Comics Portal

Comics (or, less commonly, sequential art) is a form of visual art consisting of images which are commonly combined with text, often in the form of speech balloons or image captions. Originally used to illustrate caricatures and to entertain through the use of amusing and trivial stories, it has by now evolved into a literary medium with many subgenres. Image File history File links Portal. ... Vision can refer to: Visual perception is one of the senses. ... The three most common speech ballons (top to bottom: speech, thought, scream). ... For the book of comics by Daniel Clowes see Caricature (Daniel Clowes collection) A caricature of film comedian Charlie Chaplin. ...

The most common forms of printed comics are comic strips (most commonly four panels long) in newspapers and magazines, and longer comic stories in comic books, graphic novels and comic albums. In the first two forms the comics are secondary material usually confined to the entertainment sections, while the latter consist either entirely or primarily of comics. This article is about the comic strip, the sequential art form as published in newspapers and on the Internet. ... A panel is a thing that blocks one area from another. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ... Graphic novel (sometimes abbreviated GN) is a term for a kind of book, usually telling an extended story with sequential art ( comics). ...

Depending on the definition of the term, the origin of comics can be traced back to 15th century Europe. However, today's form of comics (with panels, and using text within the image in speech balloons, etc.), as well as the term comics itself, originated in the late 19th century. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

Little Sammy Sneeze (1904-06) by Winsor McCay

Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Winsor McCay Winsor McCay (September 26, 1867(?) – July 26, 1934) was a prolific artist and pioneer in the art of comic strips and animation. ...

Defining comics

Note: Although it takes the form of a plural noun, the common usage when referring to comics as a medium is to treat it as singular.

Scholars disagree on the definition of comics; some claim its printed format is crucial, some emphasize the interdependence of image and text, and others its sequential nature. The term as a reference to the medium has also been disputed.

In 1996, Will Eisner published Graphic Storytelling, in which he defined comics as "the printed arrangement of art and balloons in sequence, particularly in comic books."^[1] Eisner's earlier, more influential definition from 1985's Comics and Sequential Art described the technique and structure of comics as sequential art, "...the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea."^[2] William Erwin Eisner (March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an acclaimed American comics writer, artist and entrepreneur. ... The three most common speech ballons (top to bottom: speech, thought, scream). ... Comics & Sequential Art is an academic overview of the principles of sequential art (focussing on the comics form) by Will Eisner. ...

In Understanding Comics (1993) Scott McCloud defined sequential art and comics as: "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer";^[3] this definition excludes single-panel illustrations such as The Far Side, The Family Circus, and most political cartoons from the category, classifying those as cartoons. By contrast, The Comics Journal's "100 Best Comics of the 20th Century",^[4] included the works of several single panel cartoonists and a caricaturist, and academic study of comics has included political cartoons[3]. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art is a 215-page non-fiction graphic novel by Scott McCloud, widely considered the definitive text to date on the theory of comics (or sequential art) as an artform and a communications medium. ... Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod on June 10, 1960) is an American cartoonist and a leading popular scholar of comics as a distinct literary and artistic medium. ... This article is about the comic strip. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This early political cartoon by Ben Franklin was originally written for the French and Indian War, but was later recycled during the Revolutionary War An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or comic strip containing a political or social message. ... For the band, see Cartoons (band). ... The Comics Journal is an American magazine of news and criticism pertaining to comic books and strips, renowned for its in-depth interviews, often scathing reviews, and an editorial ethos that views comics as a fine art deserving of broader cultural respect. ...

R.C. Harvey, in his essay Comedy At The Juncture Of Word And Image, offered a competing definition in reference to McCloud's: "...comics consist of pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa."^[5] This, however, ignores the existence of wordless comics.

Eddie Campbell offered the term graphic storytelling, defining it as "the art of using pictures in sequence and its attendant language of forms and techniques, refined over many centuries."^[6] He contrasted this term with comics, which he defines as "humorous art...but with the proviso that in our own times it has come to embrace not only cartoons but comic strips and comic books which are not necessarily humorous due to their own evolutionary patterns, but they remain under this rubric as they evolved from it." Alec: The King Canute Crowd by Eddie Campbell Eddie Campbell (born August 10, 1955) is a Scottish-born comics artist and cartoonist who now lives in Australia. ... For the band, see Cartoons (band). ... This article is about the comic strip, the sequential art form as published in newspapers and on the Internet. ... A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ...

Most agree that animation, which creates the optical illusion of movement within a static physical frame, is a separate form, although ImageTexT, a peer-reviewed academic journal focusing on comics, accepts submissions relating to animation as well[4], and the third annual Conference on Comics at the University of Florida focused on comics and animation[5]. The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames. ... The University of Florida (commonly referred to as Florida, UFL, or UF) is a public land-grant, space-grant, research university located in Gainesville, Florida. ...

History

The 11th century illustrated story Lienü zhuan.

When and where comics originated is another matter of debate, largely dependent on its definition. The majority view, represented by many authors and academic sources, Scott McCloud being the most recent, is that the comic format observes precedents in Egyptian hieroglyphics, Japanese emaki, European stained glass windows, pre-Columbian Central American manuscripts, and the Bayeux Tapestry.^[7][8] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Lienü Zhuan (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Lieh nü chuan; Biographies of Exemplary Women) was a ca. ... Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod on June 10, 1960) is an American cartoonist and a leading popular scholar of comics as a distinct literary and artistic medium. ... It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Strictly speaking, stained glass is glass that has been painted with silver stain and then fired. ... The Bayeux Tapestry (French: Tapisserie de Bayeux) is a 50 cm by 70 m (20 in by 230 ft) long embroidered cloth which depicts the events leading up to the 1066 Norman invasion of England as well as the events of the invasion itself. ...

