NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Colour television

Television is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance. The term has come to refer to all the aspects of television programming and transmission as well. The word television is a hybrid word, coming from both Greek and Latin. "Tele-" is Greek for "far", while "-vision" is from the Latin "visio", meaning "vision" or "sight". It is often abbreviated as TV. Download high resolution version (688x640, 52 KB)Source: http://geekphilosopher. ... Download high resolution version (688x640, 52 KB)Source: http://geekphilosopher. ... Telecommunication is the extension of communication over a distance. ... Note: broadcasting is also the old term for hand sowing. ... A word that has one part derived from one language and another part derived from a different language is etymologically called hybrid. ... The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA // – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. ... Latin - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Vision can refer to: Visual perception is one of the senses. ... Visual perception is one of the senses, consisting of the ability to detect light and interpret (see) it as the perception known as sight or naked eye vision. ... Abbreviation (from Latin brevis short) is strictly a shortening, but more particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity. ...

History

The development of television technology can be partitioned along two lines: those developments that depended upon both mechanical and electronic principles, and those which are purely electronic. From the latter descended all modern televisions, but these would not have been possible without discoveries and insights from the mechanical systems.

Electromechanical television

Paul Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the first electromechanical television system in 1884. Nipkow's spinning disk design is credited with being the first television image rasterizer, but it is believed that he never built a prototype to prove the design (it wasn't until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology made the design practical). Meanwhile, Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25, 1900. Perskeyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (August 22, 1860 - August 24, 1940) was a German engineer, who devised a mechanical apparatus, a spinning disk to scan images that was used in early television. ... In engineering, electromechanical devices are those that combine electrical and mechanical parts. ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Constantin Perskyi was a Russian scientist who is credited with coining the word television in a paper read (in French) to the 1900 Paris World Exhibitions 1st International Congress of Electricity. ... The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a worlds fair held in Paris, France, to celebrate the achivements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. ...

From 1907 to 1910, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin demonstrated a television system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner in the transmitter and the electronic Braun tube (cathode ray tube) in the receiver. Rosing disappeared during the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, but Zworykin later went to work for RCA to build a purely electronic television, the design of which was eventually found to violate patents by Philo Taylor Farnsworth. 1910 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Boris Lvovich Rosing (Бори́с Льво́вич Ро́зинг, 1869 - 1933) was a Russian scientist and inventor in the field of television. ... Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (July 30, 1889 - July 29, 1982) was a pioneer of television technology. ... The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... RCA, formerly an initialism for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark used by two companies for products descended from that common ancestor: Thomson Consumer Electronics, which manufactures RCA-branded televisions, DVD players, video cassette recorders, direct broadcast satellite decoders, camcorders, audio equipment, telephones, and related accessories; and... This article needs cleanup. ...

A semi-mechanical analogue television system was first demonstrated in London in February 1924 by John Logie Baird with an image of Felix the Cat and a moving picture by Baird on October 30, 1925. In 1928 Baird's company (Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic Television signal, between London and New York, and the first shore to ship transmission. He also demonstrated an Electromechanical colour, infrared (dubbed "Noctovision"), and stereoscopic television, using additional lenses, disks and filters. In parallel he developed a video disk recording system dubbed "Phonovision"; a number of the Phonovision[1] (http://www.tvdawn.com/tvimage.htm) recordings, dating back to 1927, still exist. In 1929 he became involved in the first experimental Electromechanical television service in Germany. In 1931 he made the first live transmission, of the Epsom Derby. In 1932 he demonstrated ultra-short wave television. Baird's system was eventually adopted by the BBC, who later discontinued its use in 1937 in favor of purely electronic television. Analog television encodes picture information by varying the voltages and/or frequency of the signal. ... London — containing the City of London — is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England and a major world city. With over seven million inhabitants (Londoners) in Greater London area, it is amongst the most densely populated areas in Western Europe. ... February is the second month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... John Logie Baird (b. ... Felix the Cat in a 1936 Technicolor video capture from one of the three Van Beuren Studios outings. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... Events January-May January 3 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Events January 7 - First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London January 9 - Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon January 14 - Paul Doumer elected president of France January 19 - Britain sends troops to China February 12 - First British troops lad on Shanghai February 14 - Earthquake in Yugoslavia - 700 dead February... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Electronic television

Although the discoveries of Nipkov, Rosing, Baird and others were extraordinary, little of their technology is used in modern television. By 1934, all electromechanical television systems were outmoded.

A.A. Campbell-Swinton wrote a letter to Nature on the 18 June 1908 describing his concept of electronic television using the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun. He proposed using an electron beam in both the camera and the receiver, which could be steered electronically to produce moving pictures. He lectured on the subject in 1911 and displayed circuit diagrams, but no one, including Swinton, knew how to realize the design. His system was never built. Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton (1863 - 1930) was a consulting electrical engineer born in Edinburgh. ... Nature is one of the oldest and most reputable general-purpose scientific journals, first published on November 4, 1869. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... Karl Ferdinand Braun (June 6, 1850 - April 20, 1918) was a German physicist, born in Fulda. ... A database query syntax error has occurred. ...

A fully electronic system was first demonstrated by Philo Taylor Farnsworth in the autumn of 1927. Farnsworth, a Mormon farm boy from Rigby, Idaho, first envisioned his system at age 14. He discussed the idea with his high school chemistry teacher, who could think of no reason why it would not work (Farnsworth would later credit this teacher, Justin Tolman, as providing key insights into his invention). He continued to pursue the idea at Brigham Young Academy (now Brigham Young University). At age 21, he demonstrated a working system at his own laboratory in San Francisco. His breakthrough freed television from reliance on spinning discs and other mechanical parts. All modern picture tube televisions descend directly from his design. This article needs cleanup. ... Events January 7 - First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London January 9 - Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon January 14 - Paul Doumer elected president of France January 19 - Britain sends troops to China February 12 - First British troops lad on Shanghai February 14 - Earthquake in Yugoslavia - 700 dead February... The term Mormon is a colloquial name, most-often used to refer to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). ... Rigby is a city located in Jefferson County, Idaho. ... This is an article on a university; for the German airport (IATA-Code BYU) see Bindlacher Berg Airport. ...

