags carried by anti-government protestors in Beirut on 28 February 2005 Cedar Revolution has become the Western medias most commonly used name for the chain of demonstrations and popular civic action in Lebanon (mainly Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik...Cedar Revolution in The Lebanese Republic or Lebanon is a country in Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea. ...Lebanon, unlike the revolutions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, followed not a disputed election, but rather the assassination of opposition leader Former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri Rafik Bahaa Edine Hariri ( 1 November 1944 – 14 February 2005), was a Lebanese self_made billionaire and business tycoon, and was twice Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 to 2004. ...Rafik Hariri in 2005. Also, instead of the annulment of an election, it demanded the withdrawal of The Syrian Arab Republic is a country in the Middle East, bordering (from south to north) on Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. ...Syrian troops from Lebanon. Nonetheless, some of its elements and some of the methods used in the protests have been been similar enough that it is often considered and treated by the press and commentators as one of the series of "color revolutions".

• "Purple Revolution" was a name first used by some hopeful commentators and later picked up by The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii). ...United States President George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and currently the 43rd President of the United States. ...George W. Bush to describe the coming of democracy to Iraq following the Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. ...2005 Iraqi legislative election, and intentionally used to draw the parallel with the Orange and Rose revolutions. The name comes from the color that voters' index fingers were stained to prevent fradulent multiple voting.

Influencing factors

Student movements

The first of these was Otpor ("Resistance") in Serbia, which was founded at University of Belgrade is the highest educational institution in Belgrade and Serbia. ...Belgrade University in October 1998 and began protesting against Milosević during the The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts (a civil war followed by an international war) in the southern Serbian province called Kosovo (officially Kosovo and Metohia), part of the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. ...Kosovo War. Many of its members were arrested or beaten by the police. Despite this, during the presidential campaign in September 2000, Otpor launched its "Gotov je" (He's finished) campaign that galvanized Serbian discontent with Milosević and resulted in his defeat.

Members of Otpor have inspired and trained members of related student movements including Kmara (Georgian: კმარა), a civic resistance movement in the republic of Georgia which undermined the government of Eduard Shevardnadze. ...Kmara in Georgia, Pora! (Cyrillic: ПОРА!), meaning ITS TIME! in Ukrainian, is a civic youth organization in Ukraine espousing nonviolent resistance and advocating increased national democracy, in opposition to what they claim is the authoritarian governing style of Ukraines president Leonid Kuchma. ...Pora in Ukraine, Zubr can refer to: Żubr or Zubr _ European bison: wisent Zubr (political organization) _ a civic youth organization in Belarus This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...Zubr in Belarus and MJAFT! (Albanian for enough) is a political organization in Albania that aims to raise awareness of the many political and social problems facing Albania. ...MJAFT! in Albania. These groups have been explicit and scrupulous in their practice of Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of applying power to achieve socio_political goals through symbolic protests, economic or political noncooperation, civil disobedience and other methods, without the use of physical violence. ...non_violent resistance as advocated and explained in Gene Sharp (born 1928) is a political scientist, author and founder of the Albert Einstein Institution, a non_profit organisation which studies and promotes the use of nonviolent action. ...Gene Sharp's writings. The massive protests that they have organized, which were essential to the successes in Serbia, Georgia and Ukraine, have been notable for their colorfulness and use of ridiculing humor in opposing authoritarian leaders.

Soros foundation and U.S. influence

Opponents of the color revolutions often accuse the Soros Foundations and/or the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii). ...United States government of supporting and even planning the revolutions in order to serve western interests. It is noteworthy that after the Orange_clad supporters of Viktor Yushchenko gather in Independence Square in Kiev. ...Orange Revolution several Map of Central Asia outlined in orange showing one set of possible borders Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...Central Asian nations took action against the The Open Society Institute (OSI) is a coordinating body, started in early 1994, of the national Soros Foundations, especially in Eastern Europe, which spends money donated by billionaire philanthropist George Soros. ...Open Society Institute of George Soros George Soros (born August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian_born American businessman. ...George Soros with various means __ The Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia (it is surrounded only by landlocked countries and, along with Liechtenstein, is one of only two such countries in the world). ...Uzbekistan for example forced the shutting down of the OSI regional offices, while The Republic of Tajikistan (Тоҷикистон), formerly known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, is a country in Central Asia. ...Tajik state_controlled media have accused OSI_Tajikistan of corruption and nepotism. [1] (http://www.dream.net.gr/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1372)

Supporters of the color revolutions generally consider the allegations of American or Soros influence in such revolutions as greatly exaggerated, and that the causes for such revolutions have been mostly national in nature, even if these revolutions received both support and inspiration or opposition from other nations or organizations. Some also feel that even if these revolution were planned or directed by third nations, that doesn't diminish their moral quality, and that they were positive events regardless of who planned them.