An alternative view is represented by Roger Sabin who argues that the definition is predicated on the printed comic form.^[9] This perspective is increasingly being challenged as electronic distribution of movies, music, books and art emphasizes content over the delivery mechanism. Roger Sabin is a comics writer and lecturer at Central St. ...

15th–18th centuries

Last image in William Hogarth's A Rake's Progress

Sabin cites the invention of the printing press as the moment when the modern form began to crystalise, arguing that the medium of comics has been intrinsically linked with printing.^[10] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2042x1782, 722 KB) Summary The Interior of Bedlam, from A Rakes Progress by William Hogarth, 1763. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2042x1782, 722 KB) Summary The Interior of Bedlam, from A Rakes Progress by William Hogarth, 1763. ... William Hogarth (November 10, 1697 – October 26, 1764) was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, and editorial cartoonist who has been credited as a pioneer in western sequential art. ... Plate 3 - Tom succumbs to the pleasures of the flesh at The Rose Tavern, Drury Lane. ... The printing press is a mechanical device for printing many copies of a text on rectangular sheets of paper. ...

An early surviving work which is recognisable as being in the form of printed comics is Francis Barlow's A True Narrative of the Horrid Hellish Popish Plot (c.1682).^[11] The Punishments of Lemuel Gulliver by William Hogarth, (1726), is another early work that bears similarities of form, although Eddie Campbell has argued^[12] that these may be more a collection of cartoons rather than actual comics. Other notable artists producing work in this period are Thomas Rowlandson, Jan Vandergucht, James Gillray and George Cruikshank. Rowlandson and Gillray are credited with having codified the speech balloon in its present form,^[13] from the previous convention of having speech represented by banners. William Hogarth (November 10, 1697 – October 26, 1764) was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, and editorial cartoonist who has been credited as a pioneer in western sequential art. ... Thomas Rowlandson (July 1756 - April 22, 1827) was an English caricaturist. ... James Gillray James Gillray, sometimes spelled Gilray (born August 13, 1757 in Chelsea; died June 1, 1815), was a British caricaturist and printmaker famous for his etched political and social satires, mainly published between 1792 and 1810. ... Portrait of George Cruikshank Wood engraving published in Harpers Weekly newspaper March 16, 1878 A Young George Cruikshank George Cruikshank (September 27, 1792—February 1, 1878) was an English caricaturist and book illustrator. ...

An example of Rowlandson's work from 1782, satirising the politics of the day, shows it to be an early variation of the strip cartoon. His work popularised the strip form as a pictorial narrative.^[14]

The 19th century

Rodolphe Töpffer, a Francophone Swiss artist, is the key figure of the early part of the 19th century. His work is reprinted throughout Europe and in the U.S., creating a market on both continents for similar works.^[15] Rodolphe Töpffer (January 31, 1799 - June 8, 1846) was a Swiss teacher, author, painter, cartoonist, and caricature artist. ...

In 1845 Töpffer formalised his thoughts on the picture story in his Essay on Physiognomics: "To construct a picture-story does not mean you must set yourself up as a master craftsman, to draw out every potential from your material – often down to the dregs! It does not mean you just devise caricatures with a pencil naturally frivolous. Nor is it simply to dramatize a proverb or illustrate a pun. You must actually invent some kind of play, where the parts are arranged by plan and form a satisfactory whole. You do not merely pen a joke or put a refrain in couplets. You make a book: good or bad, sober or silly, crazy or sound in sense."^[16][17][18] For other uses, see Pun (disambiguation). ...

Sir Ernst Gombrich certainly felt Töpffer to have evolved a new pictorial language, that of an abbreviated art style, which worked by allowing the audience to fill in gaps with their own imagination.^[19] Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich (30 March 1909 – 3 November 2001) CBE, was an art historian, who spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom. ...

Satirical drawings in newspapers were popular through much of the 19th century. In Britain, in 1841, Punch, a magazine containing such drawings launched.^[20] In 1843 Punch referred to its 'humorous pencilings' as cartoons in satirical reference to Parliament, who were organising an exhibition of cartoons at the time. This usage became common parlance and has lasted into the present day.^[21] Similar magazines containing cartoons in continental Europe included Fliegende Blätter and Charivari, whilst in the U.S. Judge and Puck were popular.^[22] This early political cartoon by Ben Franklin was originally written for the French and Indian War, but was later recycled during the Revolutionary War An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration or comic strip containing a political or social message. ... Punch was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002. ... “Houses of Parliament” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

In Germany in 1865 Max and Moritz by Wilhelm Busch was published within a newspaper. This strip is thought to be a significant fore-runner of the comic strip.^[23] Max and Moritz Max and Moritz (A Story of Seven Boyish Pranks) was a German language illustrated story in verse. ... Works (with the year of publication) 1864 Bilderpossen 1865 Max and Moritz 1866 Schnaken und Schnurren 1867 Hans Huckebein der Unglücksrabe 1868 Schnaken und Schnurren, part II 1869 Schnurrdiburr oder die Bienen Braun 1870 Der heilige Antonius von Padua 1872 Schnaken und Schnurren, part III 1872 Die fromme Helene...

It is also around this time that that manhua, the Chinese form of comics, began to formalise, in a process that lasted up until 1927.^[24] Manhua (Traditional Chinese: 漫畫; Simplified Chinese: 漫画; Pinyin: ) is a general term for comics produced in China, often including Chinese translations of Japanese manga. ...

In 1884, Ally Sloper's Half Holiday was published, reputed to be the first comic strip magazine to feature a recurring character. In 1890 two more comic magazines debuted to the British public, Comic Cuts and Illustrated Chips. These magazines also republished American material, previously published in newspapers in the U.S.. They established the tradition of the British comic as being a periodical containing comic strips.^[25] Ally Slopers Half Holiday is a British comic, first published on 3 May 1884. ... British comics is the art form of comics as practiced within the United Kingdom. ...