Vladimir Zworykin is also sometimes cited as the father of electronic television because of his invention of the iconoscope in 1923 and his invention of the kinescope in 1929. His design was one of the first to demonstrate a television system with all the features of modern picture tubes. His previous work with Rosing on electromechanical television gave him key insights into how to produce such a system, but his (and RCA's) claim to being its original inventor was largely invalidated by three facts: a) Zworykin's 1923 patent presented an incomplete design, incapable of working in its given form (it was not until 1933 that Zworykin achieved a working implementation), b) the 1923 patent application was not granted until 1938, and not until it had been seriously revised, and c) courts eventually found that RCA was in violation of the television design patented by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, whose lab Zworykin had visited while working on his designs for RCA. Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (July 30, 1889 - July 29, 1982) was a pioneer of television technology. ... The term kinescope originally referred to a type of early television picture tube. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

The controversy over whether it was first Farnsworth or Zworykin who invented modern television is still hotly debated today. Some of this debate stems from the fact that while Farnsworth appears to have gotten there first, it was RCA that first marketed working television sets, and it was RCA employees who first wrote the history of television. Even though Farnsworth eventually won the legal battle over this issue, he was never able to fully capitalize financially on his invention.

Broadcast television

The first long distance public television broadcast was from Washington, DC to New York City and occurred on April 7, 1927. The image shown was of then Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover. The first analogue service was WGY, Schenectady, New York inaugurated on May 11, 1928. The first British Television Play, "The Man with the Flower in his Mouth", was transmitted in July 1930. CBS's New York City station began broadcasting the first regular seven days a week television schedule in the U. S. on July 21, 1931. The first broadcast included Mayor James J. Walker, Kate Smith, and George Gershwin. The first all-electronic television service was started in Los Angeles, CA by Don Lee Broadcasting. Their start date was December 23, 1931 on W6XAO - later KTSL. Originally, mechanical equipment was used, but in June of 1936 a 300-line all-electronic service was started. Download high resolution version (512x768, 29 KB)Television antenna File links The following pages link to this file: Television Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (512x768, 29 KB)Television antenna File links The following pages link to this file: Television Categories: GFDL images ... Public broadcasting (also known as public service broadcasting or PSB) is the dominant form of broadcasting around the world, where radio, television, and potentially other electronic media outlets receive funding from the public. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... Events January 7 - First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London January 9 - Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon January 14 - Paul Doumer elected president of France January 19 - Britain sends troops to China February 12 - First British troops lad on Shanghai February 14 - Earthquake in Yugoslavia - 700 dead February... Herbert Clark Hoover ( August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) is best known as being the 31st ( 1929- 1933) President of the United States. ... Schenectady is a city located in Schenectady County, New York, of which it is the county seat. ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... CBSs first color logo, which debuted in the fall of 1965. ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... James J. Walker is more than one person: Jimmy Walker, mayor of NYC James J. Walker (boxer) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Kate Smith on the cover of a posthumous 1991 collection 16 Most Requested Songs Kate Smith (Kathryn Elizabeth Smith) (May 1, 1907–June 17, 1986) was an American singer best known for her rendition of Irving Berlins God Bless America. She greeted audiences with Hello, everybody! and signed off... George Gershwin photograph by Edward Steichen in 1927. ... December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

In Germany, regular service started on March 22, 1935, and one year later, the Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised to places in Berlin and Hamburg. The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. ... March 22 is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in Leap years). ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Berlin (pronounced: , German ) is the capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,387,404 inhabitants (as of September 2004); down from 4. ... The Summer Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event held every four years, organised by the International Olympic Committee. ... This article is about the city in Germany. ...

In 1932 the BBC launched a service using Baird's 30-line system and these transmissions continued until 11 September 1935. On November 2, 1936 the BBC began broadcasting a dual-system service, alternating on a weekly basis between Marconi-EMI's high-resolution (405 lines per picture) service and Baird's improved 240-line standard from Alexandra Palace in London. Six months later, the corporation decided that Marconi-EMI's electronic picture gave the superior picture, and adopted that as their standard. This service is described as "the world's first regular high-definition public television service", since a regular television service had been broadcast earlier on a 180-line standard in Germany. The outbreak of the Second World War caused the service to be suspended. TV transmissions only resumed from Alexandra Palace in 1946. 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years). ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... ... Alexandra Palace from the east Alexandra Palace was built on a hill in Muswell Hill in North London in 1873 as a public entertainment centre. ... London — containing the City of London — is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England and a major world city. With over seven million inhabitants (Londoners) in Greater London area, it is amongst the most densely populated areas in Western Europe. ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

The first regular television transmissions in Canada began in 1952 when the CBC put two stations on the air, one in Montreal, Quebec on September 6, and another in Toronto, Ontario two days later. Download high resolution version (480x640, 18 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (480x640, 18 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. ... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Canada is a sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. ... 1952 - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... CBC redirects here, as this is the most common use of the abbreviation. ... This article needs cleanup. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... Motto: Diversity Our Strength Map of Ontario Counties, Toronto being red Area: 641 sq. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ...

The first live transcontinental television broadcast took place in San Francisco, California from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference on September 4, 1951. In 1958, the CBC completed the longest television network in the world, from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Victoria, British Columbia. Reportedly, the first continuous live broadcast of a breaking news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill Mining Disaster which began on October 23 of that year. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the city in California. ... Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru of Japan, gave a speech on Reconciliation and rapport (和解と信頼) in 1951 at San Francisco Peace conference. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Global Metrics Human security Major Armed Conflicts: Total Deaths in Battle: 700,000 people Violent Deaths caused by Government (Other than War): Violent Deaths caused by other humans: Juvenile Violent Crime: Political security Nations Holding Multi-party Elections: Percentage Living under a Fully Democratic System of Governance: Free Countries: Percentage... 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Sydney, Australia Sydney, North Dakota, United States of America Sydney is a former city in Nova Scotia, Canada located on its namesake harbour. ... Victorias Inner Harbour with the Provincial Legislature in the background. ... The Springhill Mining Disaster is the term often used to refer to three separate Canadian mining disasters which occurred in 1891, 1956, and 1958 in different mines within the Springhill coal field, in close proximity to the town of Springhill in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ...