Reactions and connected movements in other countries

• The text or formatting below is generated by a template which has been proposed for deletion. ...Armenia

Aram Karapetyan, leader of the New Times political party, has declared his intention to start a "revolution from below" in April 2005, saying that the situation was different now that people had seen the developments in the The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (in Russian: Содружество Независимых Государств (СНГ) - Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv) is a confederation or alliance consisting of 12 of the 15 former Soviet Republics, the exceptions being the three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ...CIS. He added that the Armenian revolution will be peaceful but not have a color. [2]  (http://home.a1plus.am/eng/?go=print&id=24671).

• Azerbaijan (disambiguation). ...Azerbaijan

Two movements have recently been created in Azerbaijan, both seemingly inspired after the examples of Georgia and Ukraine. A youth group, calling itself Yox!, declared its opposition to governmental corruption. The leader of Yox! said that unlike Pora! (Cyrillic: ПОРА!), meaning ITS TIME! in Ukrainian, is a civic youth organization in Ukraine espousing nonviolent resistance and advocating increased national democracy, in opposition to what they claim is the authoritarian governing style of Ukraines president Leonid Kuchma. ...Pora or Kmara (Georgian: კმარა), a civic resistance movement in the republic of Georgia which undermined the government of Eduard Shevardnadze. ...Kmara, he wants to change not just the leadership, but the entire system of governnance in Azerbaijan. [3] (http://www.bakutoday.net/view.php?d=13072) The Yox movement chose green as its color.

A second youth organization, calling itself the Orange Movement, announced its creation on March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ...25 March, 2005, pledging its support to the opposition. [4] (http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/4/992D0BBA_A4CC_4624_91AF_65E8A64D6528.html)

• Belarus ( Belarusian: Белару́сь, Russian: Белару́сь (formerly: Белору́ссия), Polish: Białoruś) is a landlocked nation of Eastern Europe with the capital Minsk. ...Belarus

There have been a number of protests against President Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko ( Russian: Алекса́ндр Григо́рьевич Лукаше́нко, Belarusian: Алякса́ндр Рыго́равіч Лукашэ́нка, Aliaksandr Ryhoravič Lukašenka) (born August 30, 1954) is the current President of Belarus. ...Alexander Lukashenko, with participation from student group Zubr, (Belarusian: ЗУБР) a civic youth organization in Belarus in opposition to President Aleksandr Lukashenko. ...Zubr. The most recent major protests were in For alternative meanings, see March (disambiguation). ...March For other uses, see number 25. ...25, 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2005. This was a self_declared attempt to emulate the Kyrgyzstan revolution, and involved over a thousand citizens. However it was severely suppressed by the police which arrested over 30 people.

Mikhail Marinich, a leader of the opposition, is currently in prison. The opposition uses as a symbol the white-red-white former Flag Ratio: 1:2 Former flag, in use in 1918 and between 1991 and 1995 The current national flag of Belarus was adopted on June 7, 1995 and approved by referendum replacing a different design that had served since independence from the Soviet Union. ...flag of Belarus. The movement has had significant connections with that in neighboring Ukraine, and during the Orange Revolution some white_red_white flags were seen being waved in Kiev.

Lukashenko has said in the past: "In our country, there will be no pink or orange, or even banana revolution." More recently he's said "They [the West] think that Belarus is ready for some 'orange' or, what is a rather frightening option, 'blue' or 'cornflower blue' revolution. Such 'blue' revolutions are the last thing we need". [5]  (http://www.ucpb.org/eng/show1prel.shtml?no=1241) On April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ...19 April, 2005, he further commented: "All these coloured revolutions are pure and simple banditry." [6]  (http://www.eubusiness.com/afp/050419184754.74ehx330)

• This article refers to the Republic of Moldova. ...Moldova

The opposition in Moldova, is reported to have hoped and urged for some kind of Orange revolution, similar to that in Ukraine, in the followup of the Moldovan parliamentary elections, 2005 _ Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...Moldovan parliamentary elections, 2005, while the Christian Democratic People's Party adopted orange for its color in a clear reference to the events of Ukraine. [7] (http://www.rferl.org/features/features_article_old.aspx?m=03&y=2005&id=BB8CC95F-37D0-4872-A664-7097B8615CC5)

A name hypothesized for such an event was "grape revolution" because of the abundance of vineyards in the country, however such a revolution failed to materialize after the governmental victory in the elections. Many reasons have been given for this, including a fractured opposition and that the government had already co-opted many of the political positions that might have united the opposition (such as a perceived pro-European and anti-Russian stance). Also the elections themselves were declared fairer in the OSCE election monitoring reports than had been the case in other countries where similar revolutions occurred, even though the CIS monitoring mission strongly condemned them.