Depending on the criteria used, the first successful comics series featuring regular characters was either R.F. Outcault's single-panel cartoon series Hogan's Alley (1895) or Rudolph Dirks' multi-panel strip The Katzenjammer Kids (1897).^[26] Richard Felton Outcault (January 14, 1863-September 25, 1928) was an American comic strip scriptwriter, sketcher and painter. ... Hogans Alley may refer to Hogans Alley, an 1890s comic strip that featured the character The Yellow Kid. ... “The Captain and the Kids” redirects here. ...

The Yellow Kid, the star of Hogan's Alley, became so popular as to drive newspaper sales, and in doing so prompted the creation of other strips. This boom marks the beginning of comics as an ongoing popular art form.^[27] The Yellow Kid Mickey Dugan, better known as The Yellow Kid, was the lead character in Hogans Alley, the first comic strip and the first to be printed in color in mass production. ...

The 20th century

The term comics in the U.S. by KK came to define early newspaper strips, which initially featured humorous narratives, hence the adjective comic.^[28] In 1929, strips started to broaden their content, with Buck Rogers and Tarzan launching the action genre. More strips followed, with the term "comic" quickly adopting through popular usage to refer to the form rather than the content.^[29][30] This article is about the comic strip, the sequential art form as published in newspapers and on the Internet. ... Look up humor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

1929 also saw the first appearance of The Adventures of Tintin published as a black-and-white strip in Le Petit Vingtième, a supplement to Le Vingtième Siècle, a Belgian newspaper. The strip was collected as Tintin in the Land of the Soviets in 1930, being published in the European comic album format.^[31] The main characters and others from The Castafiore Emerald, one of the later books The Adventures of Tintin (French: ) is a series of Belgian comic books created by Belgian artist Hergé, the pen name of Georges Remi (1907–1983). ... Black-and-white or black and white) can refer to a general term used in photography, film, and other media (see black-and-white). ... Le Petit Vingtième (The Little Twentieth) was the weekly youth supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle (The Twentieth Century) from 1928 to 1940. ... European comics is a generalized terms for comics produced in Continental Europe. ... In Europe, a comic album is the equivalent to a graphic novel, being of A4 size and hardcover, typically with 48 pages. ...

Another notable publication of 1929 was The Funnies, a reprint collection of newspaper strips. Reputed to be the first four-color comic newsstand publication in the United States, it was published in tabloid size, a size which left it easily confused with the Sunday supplements of the time and so harmed sales to the extent that publication ceased after 36 issues. The is about the 1930s proto-comic book series The Funnies. ...

The first publication to use a format recognisable today as a comic book was Funnies on Parade which took the tabloid size used for the Sunday supplements and folded it in half. Published in 1933 by two workers for the Eastern Color Printing Company of New York, Harry Wildenberg and Max Gaines as an advertising giveaway, its success led to similar giveaways being published. On a hunch, Gaines distributed extra copies to newsstands, with a ten cent cover price, returning to find them all sold. This led to Eastern publishing Famous Funnies in May 1934 for sale through the newsstands.^[32] A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ... Funnies on Parade is an American publication of the early 1930s that was a seminal precursor of comic books. ... Maxwell Charles Gaines a. ... Famous Funnies is an American publication of the 1930s that represents what popular culture historians consider the first true American comic book, following seminal precursors. ...

By 1935 comic books were commissioning original material, mostly influenced by the pulp magazines of the day, whilst also repackaging foreign material.^[33] Will Eisner was one who supplied foreign material, and in his retooling of the material to fit the comic book format Eisner is credited with inventing the grammar of the comic book. Techniques devised by Eisner whilst adapting the material for this new format include the "jump cut".^[34] William Erwin Eisner (March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an acclaimed American comics writer, artist and entrepreneur. ...

In 1938 Action Comics #1 was published, featuring the first appearance of Superman and ushering in what is now referred to as the Golden Age of Comic Books.^[35] Also in 1938, Spirou first appeared in Belgium, starting the typical custom of weekly magazines featuring mostly Franco-Belgian comics. Cover of Action Comics #1, which featured the debut of Superman. ... Superman is a fictional character and comic book superhero , originally created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian artist Joe Shuster and published by DC Comics. ... Superman, catalyst of the Golden Age: Superman #14 (Feb. ... Spirou is: a Belgian childrens comic magazine; one of its serial comic strips, which is also published in hardcover format the eponymous character of the comic strip. ...

Little comic book shops popped into the sunlight in England now. Often these would carry "Local" comics. An example hereof is Jafat. There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

After World War II the form in Japan, known as manga started to modernise. The lifting of a ban on non-propaganda publications, allowed Osamu Tezuka to re-energise both the content of manga and the style of its presentation Tezuka's first book work was an updating of Treasure Island, appropriately titled New Treasure Island (1947).^[36] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... “Original manga” redirects here. ... This article is about the manga artist and animator. ...

During the latter half of the 20th century comics have become a very popular item for collectors and from the 1970s comics publishers have actively encouraged collecting and shifted a large portion of comics publishing and production to appeal directly to the collector's community. The collecting of comics is today known by a separate term known as panelology. This article is about the medium and art form of comics. ...

The modern double usage of the term comic, as an adjective describing a genre, and a noun designating an entire medium, has been criticised as confusing and misleading. In the 1960s and 1970s, underground cartoonists used the spelling comix to distinguish their work from mainstream newspaper strips and juvenile comic books; ironically, although their work was written for an adult audience, it was usually comedic in nature as well, so the "comic" label was still appropriate.^[37] The term graphic novel was popularised in the late 1970s, having been coined at least two decades previous, to distance the material from this confusion.^[38] Trade paperback of Will Eisners A Contract with God (1978), often mistakenly cited as the first graphic novel. ...