Programming is broadcast on television stations (sometimes called channels). At first, terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be distributed. Because bandwidth was limited, government regulation was normal. In the US, the Federal Communications Commission allowed stations to broadcast advertisements, but insisted on public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a television licence fee on owners of television reception equipment, to fund the BBC, which had public service as part of its Royal Charter. Development of cable and satellite means of distribution in the 1970s pushed businessmen to target channels towards a certain audience, and enabled the rise of subscription-based television channels, such as HBO and Sky. Practically every country in the world now has developed at least one television channel. Television has grown up all over the world, enabling every country to share aspects of their culture and society with others. A television station is a type of radio station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. ... The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency, created, directed, and empowered by Congressional statute. ... The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent... A television licence is an official licence required in some countries for all owners of a television receiver. ... ... In the United Kingdom and Canada a Royal Charter is a charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy Council, which creates or gives special status to an incorporated body. ... Events and trends Although in the United States and in many other Western societies the 1970s are often seen as a period of transition between the turbulent 1960s and the more conservative 1980s and 1990s, many of the trends that are associated widely with the Sixties, from the Sexual Revolution... For alternate meanings of HBO, see HBO (disambiguation). ... British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB - formerly two companies, Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, which merged) is a company that operates the most popular subscription television service in the Ireland. ...

By the late 1980s, 98% of all homes in the U.S. had at least one TV set. On average, Americans watch four hours of television per day. An estimated two-thirds of Americans got most of their news about the world from TV, and nearly half got all of their news from TV. These figures are now estimated to be significantly higher. Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ...

Technology

Broadcasting

There are many means of distributing television broadcasts, including both analogue and digital versions of:

Terrestrial television (also known as over-the-air or OTA) is the traditional method of television broadcast signal delivery, by radio waves. ... Stratovision is a airborne television transmission relay system from aircraft flying at high altitudes. ... Satellite television is television delivered by way of orbiting communications satellites located 37,000 km (22,300 miles) above the earths surface. ... Cable television or Community Antenna Television (CATV) (and often shortened to cable) is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers via radio waves transmitted directly to people’s televisions through fixed coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional... Multichannel multipoint distribution service, also known as MMDS or wireless cable, is a wireless telecommunications technology, used for general-purpose broadband networking or, more commonly, as an alternative method of cable television programming reception. ...

Receiving

TV sets

The earliest television sets were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube with a mechanically spinning disk (the Nipkow disk, invented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow) that produced a red postage-stamp size image . The first publicly broadcast electronic service was in Germany in March 1935. It had 180 lines of resolution and was only available in 22 public viewing rooms. One of the first major broadcasts involved the 1936 Berlin Olympics. The Germans had a 441-line system in the autumn of 1937. (Source: Early Electronic TV (http://www.earlytelevision.org/pendleton_paper.html)) This page is about the chemical element. ... A Nipkow disk is a mechanical, geometrically operating image scanning device (by itself, it performs neither image acquisition or reproduction), invented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, which was primarily used as a fundamental component in mechanical television. ... Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (August 22, 1860 - August 24, 1940) was a German engineer, who devised a mechanical apparatus, a spinning disk to scan images that was used in early television. ... The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Games of the XI Olympiad were held in 1936 in Germany. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Television usage skyrocketed after World War II with war-related technological advances and additional disposable income. Prior to the war, in the 1930s, TV receivers cost the equivalent of US$7000 in 2001, and had little available programming. Rotary dial-tune TVs were the earliest method of channel tuning until it became obsolete in the 90's. Events and trends Technology Jet engine invented Science Nuclear fission discovered by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Pluto, the ninth planet from the Sun, is discovered by Clyde Tombaugh British biologist Arthur Tansley coins term ecosystem War, peace and politics Socialists proclaim The death of Capitalism Rise to... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A rotary dial-tune TV is outdated technology for a television set. ...

For many years different countries used different technical standards. France initially adopted the German 441-line standard but later upgraded to 819 lines, which gave the highest picture definition of any analogue TV system, approximately four times the resolution of the British 405-line system. Eventually the whole of Europe switched to the 625-line standard, once more following Germany's example. Meanwhile in North America the original 525-line standard was retained. The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ... The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent...

Television in its original and still most popular form involves sending images and sound over radio waves in the VHF and UHF bands, which are received by a receiver (a television set). In this sense, it is an extension of radio. Broadcast television requires an antenna (aerial). This can be an external antenna mounted outside or smaller antennas mounted on or near the television. Typically this is an adjustable dipole antenna called "rabbit ears" for the VHF band and a small loop antenna for the UHF band. tv with vhf and uhf antenna File links The following pages link to this file: Television Categories: GFDL images ... tv with vhf and uhf antenna File links The following pages link to this file: Television Categories: GFDL images ... Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz (wavelength 10 m) to 300 MHz (wavelength 1 m). ... This article is about the radio frequency. ... Radio transmission diagram and electromagnetic waves Radio is a technology that allows the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of light. ... A yagi antenna Most simply, an antenna is an electronic component designed to send or receive radio waves. ... Look up Aerial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Aerial may refer to— a dance move. ... A dipole antenna is an antenna with two driven elements. ... Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz (wavelength 10 m) to 300 MHz (wavelength 1 m). ...

Some early television sets, especially British ones, contained valves and other pre-solid state electronic components which generated a considerable amount of heat even when the set was switched off. As a result, up until at least the mid-1970s, television stations would air announcements reminding viewers to unplug their sets before going to bed for the night, since the heat build-up in the back of the set was a considerable fire hazard. In physics, the solid state is one of the three phases of matter (solid, liquid, and gas). ... Look up Electronic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Electronic can refer to many things: Objects related to electronics The band Electronic. ... Heat (abbreviated Q, also called heat change) is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies which are at different temperatures. ... A fire hazard is considered to exist where there is a danger of a fire breaking out or spreading quickly. ...

Color television became available in the U.S. on December 30 of 1953, backed by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) network. The government approved the color broadcast system proposed by CBS, but when RCA came up with a subcarrier system that made it possible to view color broadcasts in black and white on unmodified old black and white TV sets, CBS dropped their own proposal and used the new one (see NTSC). December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... CBSs first color logo, which debuted in the fall of 1965. ... For alternative meanings, see color (disambiguation). ... RCA, formerly an initialism for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark used by two companies for products descended from that common ancestor: Thomson Consumer Electronics, which manufactures RCA-branded televisions, DVD players, video cassette recorders, direct broadcast satellite decoders, camcorders, audio equipment, telephones, and related accessories; and... A subcarrier is separate analog or digital signal carried on a main radio transmission, which carries extra information such as voice or data. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States and many other countries, including most of the Americas and some parts of East Asia. ...

The first publicly announced experimental TV broadcast of a program using RCA's "compatible color" system was an episode of Kukla, Fran and Ollie on August 30, 1953. NBC was the first network to have a regularly scheduled color program on the air (Bonanza, starting in 1959). Kukla, Fran and Ollie, was an early television show using puppets, originally created for children but soon watched by more adults than children. ... The National Broadcasting Company or NBC is an American television broadcasting company based in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ... This article discusses the television program. ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ...

