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Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. Image File history File links distribution of Comecrudan languages (obviously we need a better map than this) info created by w:User:Ish_ishwar in 2005 released under CC-by-2. ...
Image File history File links distribution of Comecrudan languages (obviously we need a better map than this) info created by w:User:Ish_ishwar in 2005 released under CC-by-2. ...
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The Rio Grande flowing past Albuquerque Rio Grande by Big Bend National Park,Texas Known as the Rio Grande in the United States and as the Río Bravo (or, more formally, the Río Bravo del Norte) in Mexico, the river rises in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, USA, flows...
Very little is known about these languages or the people who spoke them. Knowledge of them primarily consists of word lists collected by European missionaries and explorers. This article is about the continent. ...
A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ...
All Comecrudan languages are now extinct. An extinct language (also called a dead language) is a language which no longer has any native speakers. ...
Family division
The three languages were: - Comecrudo (a.k.a. Mulato or Carrizo) (†)
- Garza (†)
- Mamulique (a.k.a. Carrizo de Mamulique) (†)
Comecrudo The name Comecrudo is derived from Spanish meaning "eat-raw". Carrizo is from Spanish meaning "reed". Garza is from Spanish meaning "heron, crane".
Comecrudo, the most well-known, was the name of a language recorded (a list of 148 words) in 1829 by French botanist Jean Louis Berlandier (Berlandier called it "Mulato") (Berlandier et al. 1828–1829). It was spoken on the lower Rio Grande near Reynosa, Tamaulipas, in Mexico. 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ...
Reynosa is a city in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. ...
Much earlier, some Comecrudo tribal names were recorded in 1748 (Saldivar 1943): Events April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh Building of...
Later in 1861, German Adolph published a travelogue with some vocabulary (Adolph called the language Carrizo) (Adolph 1961: 185–186). In 1886, Albert Gatschet recorded vocabulary, sentences, and a text from the descendants (who were not fluent) of the last Comecrudo speakers near Camargo, Tamaulipas, at Las Prietas (Swanton 1940: 55–118). The best of these consultants were Emiterio, Joaquin, and Andrade. Comecrudan languages Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. ...
Comecrudan languages Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. ...
Comecrudan languages Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. ...
Comecrudan languages Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. ...
1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 1886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ...
Camargo may refer to: Camargo, Kentucky Camargo, Oklahoma Camargo, Illinois This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. ...
Garza Garza is known from two tribal names and twenty-one words recorded from the chief of the Garza by Berlandier in 1828 (Berlandier et al. 1828–1829, 1850: 143–144). At that time, the Garza all spoke Spanish and were acculturated. The Garza may have been the same as the Atanguaypacam tribe (of the Comecrudo) recorded in 1748. The Garza were called something like Meacknan or Miákan by the neighboring Cotoname (Gatschet 1886: 54) while they called the Cotoname Yué. Map indicating where Cotoname is spoken Cotoname is a Southwestern language family, spoken by Native Americans indigenous to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Mexico and extreme southern Texas (United States). ...
Mamulique Mamulique (called Carrizo by Berlandier) was recorded in a twenty-two-word vocabulary (in two versions) from Native Americans near Mamulique, Neuvo León, by Berlandier in 1828 (Berlandier et al. 1828–1829, 1850: 68–71). These speakers were a group of about forty-five families who were all Spanish-speaking Christians. Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ...
Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. ...
Genetic relationships In John Wesley Powell's 1891 classification of North American languages, Comecrudo was grouped together with the Cotoname and the Coahuilteco languages into a family called Coahuiltecan. Jump to: navigation, search First camp of the John Wesley Powell expedition, in the willows, Green River, Wyoming, 1871 John Wesley Powell (March 24, 1834 - September 23, 1902) was an U.S. soldier, geologist, and explorer of the American West. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Map indicating where Cotoname is spoken Cotoname is a Southwestern language family, spoken by Native Americans indigenous to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Mexico and extreme southern Texas (United States). ...
Coahuilteco (also Pajalate) was a language isolate that was spoken in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. ...