In the 1980s comics scholarship started to blossom in the U.S.,^[39] and a resurgence in the popularity of comics was seen, with Alan Moore and Frank Miller producing notable superhero works and Bill Watterson's Calvin & Hobbes being syndicated. For other persons named Alan Moore, see Alan Moore (disambiguation). ... Frank Miller (born January 27, 1957) is an American writer, artist and film director best known for his film noir-style comic book stories. ... William B. Bill Watterson II (born July 5, 1958) is the author of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes and a few poems (which are mostly embedded in his works). ... Calvin and Hobbes is a comic strip written and illustrated by Bill Watterson, following the humorous antics of Calvin, an imaginative six-year-old boy, and Hobbes, his energetic and sardonic – albeit stuffed – tiger. ...

In 2005 Robert Crumb's work was exhibited in galleries both sides of the Atlantic, and The Guardian newspaper devoted its tabloid supplement to a week long exploration of his work and idioms.^[40] Robert Dennis Crumb, often credited simply as R. Crumb (born August 30, 1943 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a U.S. artist and illustrator recognized for the distinctive style of his drawings and his critical, satirical, subversive view of the American mainstream. ...

The First Period & The Golden Age

The period of time referred to as The First Period began in the 1890s. During this time, a few newspapers began to publicize comic strips in their newspapers. The importance of the First Period is mainly that early comic strips began to gain some popularity and acknowledgement from the public.

The Golden Age of Comics (1914) is the period in which comics became widely syndicated. Almost every newspaper began to carry comics in them. Cartoonists such as George Herriman became recognized for their work, particularly, Herriman's "Krazy Kat". The Golden Age also brought the creation of Popeye, by Elzie C. Segar. George Herriman and some of his fans. ... Krazy Kat is a comic strip created by George Herriman that appeared in U.S. newspapers between 1913 and 1944. ... Elzie C. Segar was born in 1894. ...

The Third Period

The Third Period of comics began in the early 1930s. Up until this time, most comic books were humorous exaggerations of American Life. During the Third Period, however, serious, adventurous comics became very popular. "Terry and the Pirates" for example was a popular fictionous adventure comic. Other, more famous comics such as Batman and Superman comics appeared. Flash Gordon Comics were also favorite science fiction comics. Despite the sudden burst of serious comics, humorous ones, such as Li'l Abner were still very successful. Terry and the Pirates is the title of: a comic strip created by Milton Caniff; see: Terry and the Pirates (comic strip) a radio serial, based on the comic strip; see: Terry and the Pirates (radio serial) a television series, also based on the comic strip; see: Terry and the... Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman) is a DC Comics fictional superhero who first appeared in Detective Comics #27 in May 1939. ... Superman is a fictional character and comic book superhero , originally created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian artist Joe Shuster and published by DC Comics. ... Flash Gordon is a science fiction comic strip originally drawn by Alex Raymond, first published on January 7, 1934. ... Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Lil Abner was a comic strip in United States newspapers, featuring a fictional clan of hillbillies in the town of Dogpatch. ...

Artistic medium

An artist sketching out a comics page

Comics artists will generally sketch a drawing in pencil before going over the drawing again in ink, using either a dip pen or a brush. Artists will also make use of a lightbox when creating the final image in ink. Some artists, Brian Bolland being a notable example,^[41] are now using digital means to create artwork, with the published work being the first physical appearance of the artwork. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Three dip pens, and six nibs. ... For other uses, see Brush (disambiguation). ... Bollands cover to Hellstorm: Prince Of Lies #16. ...

By many definitions (including McCloud's, above) the definition of comics extends to digital media such as webcomics and the mobile comic. Bold textDigital media (as opposed to analog media) usually refers to electronic media that work on digital codes. ... Webcomics, also known as online comics and internet comics, are comics that are available to read on the Internet. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Art styles

Whilst almost all comics art is in some sense abbreviated, and also whilst every artist who has produced comics work brings their own individual approach to bear, some broader art styles have been identified. Abbreviation (from Latin brevis short) is strictly a shortening, but more particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity. ...

The basic styles have been identified as realistic and cartoony, with a huge middle ground for which R. Fiore has coined the phrase liberal. Fiore has also expressed distaste with the terms realistic and cartoony, preferring the terms literal and freestyle, respectively.^[42] Realism is a style of painting that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see. ...

Scott McCloud has created The Big Triangle^[43] as a tool for thinking about comics art. He places the realistic representation in the bottom left corner, with iconic representation, or cartoony art, in the bottom right, and a third identifier, abstraction of image, at the apex of the triangle. This allows the placement and grouping of artists by triangulation. The Savior Not Made By Hands (1410s, by Andrei Rublev) An icon (from Greek εικων, eikon, image) is an artistic visual representation or symbol of anything considered holy and divine, such as God, saints or deities. ... abstraction in general. ... Triangulation can be used to find the distance from the shore to the ship. ...

• The cartoony style is one which utilises comic effects and a variation of line widths as a means of expression. Characters here tend to have rounded, simplified anatomy. Noted exponents of this style are Carl Barks, Will Eisner, Ray Mullikin and Jeff Smith.^[42]

• The realistic style, also referred to as the adventure style is the one developed for use within the adventure strips of the 1930s. They required a less cartoony look, focusing more on realistic anatomy and shapes, and used the illustrations found in pulp magazines as a basis.^[44] This style became the basis of the superhero comic book style, since Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel originally worked Superman up for publication as an adventure strip.^[45]

Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was a famous Disney Studio illustrator and comic book creator, who invented Duckburg and many of its inhabitants, such as Scrooge McDuck (1947), Gladstone Gander (1948), the Beagle Boys (1951), Gyro Gearloose (1952) and Magica De Spell (1961). ... Jeff Smith is an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of the self-published comic book series Bone. ... Drawing is one way of making an image: it is the process of making marks on a surface by applying pressure from or moving a tool on the surface. ... Pulp magazines, often called simply the pulps, were inexpensive text fiction magazines widely published in the 1920s through the 1950s. ... Joseph Joe Shuster (July 10, 1914 - July 30, 1992) was a Canadian-born comic book artist best known for co-creating the DC Comics character Superman, with writer Jerry Siegel, first published in Action Comics #1 (March 1938). ... Jerome Jerry Siegel a. ... Superman is a fictional character and comic book superhero , originally created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian artist Joe Shuster and published by DC Comics. ...