European color television was developed somewhat later and was hindered by a continuing division on technical standards. Having decided to adopt a higher-definition 625-line system for monochrome transmissions, with a lower frame rate but with a higher overall bandwidth, Europeans could not directly adopt the US color standard, which was widely perceived as wanting anyway, because of its tint control problems. There was no urgency either, since there were still few sets overall and no commercial motivations, European television broadcasters being state-owned at the time. The refresh rate (or vertical refresh rate, vertical scan rate) is the maximum number of frames that can be displayed on a monitor in a second, expressed in Hertz. ... Since the NTSC color television standard is susceptible to color errors, there is a tint control on NTSC television sets, which allows the image hue to be corrected. ...

As a consequence, although work on various color encoding systems started already in the 1950s, with the first SECAM patent being registered in 1956, many years have passed till the first broadcasts actually started in 1967. Unsatisfied with the performance of NTSC and of initial SECAM implementations, the Germans decided to create PAL at the beginning of the 1960s, staying closer to NTSC but borrowing some ideas from SECAM. The French continued with SECAM, notably involving Russians in the development. Events January January 5 - US Senator Estes Kefauver introduces a resolution calling for examination of organized crime in the USA January 6 - The United Kingdom recognizes the Peoples Republic of China. ... SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for sequential colour with memory) is an analog color television system first used in France. ... 1956 is a leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... For other meanings of PAL see PAL (disambiguation). ... 1960 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The first color broadcast in Europe was by BBC2 in the UK in the summer of 1967, using PAL. Germans did their first broadcast in September (PAL), while the French in October (SECAM). PAL was eventually adopted by West Germany, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, much of Africa, Asia and South America, and most Western European countries except France. Apart for France and Luxembourg, SECAM was adopted by Soviet Union, much of Eastern Europe, much of Africa and of the Middle East. Both systems broadcast on UHF frequencies, the VHF being used for legacy black & white, 405 lines in UK or 819 lines in France, till the beginning of the eighties! BBC Two (or BBC2 as it was formerly styled) was the second UK television station to be aired by the BBC. History The channel was scheduled to begin at 7:20pm on April 20, 1964 and show an evening of light entertainment, starting with the comedy show The Alberts and... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... West Germany was the informal but almost universally used name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 until 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include East Germany. ... The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent... Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is the sixth-largest country in the world, the only country to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia/Oceania. ... New Zealand is an independent sovereign state in the south-western Pacific Ocean. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... World map showing location of Asia A satellite composite image of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ... The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ... The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a small landlocked state in the north-west of the continental European Union, bordered by France, Germany and Belgium. ... Soviet Union - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Eastern Europe is, by convention, that part of Europe from the Ural and Caucasus mountains in the East to an arbitrarily chosen boundary in the West. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... This article is about the radio frequency. ... Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz (wavelength 10 m) to 300 MHz (wavelength 1 m). ...

Starting in the 1990s, modern television sets diverged into three different trends: Events and trends Technology Explosive growth of the Internet; decrease in the cost of computers and other technology Reduction in size and cost of mobile phones leads to a massive surge in their popularity Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K) Microsoft Windows operating system becomes virtually ubiquitous on IBM...

There are many kinds of video monitors used in modern TV sets. The most common are direct view CRTs for up to 40 inch or 100 cm (in 4:3) and 46 inch or 115 cm (in 16:9) diagonally; most big screen TVs (up to over 100 inch (254 cm)) use projection technology. Three types of projection systems are used in projection TVs: CRT-based, LCD-based, and DLP(reflective micromirror chip)-based. DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for storing data, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... Top view VHS cassette with US Quarter for scale Bottom view of VHS cassette with magnetic tape exposed The Video Home System, better known by its acronym VHS, is a recording and playing standard for video cassette recorders (VCRs), developed by JVC (ironically, with some of its critical technology under... The video cassette recorder (or VCR, less popularly video tape recorder) is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ... Nineteen inch (48 cm) CRT computer monitor A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing still or moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card. ... A tuner is a device to adjust the resonant frequency of an antenna or transmission line to work most efficiently at one frequency or band of frequencies. ... Audio can mean: sound that can be heard electronics or other signals of frequencies audible to humans (about 20__20,000 Hz) broadcasting or reception of sound high_fidelity sound reproduction sound recording and reproduction in general I hear in Latin This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other... Home cinema, also called Home theater, seeks to reproduce cinema quality video and audio in the home. ... Video is the technology of processing electronic signals representing moving pictures. ... The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... In mathematics, diagonal has a geometric meaning, and a derived meaning as used in square tables and matrix terminology. ... The word projection can mean more than one thing. ... LCD redirects here. ... Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a technology used in projectors and projection televisions. ...

Modern advances have brought flat screens to TV that use active matrix LCD or plasma display technology (this last one more uncommon and more expensive). Flat panel LCDs and plasma displays are as little as 4 inch or 10 cm thick and can be hung on a wall like a picture or put over a pedestal. They are multifunctional, because they are used like computer monitors too (VGA). An AMLCD (also known as active-matrix liquid crystal display) is a type of flat panel display, currently the overwhelming choice of notebook computer manufacturers, due to light weight, very good image quality, wide color gamut, and response time. ... LCD redirects here. ... A plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. ... The word plasma has a Greek root which means to be formed or molded (the word plastic shares this root). ... For the WWII naval operation, see Operation Pedestal Pedestal (from French piedestal, Italian piedestallo, foot of a stall) is a term generally applied to a support, square, octagonal or circular on plan, provided to carry a statue or a vase. ... The tower of a personal computer (specifically a Power Mac G5). ... Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a computer display standard first marketed in 1987 by IBM. VGA belongs to a family of earlier IBM video standards and largely remains backward compatible with them. ...

Nowadays some TVs integrates a pair of ports to connect computer cases and peripherals to it or to connect the set to an A/V home network (HAVI) (USB port, for cord connection and bluetooth/WiFi for wireless). A tower case featuring a modern design. ... For an account of the words periphery and peripheral as they are used in biology, sociology, politics, computer hardware, and other fields, see the periphery disambiguation page. ... Video is the technology of processing electronic signals representing moving pictures. ... Home Audio Video Interoperability (HAVi) is a connection to control Audio and Video hardware using FireWire. ... Note: USB may also mean upper sideband in radio. ... This article is about the Bluetooth wireless specification. ... Wi-Fi (or Wi-fi, WiFi, Wifi, wifi), short for Wireless Fidelity, is a set of standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) currently based on the IEEE 802. ...

