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Comes,itis (genitive: comitis) is the Latin word for companion, either individually or as a member of a collective known as comitatus (compare comitatenses), especially the suite of a magnate, in some cases large and/or formal enough to have a specific name, such as a cohors amicorum. The word comes derives from com- "with" + ire "go." This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Comitatenses is the Latin plural of comitatensis, originally the adjective derived from comitatus (company, party, suite; in this military context it came to the novel meaning of the field army), itself rooting in Comes (companion, but hence specific historical meanings, military and civilian). ...
Cohors amicorum is a Latin term, literally meaning cohort of friends. The notion cohort is to be taken not in the strict, military sense, but indicated a fairly large number; accordingly, friend is to be taken is a loose sense, rather as in amicus curiae. ...
In the Roman pagan religion
Comes was a common epitheton (title, added to the name, as Catholicism still does with Jesus and much-venerated saints, such as in Our Lady of Lourdes) for a hero or a (usually minor) divinity, marking it out as linked to a (usually major or equal) divinity, or several celestials to each other, e.g. as a nuclear family. Image File history File links Follis-Constantine-lyons_RIC_VI_309. ...
Image File history File links Follis-Constantine-lyons_RIC_VI_309. ...
Head of Constantines colossal statue at Musei Capitolini Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[1] (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic[2] Christians) Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor, proclaimed Augustus by his troops on...
Coin of Emperor Probus, circa 280, with Sol Invictus riding a quadriga, with legend SOLI INVICTO, to the Unconquered Sun. Note how the Emperor (on the left) wears a radiated solar crown, worn also by the god (to the right). ...
Linguistics An epithet (Greek and Latin epitheton; literally meaning imposed ) is a descriptive word or lapidary phrase, often metaphoric, that is essentially a reduced or condensed appositive. ...
For other uses, see Hero (disambiguation). ...
On Constantine I's coinage, the emperor is declared comes to the Sun god. Head of Constantines colossal statue at Musei Capitolini Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[1] (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic[2] Christians) Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor, proclaimed Augustus by his troops on...
Coin of Emperor Probus, circa 280, with Sol Invictus riding a quadriga, with legend SOLI INVICTO, to the Unconquered Sun. Note how the Emperor (on the left) wears a radiated solar crown, worn also by the god (to the right). ...
Imperially bestowed court titles and various offices of Comites Historically more significant, Comes became a profane title given to trusted (ex-)courtiers and others, as a mark of imperial confidence, developing into a formal rank, rather equivalent to the hellenistic Philos (Basilikos) or the paladin title of a Holy Roman Empire knight and a papal official, and therefore the title was retained when one was appointed—often promoted—to a post away from court, often in the field or provincial administration; next, it seemed logical to link it to specific charges calling for an incumbent of high rank, and even to make it part of the official title. PHILOS (plural PHILOI) is the old Greek word for friend, and sometimes means amateur etc. ...
For other uses, see Paladin (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the medieval empire. ...
Palatinus, (plural: Palatini) Latin for palatial, enters in designations for various ecclesiastical offices, primarily, of certain high officials in the papal court: // In the Middle Ages, the judices palatini ([papal] palace judges) were the highest administrative officers of the popes household; with the growth of the temporal power of...
As the court grew in size and gained political influence, the emperors established a casual practice of appointing loyal servants to various posts. This process had already been utilized elsewhere, as with the Prefect of the Praetorian Guard and the Amici Principis. As the imperial system expanded, however, new offices were needed and decentralization demanded change. The result was the creation of the rank of "comes". The Praetorian Guard of Augustus - 1st century. ...
Cohors amicorum is a Latin term, literally meaning cohort of friends. The notion cohort is to be taken not in the strict, military sense, but indicated a fairly large number; accordingly, friend is to be taken is a loose sense, rather as in amicus curiae. ...
The comites (often translated as counts, though neither feudal nor hereditary) became leading officials of the Roman Empire. They wielded posts of every description, from the army to the civil service, while never surrendering their direct links and access to the emperors. Constantine took the final step of certifying the posts so that they were permanent fixtures of imperial government. Head of Constantines colossal statue at Musei Capitolini Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[1] (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic[2] Christians) Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor, proclaimed Augustus by his troops on...
They are listed in full for the beginning of the fifth century in the Notitia dignitatum, and a schematic map of comital military posts in English translation is available at The Friesian project. At later dates, additional posts have been created. The Notitia Dignitatum is a unique document of the Roman imperial chanceries. ...
The following are examples of the various types of comites
At court or in the imperial domains Several of the major departments of an imperial court and household had a chief styled Comes, with an officium (staff) quite similar to that of a governor In the western empire these incuded: Officium (plural officia) is a Latin word with various meanings, including service, (sense of) duty, courtesy, ceremony and the likes. ...