The language

As noted above, two distinct definitions have been used to define comics as an art form: the combination of both word and image; and the placement of images in sequential order. Both definitions are lacking, in that the first excludes any sequence of wordless images; and the second excludes single panel cartoons such as editorial cartoons. The purpose of comics is certainly that of narration, and so that must be an important factor in defining the art form. In fiction, a narrator is a voice or character who tells the story. ...

Comics, as sequential art, emphasise the pictorial representation of a narrative. This means comics are not an illustrated version of standard literature, and whilst some critics argue that they are a hybrid form of art and literature, others contend comics are a new and separate art; an integrated whole, of words and images both, where the pictures do not just depict the story, but are part of the telling. In comics, creators transmit expression through arrangement and juxtaposition of either pictures alone, or word(s) and picture(s), to build a narrative. Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ... Expression may refer to: (in the vernacular) the act or particular way of expressing something (including an emotion through a facial expression or configuration) (in mathematics) a mathematical expression (in computing) a programming language expression (in computing) a vector graphics software Microsoft Expression (in genetics) the effect produced by a...

The narration of a comic is set out through the layout of the images, and whilst there may be many people who work on one work, like films, there is one vision of the narrative which guides the work. The layout of images on a page can be utilised by artists to convey the passage of time, to build suspense or to highlight action.^[46] “Moving picture” redirects here. ...

For a fuller exploration of the language, please see Comics vocabulary. The vocabulary of comics consists of the many different techniques and images which comics artists will employ in order to convey a narrative within the medium of comics. ...

The forms

Comics have been presented within a wide number of publishing and typographical formats, from the very short panel cartoon to the more lengthy graphic novel. The cartoon, traditionally containing satirical or humorous content in the manner of those seen in The New Yorker or Private Eye, originate from the mid nineteenth century. This form of comics is still popular, although the last few years has seen a reduction in the number of editorial cartoonists employed in the US media.^[47] Although there is some dispute as to whether the cartoon constitutes a form of comics, a precursor or a related form, it has been argued that since the cartoon both combines words with image and constructs a narrative, it merits inclusion as a form of comics. Trade paperback of Will Eisners A Contract with God (1978), often mistakenly cited as the first graphic novel. ... For the band, see Cartoons (band). ... William Lyon Mackenzie King is freed from his Conscription promise by Johnny Canuck. ... A Gag Cartoon is a single-panel cartoon, usually including a written caption that appears beneath the drawing. ... The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes reportage, criticism, essays, cartoons, poetry and fiction. ... Private eye may mean: Look up Private eye on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Private Eye a fortnightly British satirical magazine-newspaper, edited by Ian Hislop (as of 2005) A private investigator, a private detective for hire (see also crime fiction and detective fiction) Private Eye, a song by Alkaline Trio...

The comic strip is simply a sequence of cartoons which unite to tell a story within that sequence, and were originally known as strip cartoons. Originally the term comic strip was used to apply to any sequence of cartoons, no matter the venue of publication or length of the sequence, but now, mainly in the United States, the term refers to the strips published in newspapers. These strips are now typically humorous or satirical strips, such as Hägar the Horrible and Doonesbury, but have often been action themed, educational or even biographical. In the United States the term "comics" is sometimes used to describe the page of a newspaper upon which comic strips are found, and through this usage has also grown to be used as a definition for comic strips. Said pages are also referred to as the "funny pages", and comics are hence sometimes called "the funnies".^[48] In the United Kingdom, the term comic strip is still applied to the longer stories which appear in children's comics such as 2000 AD or The Beano. This article is about the comic strip, the sequential art form as published in newspapers and on the Internet. ... Hägar the Horrible is the title and the name of the main character of a syndicated comic strip by Dik Browne, first seen in February 1973 and distributed to 1,900 newspapers in 58 countries, in 13 languages. ... Doonesbury is a comic strip by Garry Trudeau, popular in the United States and other parts of the world. ... Cover of the first issue of 2000 AD, 26 February 1977. ... This March 2007 does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Publication formats

Over time a number of formats have become closely associated with the form, from the comic book to the webcomic. The American comic book originated in the early part of the twentieth century, and grew from magazines which repackaged comic strips. Eventually, original material was commissioned, and the material developed from its humorous origins to encompass adventure stories, romance, war and superheroes, with the latter genre coming to dominate the comic book publishing industry in the latter parts of the twentieth century. Although referred to as comic books, these publications are actually more akin to magazines, having soft covers printed on glossy paper, with the interiors consisting of newsprint quality paper or higher grade. In Europe, magazines were always a venue for original material in the form, and such comic magazines or comic books soon grew into anthologies, in which a number of stories would be serialised. In continental Europe a market soon established itself to support collections of these strips. All of these publications are generally referred to as "comics" for short, with typical comic books or magazines running to around 32 pages, including advertisements. A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ... Webcomics, also known as online comics and internet comics, are comics that are available to read on the Internet. ... An American comic book is a small magazine originating in the United States containing a narrative in the comics form. ...