• For the region of the same name, see Mongolia (region) Mongolia (Khalkha Mongolian: Монгол Улс) is a landlocked nation in central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and the Peoples Republic of China to the south. ...Mongolia

On March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ...March 25, 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2005, activists wearing yellow scarves held protests in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian: Улаанбаатар) or Ulan Bator is the capital of Mongolia. ...Ulan Bator, disputing the results of the 2004 Mongolian parliamentary elections and calling for fresh elections. One of the chants heard in that protest was "Let's congratulate our Kyrgyz brothers for their revolutionary spirit. Let's free Mongolia of corruption." [8]  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia_pacific/4389623.stm)

• The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. ...Russia, The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria (Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н or Башки́рия; Bashkir:) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ...Bashkortostan

The opposition in the The Russian Federation is divided into 89 federal subjects (administrative units), 21 of which are republics: Constitutional Status Republics differ from other federal subjects in that they have the right to establish their own official language (Article 68 of the Constitution of Russia). ...Republic of The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria (Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н or Башки́рия; Bashkir:) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ...Bashkortostan has held protests demanding that the federal authorities intervene to dismiss Murtaza Rakhimov from his position as president of the republic, accusing him of leading an "arbitrary, corrupt, and violent" regime. Airat Dilmukhametov, one of the opposition leaders, and leader of the Bashkir National Front, has said that the opposition movement has been inspired from the mass protests of Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. [9] (http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/04/15460063-bb4c-4478-934f-b40597ee6c0b.html) Another opposition leader, Marat Khaiyirulin, said that if an Orange-clad supporters of Viktor Yushchenko gather in Independence Square in Kiev. ...Orange Revolution were to happen in Russia, it would begin in Bashkortostan. [10]  (http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=736)

• The Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia (it is surrounded only by landlocked countries and, along with Liechtenstein, is one of only two such countries in the world). ...Uzbekistan

There has been longstanding opposition to President Islam Karimov Islam Abduganievich Karimov (also transliterated as Islom Karimov) (born January 30, 1938) is the President of Uzbekistan (since 1991). ...Islam Karimov, from liberals and Islamists. The revolution in neighboring Kyrgyzstan began in the largely ethnic Uzbek south, and received early support in the city of Osh. Nigora Hidoyatova, leader of the Free Peasants opposition party, has referred to the idea of a Peasant revolts were popular uprisings by European peasants against their lords and the institution of serfdom, including the 1358 Jacquerie in France, the 1381 Peasants Revolt in England, the 1524-1526 Peasants War in Germany and the 1573 Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt. ...farmers' revolution. She also said that her party is collaborating with the youth organization Shiddat, and that she hopes it can evolve to an organization similar to Kmara (Georgian: კმარა), a civic resistance movement in the republic of Georgia which undermined the government of Eduard Shevardnadze. ...Kmara or Pora! (Cyrillic: ПОРА!), meaning ITS TIME! in Ukrainian, is a civic youth organization in Ukraine espousing nonviolent resistance and advocating increased national democracy, in opposition to what they claim is the authoritarian governing style of Ukraines president Leonid Kuchma. ...Pora. [11] (http://www.rferl.org/features/features-article-old.aspx?id=defcdd8b_273e_4087_83ad_604183cf796a&y=2005&m=03)

Other peaceful revolutions and popular movements

Possible historical predecessors

Several past movements have been compared in times with the colour revolutions, or described as possible predecessors and sources of inspiration. Some of these are the following:

• The This article refers to a period of history of Czechoslovakia in 1968. ...Prague Spring a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia ( Czech: Československo, Slovak: Česko_Slovensko/before 1990 Československo) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period). ...Czechoslovakia in 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ...1968.
• The The Carnation Revolution ( Portuguese, Revolução dos Cravos) was a bloodless left_leaning revolution started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, that effectively changed the Portuguese regime from an authoritarian dictatorship to a liberal democracy at the end of a two_year process of a communist dominated military administration. ...Carnation Revolution of 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ...1974 in The Republic of Portugal (República Portuguesa), or Portugal, is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe; it is the westernmost country in continental Europe. ...Portugal.
• The Orange Alternative (Pomarańczowa Alternatywa) is a name for an underground anarchist movement which was started and led by Waldemar Frydrych, known then as Major (Commander of the Festung Breslau), in Wroclaw in 1983. ...Orange Alternative _ an underground This article describes a political philosophy that opposes the state, capitalism, and all forms of social hierarchy. ...anarchist movement in The Republic of Poland, a democratic country with a population of 38,626,349 and area of 312,685 km², is located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and...Poland during the Millennia: 1st millennium _ 2nd millennium _ 3rd millennium Events and trends Technology Bulletin board system popularity Popularization of personal computers, Walkmans, VHS videocassette recorders, and compact disc (CD) players Introduction of the IBM PC Home video games become enormously popular, most notably Atari until the market crashes in 1983; the rise...1980s.
• The By 1988, as the Soviet empire showed signs of cracking and all_pervasive sovietisation was coming to an end, the bloodless Singing Revolution was about to make history: a cycle of singing mass demonstrations eventually collected 300,000 Estonians (more than one_fifth of the population) in Tallinn to sing...Singing Revolution _ a cycle of singing mass demonstrations, followed by a living chain across the Baltic states and the Baltic Sea The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a term which nowadays refers to three countries in Northern Europe: Estonia Latvia Lithuania Prior to World War II, Finland was sometimes considered, particularly by the Soviet Union, a fourth Baltic state. ...Baltic states ( Estonia (disambiguation). ...Estonia, The Republic of Lithuania (in Lithuanian, Lietuva) is a republic in Northeastern Europe. ...Lithuania, The Republic of Latvia ( Latvian: Latvijas Republika), or Latvia ( Latvian: Latvija), is a country in Northern Europe. ...Latvia) in 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...1988 and 1989 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...1989.
• The The Velvet Revolution (Czech: sametová revoluce, Slovak: nežná revolúcia) (November 16 _ December 29 1989) refers to a bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ...Velvet Revolution _ the bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia ( Czech: Československo, Slovak: Česko_Slovensko/before 1990 Československo) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period). ...Czechoslovakia in 1989 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...1989, leading to the downfall of the communist government there.
• The See also Proclamation of Timisoara External links Article about the golaniad and third mineriad (in Romanian) Categories: Romania_related stubs | Romanian history ...Golaniad _ a protest in Romania (formerly spelled Rumania or Roumania; Romanian: România) is a country in southeastern Europe. ...Romania in April 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...1990 by the Bucharest (population 2. ...Bucharest students who demanded a non_communist government. The protests ended in bloodshed after an intervention of miners called in by president Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) was the President of Romania for eleven years. ...Ion Iliescu (the The Mineriad (Mineriada in Romanian) is a parody term following the names of classic events like the Olympics (Olimpiada in Romanian) or the Crusades (Cruciada in Romanian) representing a gathering of people with a usually honourable goal. ...Mineriad).

More recent nonviolent revolutions

The following are examples of nonviolent revolutions in recent years, which however have generally not been considered part of the series of color revolutions by either the press or the participants.

• The EDSA II, a four-day popular revolt that peacefully overthrew The Republic of the Philippines is an island nation consisting of an archipelago of 7,107 islands, lying in the tropical western Pacific Ocean about 100 kilometers southeast of mainland Asia. ...Philippine The President is the head of state and of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. ...president PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Joseph Estrada Joseph Estrada, original name Joseph Marcelo Ejercito, and widely known as Erap (born April 19, 1937) is a popular film actor in the Philippines and was the 13th President of the Republic of the Philippines from June 30, 1998 to January 20, 2001. ...Joseph Estrada in January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ...January 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...2001, selforganized through Depending on context, the initials SMS may have several meanings: Short message service – text messaging on mobile phones / cell phones Sega Master System – an 8_bit video game console from the 1980s, competing with the Famicom and the NES Seiner Majestät Schiff – His Majestys Ship in the German Kaiserliche...SMS messaging.

• The SMS selforganized demostrations of March 13th in Spain (in the March 12: An estimated 1. ...aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks), known as "the revolt of the cellular phones", what probably changed the electoral results calling the attention of the public opinion on media and governamental manipulation on the authory of the attacks. See documentaries of the Spanish public television (http://www.rtve.es/comunicacion/mantenimiento/entry.php?id=2533) on the subject.

• The impeachment of President Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa (born March 23, 1957) is an Ecuadorian soldier and politician; he became President of Ecuador on January 15, 2003. ...Lucio Gutierrez of The Republic of Ecuador is a country in northwestern South America, bounded by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean on the west. ...Ecuador, by Congress of that country after days of increasing demonstrations and protests by citizens led by the citizens of Quito is the capital city of Ecuador. ...Quito, the capital. Thousands of demonstrators were present in the Plaza of Independence. Flags were waved in celebration shortly after Congress voted out Gutierrez 62_0. Roads to Quito's airport were blocked by demonstrators to prevent Gutierrez from leaving the country. The former president is allegedly hiding in one of the foreign embassies there.