See also: Liquid crystal display television. Liquid crystal display television is, as indicated by its name, a television using LCD technology (generally TFT), as opposed to cathode ray or plasma for its visual output. ...

Even for simple video, there are six standard ways to connect a device. These are as follows: Video is the technology of processing electronic signals representing moving pictures. ...

Component video is a type of video information that is transmitted or stored as two or more separate signals (as opposed to composite video, such as NTSC or PAL, which is a single signal). ... Example of U-V color plane, Y value = 0. ... SCART plug SCART (from Syndicat des Constructeurs dAppareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) is a French-originated standard and associated 21-pin connector for connecting audio and video equipment to television sets. ... Composite video is the format of an analog television signal before it is modulated onto an RF carrier. ... S-Video (also known as Y/C) is a baseband analog video format offering a higher quality signal than composite video, but a lower quality than RGB and component video. ... The RGB color model utilizes the additive model in which red, green, and blue light are combined in various ways to create other colors. ... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... S-Video (also known as Y/C) is a baseband analog video format offering a higher quality signal than composite video, but a lower quality than RGB and component video. ... Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... S-VHS or Super VHS was an improved, backward-compatible version of the VHS standard for domestic video cassette recorders. ... A 8mm Camcorder The 8mm Video Format (official name: Video8) is a type of video cassette recorder and video tape. ... Composite video is the format of an analog television signal before it is modulated onto an RF carrier. ... A panel of four RCA jacks, and three RCA (cinch; phono) plugs of various quality An RCA jack, also referred to as a phono connector or CINCH/AV connector, is a type of electrical connector which is commonly used in the audio/video market. ... Line level is the strength of an audio signal used to transmit analog sound information between audio components such as CD and DVD players, TVs, amplifiers, and mixing consoles. ... Coaxial cable is an electrical cable consisting of a round, insulated conducting wire, surrounded by an insulating spacer, surrounded by a cylindrical conducting sheath, usually surrounded by a final insulating layer. ... For the musical use of modulation, see modulation (music). ... Radio frequency, or RF, refers to that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in which electromagnetic waves can be generated by alternating current fed to an antenna. ... Cable television or Community Antenna Television (CATV) (and often shortened to cable) is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers via radio waves transmitted directly to people’s televisions through fixed coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional... In economics, consumers are individuals or households that consume goods and services generated within the economy. ... For the musical use of modulation, see modulation (music). ...

TV aspect ratio

All of these early TV systems shared the same aspect ratio of 4:3 which was chosen to match the Academy Ratio used in cinema films at the time. This ratio was also square enough to be conveniently viewed on round cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), which were all that could be produced given the manufacturing technology of the time. (Today's CRT technology allows the manufacture of much wider tubes, and the flat screen technologies which are becoming steadily more popular have no aspect ratio limitations at all.) Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 468 KB) I, the creator of this image, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 468 KB) I, the creator of this image, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The aspect ratio of an image is its displayed width divided by its height (usually expressed as x:y). For instance, the aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4:3, or 1. ... The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. ... Technology ( Gr. ...

In the 1950s, movie studios moved towards wide-screen aspect ratios such as Cinerama in an effort to distance their product from television. Although this was just a gimmick, and many have argued that it is actually a disadvantage when showing objects that are tall instead of panoramic, wide-screen still is being pushed today. Events and trends Technology United States tests the first fusion bomb. ... For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of... A studio is an artists workroom. ... The term panoramic format is used to refer to high aspect ratio or wide screen image format. ... For the UK rock group, see: Cinerama (band) The original Cinerama system is a widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized projectors onto a huge, deeply-curved screen, subtending 146º of arc. ... A gimmick is a unique or quirky special feature that makes something stand out from its contemporaries. ... This article is about the artistic term Panorama. ...

The switch to digital television systems has been used as an opportunity to change the standard television picture format from the old ratio of 4:3 (1.33:1) to an aspect ratio of 16:9 (1.78:1). This enables TV to get closer to the aspect ratio of modern wide-screen movies, which range from 1.85:1 to 2.35:1. The 16:9 format was first introduced on "widescreen" DVDs. DVD provides two methods for transporting wide-screen content, the better of which uses what is called anamorphic wide-screen format. This format is very similar to the technique used to fit a wide-screen movie frame inside a 1.33:1 35mm film frame. The image is squashed horizontally when recorded, then expanded again when played back. The U.S. ATSC HDTV system uses straight wide-screen format, no image squashing or expanding is used. Digital television (DTV) uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets. ... For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as part of... DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for storing data, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... The process of creating a full screen anamorphic image, also known as a full height anamorphic image, involves taking a 16x9, or 1. ... The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) is the group that helped to develop the new digital television standard for the United States, also adopted by Canada, Mexico and South Korea and being considered by other countries. ... High-definition television (HDTV) means broadcast of television signals with a higher resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL) allow. ...

There is no technical reason why the introduction of digital TV demands this aspect ratio change, however it has been decided to introduce these changes for marketing reasons. There have appeared laptop computers that are equipped with the wide screen, and it remains to be seen whether work or movie enjoyment will take over; there are some complaints about distortions of picture ratio in these laptops due to the difficulty of setting the screen resolutions by the user. Laptop with touchpad. ... Work in project management is the amount of effort applied to produce a deliverable or to accomplish a task (a terminal element). ...

Aspect ratio incompatibility

Displaying a wide-screen original image on a conventional aspect television screen presents a considerable problem since the image must be shown either:

A conventional aspect image on a wide screen television can be shown: This article is about wide video formats. ... Pan and scan is a method of adjusting widescreen film images so that they can be shown within the proportions of an ordinary video screen. ...

A common compromise is to shoot or create material at an aspect ratio of 14:9, and to lose some image at each side for 4:3 presentation, and some image at top and bottom for 16:9 presentation.

Horizontal expansion has advantages in situations in which several people are watching the same set, as it compensates for watching at an oblique angle.

Sound

See : NICAM. NICAM (known also as NICAM 728, after the 728 kbit/s bitstream it is sent over), Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex, is a format for digital sound over television. ...

