Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. Initial experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading.
The first permanent color photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell. The first color film, Autochrome, did not reach the market until 1907 and was based on dyed dots of potato starch.
Other systems of color photography included that invented by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, which involved three separate monochrome exposures of a still scene through red, green, and blue filters.
The first modern color film, Kodachrome, was introduced in 1935 based on three colored emulsions. Most modern color films, except Kodachrome, are based on technology developed for Agfacolor (as 'Agfacolor Neue') in 1936. Instant color film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963.
reference
Coe Brian (1978) Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940, Ash & Grant
Even in the twilight the colour of the moist muriate of silver, spread upon paper, slowly changed from white to faint violet; though under similar circumstances no intermediate alteration was produced upon the nitrate.
It is essential to note the colour of the surface-formed iodide at its several stages, the varying colours being due to interference colours caused by the different thicknesses of the minutely thin film of iodide.
squares of these coloured glasses, together with a white glass of the same area, be placed in a row and cemented on white glass, we have a colour-screen which we can make available for finding the kind of light-filter to be employed.
Light is the source of colour, this was first demonstrated by Isaac Newton in 1666 at the age of 23.
Newton thus proved that colour is in the light and that white light is a mixture of all the colours in the visible spectrum.
However although "colour couplers", the mechanism for producing the required coloured dyes during film development, were invented in 1912 it took until the 1930s before a practical solution to the complex technical problems were overcome.
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