In the United States, when a publisher collects previously serialised stories, such a collection is commonly referred to as either a trade paperbacks or as a graphic novel. These are books, typically squarebound and published with a card cover, containing no adverts. They generally collect a single story, which has been broken into a number of chapters previously serialised in comic books, with the issues collectively known as a story arc. Such trade paperbacks can contain anywhere from four issues (for example, there is Kingdom Come by Mark Waid and Alex Ross), or even twenty (The Death of Superman). In continental Europe, especially Belgium and France, such collections are usually somewhat larger in size and published with a hardback cover, a format established by the The Adventures of Tintin series in the 1930's. These are referred to as comic albums, a term which in the United States refers to anthology books. The United Kingdom has no great tradition of such collections, although during the 1980's Titan publishing launched a line collecting stories previously published in 2000 AD. A trade paperback can refer to any book that is bound with a heavy paper cover that is generally cheaper than the hardcover but more expensive than the regular paperback version. ... Trade paperback of Will Eisners A Contract with God (1978), often mistakenly cited as the first graphic novel. ... Kingdom Come was a four-issue comic book limited series published in 1996 by DC Comics. ... Mark Waid (born March 21, 1962 in Hueytown, Alabama) is an American comic book writer. ... Nelson Alexander Alex Ross (born January 22, 1970) is an American comic book painter, illustrator and plotter, acclaimed for the photorealism of his work. ... Superman #75 (Jan. ... The main characters and others from The Castafiore Emerald, one of the later books The Adventures of Tintin (French: ) is a series of Belgian comic books created by Belgian artist Hergé, the pen name of Georges Remi (1907–1983). ... Cover of the first issue of 2000 AD, 26 February 1977. ...

The graphic novel format is similar to typical book publishing, with works being published in both hardback and paperback editions. The term has proved a difficult one to fully define, and refers not only to fiction but also factual works, and is also used to describe collections of previously serialised works as well as original material. Some publishers will distinguish between such material, using the term "original graphic novel" for work commissioned especially for the form.

Newspaper strips also get collected, both in Europe and in the United States, and these are sometimes also referred to as graphic novels. In the UK it is traditional for the children's comics market to release comic annuals, which are hardback books containing strips, as well as text stories and puzzles and games. In the United States the comic annual was a summer publication, typically an extended comic book, with storylines often linked across a publisher's line of comics.

Webcomics, also known as online comics and web comics, are comics that are available on the Internet. Many webcomics are exclusively published online, while some are published in print but maintain a web archive for either commercial or artistic reasons. With the Internet's easy access to an audience, webcomics run the gamut from traditional comic strips to graphic novels and beyond. Web comics are comics that are available on the web. ... “Publisher” redirects here. ... Online means being connected to the Internet or another similar electronic network, like a bulletin board system. ... Archive of the AMVC hahahahaAn archive refers to a collection of records, and also refers to the location in which these records are kept. ... This article is about the comic strip, the sequential art form as published in newspapers and on the Internet. ... Trade paperback of Will Eisners A Contract with God (1978), often mistakenly cited as the first graphic novel. ...

Webcomics are similar to self-published print comics in that almost anyone can create their own webcomic and publish it on the Web. Currently, there are thousands of webcomics available online. Some webcomics have gained popular, critical, or commercial success.

The comics form can also be utilised to convey information in mixed media. For example, strips designed for educative or informative purposes, notably the instructions upon an aeroplane's safety card. These strips are generally referred to as instructional comics. The comics form is also utilised in the film and animation industry, through storyboarding. Storyboards are illustrations displayed in sequence for the purpose of previsualizing an animated or live-action film. A storyboard is essentially a large comic of the film or some section of the film produced beforehand to help the directors and cinematographers visualize the scenes and find potential problems before they occur. Often storyboards include arrows or instructions that indicate movement. Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith. ... “Moving picture” redirects here. ...

Like many other media, comics can also be self-published. One typical format for self-publishers and aspiring professionals is the minicomic, typically small, often photocopied and stapled or with a handmade binding. These are a common inexpensive way for those who want to make their own comics on a very small budget, with mostly informal means of distribution. A number of cartoonists have started this way and gone on to more traditional types of publishing, while other more established artists continue to produce minicomics on the side. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing Distribution is one of the 4 aspects of marketing. ... Cartoonist Jack Elrod at work. ...

The creation of comics

The nature of the comics work being created determines the number of people who work upon its creation, with successful comic strips and comic books being produced through a studio system, in which an artist will assemble a team of assistants to help in the creation of the work. However, works from independent companies, self-publishers or those of a more personal nature can be produced by as little as one creator. This article is about the comic strip, the sequential art form as published in newspapers and on the Internet. ... A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ... For the illustrated magazine, see Studio Magazine. ... Self-publishing is the publishing of books or other media by those who have written them. ...

Comic book creation

Main article: Comic book creator

Within the comic book industry of the United States, the studio system has come to be the main method of creation. Through its use by the industry, the roles have become heavily codified, and the managing of the studio has become the company's responsibility, with an editor discharging the management duties. The editor will assemble a number of creators and oversee the work to publication. A comic book artist at work. ...

Any number of people can assist in the creation of a comic book in this way, from a plotter, a breakdown artist, a penciller, an inker, a scripter, a letterer, and a colorist, with some roles being performed by the same person. Look up plot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A script breakdown is an intermediate step in the production of a play, film, comic book, or any other work that is originally planned using a script. ... A penciller (or penciler) is one of a number of artists working within the comic industry. ... The inker is one of the two line artists in a traditional comic book, or graphic novel. ... In comic books, the letterer is the person who draws the letters in the word balloons, draws in sound effects and usually designs a books logo. ... A colorist is an artist who colors comic art reading it for production as a comic book. ...