New developments

Digital television (DTV) uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets. ... High-definition television (HDTV) means broadcast of television signals with a higher resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL) allow. ... Ultra High Definition Video or UHDV is a digital video format, currently, proposed by NHK of Japan. ... Direct broadcast satellite, or DBS, is a relatively recent development in the world of television distribution. ... Pay-per-view is the name given to a system by which television viewers can call and order events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event to their homes later. ... Origins Because of the increase in Internet connection speeds and the total number of people online, and the decrease in connection costs; it is increasingly common to find traditional television content, accessible freely and legally over the Internet. ... A web TV is a specially-adapted television set designed to allow internet connection, or more commonly, a set-top box (i. ... Video on demand systems are systems which allow users to select and watch video content over a network as part of an interactive television system. ... Picture in Picture (PIP) allows you to watch more than one TV program(channel) at the same time on television sets or other devices. ... The personal video recorder (PVR), also called digital video recorder (DVR), is a consumer electronics device that records television shows to a hard disk in digital format. ... DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for storing data, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... CableCARD is the trademarked term for the Point of Deployment module (POD) defined by standards including SCTE 28, SCTE 41, CEA-679 and others. ... For political parties using this acronym, see Democratic Labour Party. ... LCD redirects here. ... A plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. ... The High-Definition Multi-media Interface (HDMI) is an industry-supported, uncompressed, all-digital audio/video interface. ... Broadcast flag refers to a copy prevention method for digital television programming. ... Digital Rights Management or digital restrictions management (abbreviated DRM) is an umbrella term for any of several technical arrangements which empower a vendor of content in electronic form to control how the material can be used on any electronic device with such measures installed. ...

Geographical usage

US networks

Main article: Television in the United States This article is about television in the United States, specifically its history, art, business and government regulation. ...

In the US, the three traditional commercial television networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC) provide prime-time programs for their affiliate stations to air from 8pm-11pm Monday-Saturday and 7pm-11pm on Sunday. (7pm to 10pm, 6pm to 10pm respectively in the Central and Mountain time zones). Most stations procure other programming, often syndicated, off prime time. The FOX Network does not provide programming for the last hour of prime time; as a result, many FOX affiliates air a local news program at that time. Three newer broadcasting networks, The WB, PAX, and UPN also do not provide the same amount of network programming as so-called traditional networks. Sinclair Broadcast Group operates the largest network of local television stations, reaching about 24% of US households. In 2004 it was involved in controversies surrounding editorial control by the company over the content of its local stations. A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many television stations. ... 2002 identity of the ABC Circle logo, designed by Paul Rand in 1962. ... CBSs first color logo, which debuted in the fall of 1965. ... The National Broadcasting Company or NBC is an American television broadcasting company based in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ... Prime time is the block of programming on television during the middle of the evening. ... An affiliate is an entity with a relationship with a peer or a larger entity. ... Prime time is the block of programming on television during the middle of the evening. ... The Fox Broadcasting Company is a television network in the United States. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... The PAX Network, PAX TV, PaxNet, or simply PAX, is a broadcast and cable television network formed in 1998. ... The official logo for UPN. UPN is a television network in the United States, owned by Viacom Inc. ... The Sinclair Broadcast Group (SBG) is the operator of the largest number of local television stations in the United States, with a total of 62 stations across the country in 39 small and medium markets. ...

Canadian networks

In Canada, there are three national television networks. One, the CBC, is a government-funded Crown corporation. The other two, CTV and Global, are privately-run. The private networks usually rebroadcast U.S. shows, while the CBC airs more Canadian programming. The CRTC requires all television services in Canada to broadcast a minimum percentage of Canadian production. This proportion is set higher during the prime-time hours. Canada is a sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. ... CBC redirects here, as this is the most common use of the abbreviation. ... In Commonwealth countries a Crown corporation is a state-controlled company or enterprise (a public corporation). ... CTV is a TLA that may stand for: CTV Television Network - a Canadian English language television network Channel Television - the main television broadcaster in the Channel Islands Chukyo TV. Broadcasting - a Japanese TV station in Nagoya This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might... The Global Television Network (more commonly called Global) is a major English-language television network in Canada, owned by CanWest Global Communications. ... The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC, in French Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des télécommunications canadiennes) was established in 1968 by the Canadian Parliament to replace the Board of Broadcast Governors. ...

Latin American networks

National networks and stations

Television has reached a great expansion in all the Latin American scope. Currently, there exist more than 500 television stations in all Latin America, according to the number of apparatuses by homes (more than 60 million), of more than two hundred million people. Because of the financial and political troubles that occurred between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s, television networks in some countries of this region had a development more irregular than the North American and European networks. In countries like Mexico or Brazil, one or two networks claim almost all the audience. In other countries like Colombia, television broadcasting has historically been state dominated until the 1990s. In countries like Nicaragua or Peru, television had a troubled history. Some prominent Latin American Television Networks are: Events and trends Although in the United States and in many other Western societies the 1970s are often seen as a period of transition between the turbulent 1960s and the more conservative 1980s and 1990s, many of the trends that are associated widely with the Sixties, from the Sexual Revolution... Events and trends Technology Explosive growth of the Internet; decrease in the cost of computers and other technology Reduction in size and cost of mobile phones leads to a massive surge in their popularity Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K) Microsoft Windows operating system becomes virtually ubiquitous on IBM... The United Mexican States or Mexico (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México; regarding the use of the variant spelling Méjico, see section The name below) is a country located in North America, bordered to the north by the United States of America, to the southeast by Guatemala and Belize, to... The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America, and fifth largest in the world. ... The Republic of Colombia is a country in north-western South America. ... Events and trends Technology Explosive growth of the Internet; decrease in the cost of computers and other technology Reduction in size and cost of mobile phones leads to a massive surge in their popularity Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K) Microsoft Windows operating system becomes virtually ubiquitous on IBM... Nicaragua is a republic in Central America. ... The Republic of Peru (Spanish: Perú; Quechua, Aymara: Piruw) is a country in western South America, bordering Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the east, south-east and south, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

Brazil: Once Tv or Canal 11 is a Méxican TV network. ... Multivision was one of the early, if not the first, commercial attempt at Picture-in-picture television. ... Televisa is Mexicos largest television network and the number one producer and provider of Spanish programming in the world. ... TV Azteca is a Mexican television network. ... CNI is the acronym for a number of a number of organizations, including: Centro Nacional de Inteligencia, the Spanish secret service agency. ...

Chile: TV Globo is the main television network in Brazil. ... External links SBT home page Categories: Stub ...