- Comes dispositonum -- A deputy to the very powerful Magister officiorum ("master of offices"); responsible for organizing the imperial calendar and preparing the correspondence for distribution to the proper offices for transcription.
- Comes domesticorum -a Vir illustris- Head of the Domestici, a corps of bodyguards of the emperor who were stationed in the imperial palace. There were two of these comital commanders, for the horse - viz. foot units.
- Comes privatae largitionis -- Keeper of the privy purse, answerable and subordinate to the comes rerum privatarum.
- Comes rerum privatarum -- Powerful imperial officer responsible for the private estates or holdings of the emperor and his family (res privata). He maintained the properties and collected all monies from rent, of which most went to the public funds and some to the privy purse administered by the comes privatae largitionis.
- Comes sacrarum largitionum -a Vir illustris- Master of the 'Sacred Largess', who operated the imperial finances. He controlled all of the mints (each lead by a Procurator), was in chief of a long list of officials (more Procurators, rationales, Praepositi) who collected senatorial taxes, custom duties and some land taxes, was also responsible for the yields of the mines, provided budgets for the civil service and armies and supplied all uniforms. His comptence also included several minor Comites:
- Comes Auri 'gold count'
- Comes sacrae vestis -- Master of the wardrobe of the emperor. See also praepositus sacri cubiculi
- three regional Comites largitionum: for Italy, Africa, Illyricum
- a comes commerciorum for Illyricum.
In the western empire these department heads included : In Late Antiquity, the Roman position of magister officiorum (lat. ...
- Comes sacrarum largitionum. as above
- Comes rerum privatarum.
- Comes domesticorum Equitum.
- Comes domesticorum Peditum.
Exceptionally, a gubernatorial position was styled Comes: - Comes Orientis -- Actually one of the Vicarii, this count had control over the large imperial diocese of the East, supervising the governors of this major group of provinces, but was himself under supervision of the Praefectus Praetorio Orientis.
Furthermore, some less important section chiefs under the authority of otherwise styled, high-ranking territorial officials could be styled Comes, e.g. under the Praefectus Urbis of Rome (a vir illustris) were a Comes formarum, a Comes riparum et alvei Tiberis et cloacarum and a Comes portus. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Diocese of the East ca. ...
The Praetorian prefecture of the East or of Oriens (Latin: Praefectura Praetorio Orientis, Greek: ) was one of four large Praetorian prefectures into which the Late Roman Empire was divided. ...
The title comes consistorianus indicated Comites who advised the Emperor in his council for official (mainly legal) matters, called consistorium, whether on an occasional basis, ex officio (as main court department heads) or in the case of his adsessor ('chief counsel') as a distinct job.
Comes rei militaris These comites held military appointments, but of similar rank, i.e. higher than dux, but under Magister peditum/ Magister equitum; they were the superiors of a series of military posts, each commanded by a praepositus limitis (border commander), and/or unit commanders, such as tribunes of cohorts, alae (auxiliary equivalent), numeri, in the eastern empire even legions : The Notitia Dignitatum (early fifth century) mentions six such positions, of the rank vir spectabilis, in the western empire (Comes Italiae, Comes Africae, Comes Tingitaniae, Comes Tractus Argentoratensis, Comes Britanniarum and Litoris Saxonici per Britannias) and two in the eastern empire: Comes (limitis) Aegypti, Comes Isauriae = - per Isauria). The Misspeling of Ducks ...
The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases, is) a historical position of varying importance in several European nations. ...
The Notitia Dignitatum is a unique document of the Roman imperial chanceries. ...
- Comes Africae -- Count in charge of the defense of Roman Africa.
- Comes Argentoratensis -- Count in charge of the defense of part of Gaul (Gallia).
- Comes Avernorum -- Count in charge of the defense of part of Gaul (Gallia).
- Comes Britanniarum -- Count in charge of defense of Roman Britain (Britannia). This post presumably expired circa AD 410, when the last Roman troops left the isles forever.
- Comes Hispaniarum -- Count in charge of the defense of Roman Spain (Hispania).
As the number of comites grew, the rank was devaluated, which led to he introduction of the notion of classes of comites; first, second and third ordines Gallia may mean several things: Gallia was the Latin name for Gaul. ...
Gallia may mean several things: Gallia was the Latin name for Gaul. ...
Comes Britanniarum was a military post in Roman Britain, with command of the mobile field army from the mid 4th century AD onwards. ...
For other uses, see Britannia (disambiguation). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ...
Horse guards corps of Comites The Comites dominorom nostrorum (plural of Comes D.N.; literally "Companions of our Lords [Emperors]') were a mounted imperial body guard during Diocletian's tetrarchy (c. 300). The Tetrarchs, a porphyry sculpture sacked from a Byzantine palace in 1204, Treasury of St. ...