Comic strip creation

Main article: Comic strip creator

A comic strip tends to be the work of a sole creator, usually termed a cartoonist. However, it is not unusual for a cartoonist to employ the studio method, particularly when a strip become successful. Mort Walker is one such creator who employed a studio, whilst Bill Watterson was one such cartoonist who eschewed the studio method, preferring to create the strip himself. A comic strip creator at work. ... Addison Morton Walker (born September 3, 1923), more popularly known as Mort Walker, is an American comic artist, best known for creating the newspaper comic strips Beetle Bailey in 1950 and Hi and Lois in 1954. ... William B. Bill Watterson II (born July 5, 1958) is the author of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes and a few poems (which are mostly embedded in his works). ...

Cartoon creation

A cartoonist in this instance typically works alone, although again it is not unheard of for a cartoonist to use assistants. Cartoonist Jack Elrod at work. ...

Tools of the trade

An artist will use a variety of pencils, paper, typically Bristol board, and a waterproof ink. When inking, an artist may choose to use a variety of brushes, dip pens, a fountain pen or a variety of technical pens or markers. Mechanical tints can be employed to add gray tone to an image. An artist might also choose to create his work in paints; either acrylics; gouache; poster paints; or watercolors. Color can also be achieved through crayons, pastels or colored pencils. Bristol board (also referred to as Bristol paper) is a heavyweight paper used for technical drawing, illustration, and other two-dimensional art forms. ... An ink is a liquid containing various pigments and/or dyes used for coloring a surface to render an image or text. ... Different styles of paintbrushes The term brush refers to a variety of devices with bristles, used for cleaning, grooming hair or painting. ... Three dip pens, and six nibs. ... A fountain pen is a writing instrument, more specifically a pen, that contains a reservoir of water-based ink that is fed to a nib through a feed via a combination of gravity and capillary action. ... A technical pen is a specialized instrument used by an engineer or draftsman (British: draughtsman) to make lines of constant width for architectural, engineering or technical drawings. ... A marker pen, or marker, is a term used to refer to various kinds of pen which have their own ink-source and usually a tip made of some porous material. ... A Bigger Splash, 1967. ... Corridor in the Asylum, black chalk and gouache on pink paper by Van Gogh Gouache (from the Italian guazzo, water paint, splash) or Bodycolour (or Bodycolor, the terms preferred by Art historians) is a type of paint consisting of pigment suspended in water. ... Watercolor (watercolour in the UK and aquarelle in France) designates a painting method, the medium, or the resulting artwork, in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water soluble vehicle. ...

Erasers, rulers, templates, set squares and a T-square assist in creating lines and shapes. A drawing board gives a good angled surface to work from, with lamps supplying necessary lighting. A light box allows an artist to trace his pencil work when inking, allowing for a looser finish. Knives and scalpels will fill a variety of tasks, including cutting board or scraping mistakes. A cutting mat will assist when cutting paper. Process white is a thick opaque white handy for covering mistakes, whilst adhesives and tapes are helpful in composition where an image may need to be assembled from different sources. For other uses, see Eraser (disambiguation). ... A variety of rulers A 2 metre carpenters rule Retractable flexible rule A ruler or rule is an instrument used in geometry, technical drawing and engineering/building to measure distances and/or to rule straight lines. ... Look up template in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... triangle, set square In American English, a set square is an alternative name for a T-square. ... A T-square is a technical drawing instrument primarily a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. ... A drafting table in use A drawing board (also drawing table, drafting table, architects table or draughting table) is, in its antique form, a kind of multipurpose Desk which can be used for any kind of drawing, writing or impromptu sketching on a large sheet of paper or for... Light therapy or phototherapy consists of exposure to specific ranges of light wavelengths (using lasers or LEDs), or very bright, full-spectrum light, for a prescribed amount of time. ... traditional Norse knife A knife is a sharp-edged hand tool used for cutting. ... A scalpel is a very sharp knife used for surgery, anatomical dissection, and various arts and crafts. ... An adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together. ... Tapes is a small city in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. ...

Computer generated comics

With the growth of computer processing power and ownership, there are now an increasing number of examples of comic books or strips where the art is made by using computers, either mixing it with hand drawings or replacing hand drawing completely. Dave McKean is one artist who combines the paper and the digital methods of composition. Don Chambers created Mannequins comic strip on his Macintosh computer in 1996. Mannequins was the first newspaper comic to combine 3D characters with actual photographic scenes in the background. Still, it is important to separate between traditional drawing done with a graphics tablet and actual computer graphics (CG). Computers are widely used for both lettering and coloring, with Blambot Comicraft two studios which proved digitised fonts for comics. Cages (1998) by Dave McKean David Tench McKean (born 29 December 1963 in Maidenhead, England) is an illustrator, photographer, comic book artist, graphic designer, filmmaker and musician. ... A Wacom Graphire4 graphics tablet. ... Blambot is the alias of freeware and shareware computer font designer Nate Piekos. ... Comicraft is a company which designs fonts and provides lettering services to various comic book companies. ... In typography, a typeface is a co-ordinated set of character designs, which usually comprises an alphabet of letters, a set of numerals and a set of punctuation marks. ...

Comics awards

Main article: List of comics awards

There are numerous awards given out within the comics industry, some taking their name from noted creators, others from famous characters or publications. Each country has its own indigenous awards. This is a list of comics awards from around the world. ...