It is requested that this article section be expanded (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television&action=edit). Please improve it in any way that you see fit, and remove this notice once the article section is more complete. Corporación de Televisión de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UCTV), generally known by its broadcast frequency Canal 13, is the second oldest television station in Chile. ... Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN) is Chiles national television station. ... Red Televisiva Megavisión or simply MEGA, is the first private TV channel of Chile. ... Compañía Chilena de Televisión, RED Televisión is the second largest private TV channel in Chile. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... National Brazil: TV Globo SBT Rede Bandeirantes TV Record Argentina: Telefe Chile: Canal 13 TVN Red Televisión Mega Chilevisión Colombia: Caracol TV RCN TV Venezuela: Venevision Televen RCTV Categories: Lists of television channels | Brazil | Argentina | Colombia | Venezuela | Telecommunications stubs ...

European networks

National

In much of Europe television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently.

In the United Kingdom, the major national broadcaster is the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), commercial broadcasters include ITV (Independent Television), Channel 4 and Five, as well as the satellite broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent... ... This article is about the British television network. ... Channel 4 is a television broadcaster in the United Kingdom (see British television). ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB - formerly two companies, Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, which merged) is a company that operates the most popular subscription television service in the Ireland. ...

Other leading European networks include RAI (Italy), TF1 and France Télévisions (France), ARD (Germany), ORF (Austria), RTÉ (Ireland), TVP (Poland), RTP (Portugal), TVE (Spain), RTV (Slovenia) and the largest private European broadcaster RTL Group. Rai may refer to: RAI (Radio Audizioni Italiane) Rai (An ethnolinguistic group of Nepal) Raï (A form of folk music, originated in Oran, Algeria, from Bedouin shepherds) Rai, a book by Kensaku Shimaki Rai is a family name in India. ... The Italian Republic or Italy (Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in southern Europe. ... TF1 is a private French TV network, controlled by the Bouygues group. ... France Télévisions is the French public national television broadcaster. ... The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ... German language television channels include the following : Germany ARD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten Deutschlands, Consortium of public broadcasting services of Germany) - public, consisting of the following local public stations (which also provide regional programming in separate channels): Das Erste (ARD) EinsMuxx (Digital only via Satellite or Cable) EinsFestival (Digital... The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. ... German language television channels include the following : Germany ARD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten Deutschlands, Consortium of public broadcasting services of Germany) - public, consisting of the following local public stations (which also provide regional programming in separate channels): Das Erste (ARD) EinsMuxx (Digital only via Satellite or Cable) EinsFestival (Digital... The Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. ... Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ; English: Radio and Television of Ireland) is the national publicly-funded broadcaster of Ireland. ... A true colour image of Ireland, captured by a NASA satellite on January 4, 2003. ... Logo Telewizja Polska Spólka Akcyjna (TVP S.A., Polish Television) is Polands public television network broadcasting corporation. ... The Republic of Poland, a democratic country with a population of 38,626,349 and area of 312,685 km², is located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and... Televisión Española (TVE) is the national state-owned public-service television broadcaster in Spain. ... The Kingdom of Spain or Spain (Spanish and Galician: Reino de España or España; Catalan: Regne dEspanya; Basque: Espainiako Erresuma) is a country located in the southwest of Europe. ... Slovenia - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... RTL Group is Europes largest TV, radio and production company. ...

Europe-wide networks

Euronews is a pan-European news television channel broadcasting to most of Europe (and even further afield), by satellite, cable television networks and terrestrially by time-sharing on state television networks. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... High-definition television (HDTV) means broadcast of television signals with a higher resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL) allow. ... Eurosport is the largest European sports satellite and cable network. ...

Asian networks and stations

In Asia, television has traditionally been state-controlled, although the number of private stations is increasing, as is competition from satellite television. Japan's NHK is a non-commercial network similar to the BBC, funded by a television licence fee, and has more editorial independence over news and current affairs than broadcasters like India's state-run Doordarshan or China's China Central Television. Star TV based in Hong Kong has expanded to other areas recently. Number of private broadcasters are indeed increasing in some countries (2004) for example: Indonesia's 10 private national stations compare to only 1 in 1989. World map showing location of Asia A satellite composite image of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... Satellite television is television delivered by way of orbiting communications satellites located 37,000 km (22,300 miles) above the earths surface. ... Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Largest City Tokyo Emperor Akihito Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi Area - Total - % water Ranked 60th 377,835 km² 0. ... NHK (日本放送協会, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), or Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japans public broadcaster. ... ... The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. ... Doordarshan is a public broadcast terrestrial television Channel run by Prasar Bharati, which is a board nominated by the Government of India. ... The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) comprises most of the cultural, historic, and geographic area known as China. ... China Central Television or Chinese Central Television, or CCTV (Chinese: 中国中央电视台 pinyin: Zhōngguó Zhōngyāng Diànshìtái), is the major broadcast television network in Mainland China. ... Star TV is an Asian TV service owned by the News Corporation. ... Hong Kong (香港; Cantonese IPA: ; Jyutping: hoeng1 gong2; Yale: heūng góng; pinyin: Xiānggǎng; Wade-Giles: Hsiang-kang) is one of the two Special Administrative Regions of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Republic of Indonesia is located in the Malay Archipelago, the worlds largest archipelago, between Indochina and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. ... A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many television stations. ...

Middle East networks and stations

Similarly in the Middle East, television has been heavily state-controlled, with considerable censorship of both news coverage and entertainment, particularly that imported from the West. This control of the medium has been eroded by the increasing availability of satellite TV, and the number of satellite channels in Arabic is second only to the number of satellite channels in English, the best known of which being the Qatar-based news service Al-Jazeera. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The State of Qatar (قطر) is an emirate in the Middle East. ... Al Jazeera logo Al Jazeera (الجزيرة), meaning The Island or The (Arabian) Peninsula (whence also Algiers) is an Arabic television channel based in Qatar. ...

African networks and stations

Despite being the most economically advanced country on the continent, South Africa did not introduce TV until 1976, owing to opposition from the apartheid regime. Nigeria was one of the first countries in Africa to introduce television, in 1959, followed by Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) in 1961, while Zanzibar was the first in Africa to introduce colour television, in 1973. (Tanzania itself did not introduce television until 1994). The main satellite TV providers are the South African Multichoice DStv service, and the predominantly French language Canal Horizons, owned by France's Canal Plus. The Republic of South Africa is a large republic located at the southern tip of the continent. ... 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Apartheid ( International Phonetic Alphabet in English and in Afrikaans) is the policy and the system of laws implemented and enforced by White minority governments in South Africa from 1948 till 1990; and by extension any legally sanctioned system of racial segregation. ... The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a country in West Africa and, by far, the most populated nation in Africa. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... 1959 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Republic of Zimbabwe is a country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. ... This article is about the break-away colony of (Southern) Rhodesia , today Zimbabwe. ... 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year - i. ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar, Tanzania, comprises a pair of islands off the east coast of Africa called Zanzibar (Unguja) (1994 est. ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... The United Republic of (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania in Swahili) is a country on the east coast of central Africa. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... French (français, langue française) is one of the most important Romance languages, outnumbered in speakers only by Spanish and Portuguese. ... The French Republic or France (French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. ... Canal Plus Group (Canal+) is a French film and television studio and distributor. ...