Medieval usages
Frankish Gaugraf The Frankish kings of the Merovingian dynasty retained a good deal of the Roman system of administration, including the title comes preserved its original meaning: a companion of the king, a royal servant of high rank. Under the early Frankish kings some comites did not exercise any definite functions; they were merely attached to the kings person and executed his orders. Others filled the highest offices, e.g. the comes palatii and comes stabuli (survives in the title Constable). The kingdom was divided for administrative purposes into small areas called pagus (hence French pays; German Gau), corresponding generally to the Roman civitas. At the head of the pagus was the comes, corresponding to the German Graf (in full Gaugraf. The Comes was appointed by the king and removable at his pleasure, and was chosen originally from all classes, sometimes from enfranchised serfs. His essential functions were judicial and executive, and in documents he is often described as the kings agent (agens publicus) or royal judge (judex publicus/fiscalis). As the delegate of the executive power he had the right to military command in the king's name, and to take all the measures necessary for the preservation of the peace, i.e. to exercise the royal ban (bannus regis). He was at once public prosecutor and judge, was responsible for the execution of the sentences of the courts, and as the king's representative exercised the royal right of protection (mundium regis) over churches, widows, orphans and the like. He enjoyed a triple wergeld, but had no definite salary, being remunerated by the receipt of certain revenues, a system which contained the germs of discord, on account of the confusion of his public and private duties. The AS. gerefa, however, meaning illustrious, chief, has apparently, according to philologists, no connection with the German Graf, which originally meant servant (cf. knight, valet, &c). It is the more curious that the gerefa should end as a subservient reeve, the Graf as a noble count. For the painter, see John Constable. ...
In the later Western Roman Empire, following the reorganization of Diocletian, a pagus (compare French pays) became the smallest administrative district of a province. ...
In the history of the Roman empire, civitas (pl. ...
For other uses, see Graf (disambiguation). ...
Feudalism In the feudal tradition, Latin was often used, especially in legal documents, as (sometimes sole) official language, so the rendering in Latin was no less important than the original in the spoken vernacular. Thus, comes has been used as the Latin equivalent (or part of it) of all titles of comital rank, whether containing Count (or some other word etymologically derived from Comes, or in many other languages from Graf). A count is a nobleman in most European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a countess (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). ...
For other uses, see Graf (disambiguation). ...
- Similarly it is part of the rendering (not always exclusive) of derived lower titles containing such term, notably Vicecomes for Viscount and Burgicomes (alongside burgravio) for Burgrave.
Other use - Astronomical:
- The fainter star in a binary (double) star system.
- Ecclesiastical:
- an acolyth
- For special feasts and on special occasions suitable lessons were chosen, thus breaking the continuous readings; in the Middle Ages it was believed that St. Jerome (died 420), in obedience to an order of Pope Damasus, had arranged the lessons of the Roman Liturgy; a spurious letter of his to the Emperor Constantius was quoted as the first comes, or list of lessons, for each day; Victor, Bishop of Capua (541-554), may actally be the author
- name of the Latin chronicler Marcellinus Comes
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For other uses see: Jerome (disambiguation) Jerome (about 340 - September 30, 420), (full name Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) is best known as the translator of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. ...
Damasus I ( 305 - 383) was pope from 366 to 383. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
See also The agentes in rebus were the Roman imperial courier service that replaced the unpopular frumentarii, sometime during the late 3rd century A.D. under Emperor Diocletian, or perhaps around the year 319 A.D. As a result of the reforms of Diocletian, the frumentarii were disbanded; their sinister reputation had...
Aerarium (from Latin aes, in its derived sense of money) was the name (in full, aerarium stabulum - treasure-house) given in Ancient Rome to the public treasury, and in a secondary sense to the public finances. ...
Comitatenses is the Latin plural of comitatensis, originally the adjective derived from comitatus (company, party, suite; in this military context it came to the novel meaning of the field army), itself rooting in Comes (companion, but hence specific historical meanings, military and civilian). ...
The name Congiarium was originally given to gifts of oil, wine or other goods distributed to the general populace by public officials. ...
Donativum (plural, donativa ) was the name given to the gifts of money dispersed to the soldiers of the Legions or to the Praetorian Guard by the Roman emperors. ...
Fiscus was the name of the personal treasury of the emperors of Rome. ...
The Notitia Dignitatum is a unique document of the Roman imperial chanceries. ...
Rationalis was the Roman Empires chief financial minister prior to the reforms of Emperor Diocletian and the Late Empire. ...
A rationibus was the Roman Empires secretary of finance, in charge of maintaining the accounts and expenditures of the fiscus which is the imperial treasury. ...
For centuries the monetary affairs of the Roman Republic had rested in the hands of the Senate, which was steady and fiscally conservative. ...
Sources and references This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ...
The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...
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