Coahuiltecan A general group of people living in the southern Texas region near the Rio Grande. ...
John R. Swanton (1915) grouped together the Comecrudo, Cotoname, Coahuilteco, Karankawa, Tonkawa, Atakapa, and Maratino languages into a Coahuiltecan grouping. John R. Swanton was an American anthropologist who worked among a number of Pacific Northwest coastal tribes in the United States and Canada in the early 20th century. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. ...
Map indicating where Cotoname is spoken Cotoname is a Southwestern language family, spoken by Native Americans indigenous to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Mexico and extreme southern Texas (United States). ...
Coahuilteco (also Pajalate) was a language isolate that was spoken in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. ...
The Karankawa (also Karankawan, Clamcoëhs) Indian tribes played a pivotal part in early Texas history. ...
The Tonkawa are a people native to eastern Texas. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Pre-contact distribution of the Atakapa language Atakapa is an extinct language isolate native to southwestern Louisiana and nearby eastern Texas. ...
Edward Sapir (1920) accepted Swanton's proposal and grouped this hypothetical Coahuiltecan into his Hokan stock. Edward Sapir. ...
Jump to: navigation, search 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ...
The Hokan languages are a group of languages spoken in North America by Native Americans. ...
After these proposals, documentation of the Garza and Mamulique languages was brought to light. It is now thought that the Comecrudan languages are not part of any of the proposed larger groupings mentioned above. Goddard (1979) believes that there is sufficient similarity between Comecrudan, Garza, and Mamulique for them to be considered genetically related. Jump to: navigation, search This page refers to the year 1979. ...
See also Native American languages are the indigenous languages of the Americas, spoken by Native Americans from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland. ...
This article is a list of different language classification proposals developed for the languages indigenous to the Americas. ...
The Handbook of Texas (ISBN 0-87611-151-7) is a comprehensive encyclopedia of Texas geography, history, and historical persons published jointly by the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) and the General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin. ...
Bibliography - Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Goddard, Ives. (1979). The languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.) The languages of native America (pp. 355-389). Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-1604-8774-9.
- Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institute). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Saldivar, Gabriel. (1943). Los Indios de Tamaulipas. Mexico City: Pan American Institute of Geography and History.
- Sapir, Edward. (1920). The Hokan and Coahuiltecan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 1 (4), 280-290.
- Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
- Swanton, John R. (1915). Linguistic position of the tribes of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. American Anthropologist, 17, 17-40.
Comecrudo - Berlandier, Jean L. (1969). The Indians of Texas in 1830. Ewers, John C. (Ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
- Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1828-1829). [Vocabularies of languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande]. (Additional manuscripts, no. 38720, in the British Library, London.)
- Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1850). Luis Berlandier and Rafael Chovell. Diario de viage de la Comision de Limites. Mexico.
- Gatschet, Albert S. (1886). [Field notes on Comecrudo and Cotoname, collected at Las Prietas, Tamaulipas]. Smithsonian Institute, National Anthropological Archives Ms. no. 297.
- Swanton, John. (1940). Linguistics material from the tribes of southern Texas and northern Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin, 127 (pp. 1-145).
- Uhde, Adolph. (1861). Die Länder am untern Rio Bravo del Norte. Heidelberg: J. C. B. Mohr.
Garza - Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1828-1829). [Vocabularies of languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande]. (Additional manuscripts, no. 38720, in the British Library, London.)
- Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1850). Luis Berlandier and Rafael Chovell. Diario de viage de la Comision de Limites. Mexico.
- Gatschet, Albert S. (1886). [Field notes on Comecrudo and Cotoname, collected at Las Prietas, Tamaulipas]. Smithsonian Institute, National Anthropological Archives Ms. no. 297.
- Saldivar, Gabriel. (1943). Los indios de Tamaulipas. Instituto panamerico de geografía e historia, Publication 70.
Mamulique - Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1828-1829). [Vocabularies of languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande]. (Additional manuscripts, no. 38720, in the British Library, London.)
- Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1850). Luis Berlandier and Rafael Chovell. Diario de viage de la Comision de Limites. Mexico.
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