Australian networks and stations

Australian television began in 1956, just in time for the Melbourne Olympics. Australia has three nationwide metropolitan commercial networks (Seven, Nine and Ten) as well as the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), a government owned, commercial free network; and SBS (Special Broadcasting Service) a commercial-supported, multi-lingual, government-owned station. The Australian Broadcasting Authority (http://www.aba.gov.au/) has also issued licenses to community groups to establish "community television stations" in most capital cities on the UHF Ch 31 frequency. 1956 is a leap year starting on Sunday. ... The Games of the XVI Olympiad were held in 1956 in Melbourne, Australia, although the equestrian events could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations. ... The Seven Network is an Australian television network available in most Australian capital cities. ... The Nine network (slogan Still The One) is an Australian television network owned by Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (Kerry Packers media company). ... Ten Network logo Network TEN so called because it broadcasts on Channel TEN in most cities, is Australias third but possibly most profitable television network. ... The ABC or Australian Broadcasting Corporation is the national, Australia. ... The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is one of two government funded Australian public broadcasting radio and television networks, the other being the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). ...

Content

Advertising

From the earliest days of the medium, television has been used as a vehicle for advertising. Since their inception in the USA in the late 1940s, TV commercials have become far and away the most effective, most pervasive, and most popular method of selling products of all sorts. US advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsen ratings. Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. ... Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Years: 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 Events and trends Technology First nuclear bomb First cruise missile, the V1 flying bomb and the first ballistic missile, the... From the earliest days of the medium, television has been used as a vehicle for advertising in some countries. ... When TV viewers or entertainment professionals in the United States mention ratings they are generally referring to Nielsen Ratings, a system developed by the New York City-based firm Nielsen Media Research to determine which shows television viewers watch at what times. ...

Programming

Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways. After production the next step is to market and deliver the product to whatever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels:

In most countries, the first wave occurs primarily on FTA television, while the second wave happens on subscription TV and in other countries. In the US however, the first wave occurs on the FTA networks and subscription services, and the second wave travels via all means of distribution. In the television industry (as in radio), syndication is the sale of the right to broadcast television programs to multiple television stations, without going through a broadcast network. ... A television station is a type of radio station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. ...

First run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the US, but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic FTA elsewhere. This practice is increasing however, generally on digital only FTA channels, or with subscriber-only first run material appearing on FTA.

Unlike the US, repeat FTA screenings of a FTA network program almost only occur only on that network. Also, affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network programming that isn't intensely local.

Social aspects

Dangers

Paralleling television's growing primacy in family life and society, an increasingly vocal chorus of legislators, scientists and parents is raising objections to the uncritical acceptance of the medium. For example, the Swedish government imposed a total ban on advertising to children under twelve in 1991 (see advertising). In the US, the National Institute on Media and the Family (http://www.mediafamily.org/facts/facts_tveffect.shtml) (not a government agency) points out that US children watch an average of 25 hours of television per week and features studies showing it interferes with the educational and maturational process. The Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige listen) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia, in Northern Europe. ... Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. ...

A February 23, 2002 article in Scientific American (http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0005339B-A694-1CC5-B4A8809EC588EEDF) suggested that compulsive television watching was no different from any other addiction, a finding backed up by reports of withdrawal symptoms among families forced by circumstance to cease watching. February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The 1957 film "A Face In The Crowd" critiques the television industry, in this tale of a TV reporter who turns a hobo into a TV star. 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A Face in the Crowd is a crticially-acclaimed film from controvesial director Elia Kazan. ... A reporter is a type of journalist who researches and presents information in certain types of mass media. ... A hobo was a member of a distinctive sub-culture of homeless, travelling workers in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ...

Technology Trends

In its infancy, television was an ephemeral medium. Fans of regular shows planned their schedules so that they could be available to watch their shows at their time of broadcast. The term appointment television was coined by marketers to describe this kind of attachment.

Today, the viewership's dependence on schedule has lessened due to the invention of programmable video recorders, such as the Videocassette recorder and the Digital video recorder. Consumers can watch programs on their own schedule once they are broadcast and recorded. Television service providers also offer video on demand, a set of programs which can be watched at any time. The video cassette recorder (or VCR, less popularly video tape recorder) is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ... The personal video recorder (PVR), also called digital video recorder (DVR), is a consumer electronics device that records television shows to a hard disk in digital format. ...

Mobile phone networks are capable of carrying video streams, and some predict that video on demand will be soon available through them. A stylised representation of a mobile phone A mobile phone is a device which behaves as a normal telephone whilst being able to move over a wide area ( cordless phone which acts as a telephone only within a limited range). ...

Colloquial names

A famous non-quotation is a well-known phrase attributed to someone who, in fact, did not say it. ... This page is about the mythical creatures. ...

History

Electromechanical television

Electronic television

Broadcast television

Technology

Broadcasting

Receiving

TV sets

TV aspect ratio

Aspect ratio incompatibility

Sound

New developments

Geographical usage

US networks

Canadian networks

Latin American networks

National networks and stations

European networks

National

Europe-wide networks

Asian networks and stations

Middle East networks and stations

African networks and stations

Australian networks and stations

Content

Advertising

Programming

Social aspects

Dangers

Technology Trends

Colloquial names

Further Reading

Related articles

External links

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Electromechanical television

Electronic television

Broadcast television

Technology

Broadcasting

Receiving

TV sets

TV aspect ratio

Aspect ratio incompatibility

Sound

New developments

Geographical usage

US networks

Canadian networks

Latin American networks

National networks and stations

European networks

National

Europe-wide networks

Asian networks and stations

Middle East networks and stations

African networks and stations

Australian networks and stations

Content

Advertising

Programming

Social aspects

Dangers

Technology Trends

Colloquial names

Further Reading

Related articles

External links

History