Comic book References

Comic Book References are writings containing information on the comic strip in general or in particular, with its own terminology especially for comicologists. For example: monography, bibliography, biography, yearbook, file album, interview book, catalogue, review, guide exposition, fantasy guide, studies (thesis), programme notebook, artbook, sketchbook, comic theory, handbook on making comics, writer's handbook, comic history, terminology, genre description, catalogue on action sales, anthology. The oldest handbook on making comics is written by "The father of the European comic" himself: the teacher from suisse Rodolph Töpffer (Genève 1799 - 1846). This book Essai de physiognomonie has been published in 1845. One of the earliest books on comics is How to draw Comics written by Clare Briggs (Harper & Bros, 1926) and A History of American Graphic Humor Vol 1 - 1747 till 1865, Vol 2 - 1865 till 1938 by William Murrel (1933 and 1938), How to make money, writing for Comics Magazines by Robert Kanigher (1943). But the real interest in Comic theory began in the 1960s when thesis on the comic strip were written on several universitíes. Comic strip theoretical approaches in research became popular in the 1980s. Really famous are works as Comics & Sequential Art (Will Eisner, 1985), Understanding Comics - The invisible Art (Scott McCloud, 1993), Graphic Storytelling (Will Eisner, 1999), Reïnventing Comics (Scott McCloud, 2000); as wel as books on general comic history: The Great Comic Book Heroes (Jules Feifer 1965), Ron Goulart's Great History of Comic Books (1986), The Comics before 1945 (Brian Walker 2002). Especially French specialists on comic strips did write studies with a tremendously influence on the development of comicology: Système de la bande dessinée by Thierry Groensteen (PUF, Paris 1999), l'image BD by Pascal Lefèvre (Open Ogen, Leuven 1991), Case - Planche - Récit - Comment lire un Bande Dessinée by Benoit Peeters (1991). Comic book references are catalogued online: Michigan State University, Comic book Reference Bibliographic datafile, Comics research bibliography. In time many writings are published, recently many manga studies overwhelmed the comic market. Still there are many interesting topics to write about.

See also

Wikimedia free comic projects

• Wikipedia:WikiWorld

Comics movements

• Romance comics
• Underground comics
• Alternative comics
• Autobiographical comics
• Webcomics
• Hypercomics
• Adult comics

This page is a candidate for speedy deletion, because: it is patent nonsense. ... The term underground comics or comix describes the self-published or small press comic books that sprang up in the US in the late 1960s. ... For the publisher Alternative Comics, see Alternative Comics (publisher). ... Autobiographical comics (often referred to in the comics field as simply autobio) are autobiography in the form of comic books or comic strips. ... Web comics are comics that are available on the web. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Adult comics are comic books intended for adults. ...

Miscellaneous

• 24-hour comic
• Alternative Press Expo
• Animation
• Art
• Comic book collecting
• Comics Code Authority
• Comic-Con
• Gorillas in comics
• Woodcuts
• Comicjam

A 24-hour comic is a 24 page comic book written, drawn, and completed in 24 hours. ... The Alternative Press Expo or APE, as it is more commonly known, is a comics convention. ... The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these 6 frames. ... This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ... Comic book collecting is the collecting of comic books in the interest of appreciation, nostalgia, financial profit, and completion of the collection. ... The seal of the Comics Code Authority, which appears on the covers of approved comic books. ... Comic-Con International is an annual comic book convention held in San Diego, California. ... Supermans Pal Jimmy Olsen #98, containing an intricately contrived plot involving Jimmy almost marrying a gorilla. ... A woodcut is a method of printing in which an image is carved into the surface of a piece of wood, with the printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed, typically with chisels. ... A comicjam is a creative process where one or more artists collaborates on drawing or painting one single comic. ...

Lists

• List of comic strips
• List of comic and cartoon characters named after people
• List of comic books
• List of comic book publishing companies
• List of comic creators
• List of cartoonists
• List of webcomics
• List of comics spin-offs

This is a list of comic strips. ... This is a list of characters from animated cartoons, comic books and comic strips that are named after real people. ... This is a listing of comic books. ... About Comics AC Comics Adhouse Books AiT/Planet Lar Alias Enterprises Abacus Comics Cross Culture Entertainment (defunct) Alternative Comics Antarctic Press Ape Entertainment Arcana Studios Archaia Studios Press (ASP) Archie Comics (formerly MLJ) Mighty Comics (Defunct, also known as Radio Comics) Red Circle Comics (Defunct) Aardvark-Vanaheim (Cerebus the Aardvark... This is a list of comic creators. ... See also: List of comic strips. ... // This list of webcomics includes comics which are (or were) primarily published on the World Wide Web, as described in the main article on webcomics. ... A spin-off in comics is a new comic which contains either characters or theme elements from an old comic. ...

Notes

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

• Arnold, Andrew (Apr. 05, 2001). "Does X Mark the Spot?". Time. Accessed May 30, 2005.
• Campbell, Eddie (2001). North America's "first" comic. Thread on The Comics Journal Message Board, as archived in Internet Archive. Retrieved on May 4, 2005.
• Fiore. R (2005). Adventures in Nomenclature: Literal, Liberal and Freestyle. The Comics Journal Message Board. Retrieved on June 14, 2005.
• McCloud, Scott (1993). Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. Kitchen Sink Press. ISBN 0-87816-243-7. 
• Perry, George; Aldridge, Alan (1989 reprint with introduction). The Penguin Book Of Comics. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-002802-1. 
• Sabin, Roger (1993). Adult Comics An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04419-7. 
• Santos, Derek (1998) Comic History. The Comic Page. Retrieved on June 26, 2005.
• Varnum, Robin & Gibbons, Christina T. editors (2001). The Language of Comics: Word and Image. University Press Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-414-7. 
• Williams, Jeff COMICS: A TOOL OF SUBVERSION? Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 2(6) (1994) 129-146

is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Mike Benton, The Comic Book in America Taylor Publishing 1989
• Eddie Campbell, alec: how to be an artist Eddie Campbell Comics 2001
• David Carrier, The Aesthetics of Comics, Penn State Press, 2002 ISBN 0-271-02188-8
• Les Daniels Comix, A History of Comic Books in America Bonanza Books 1971
• Christian Davenport The Brother Might Be Made of Steel, But he Sure Ain't Super... Man
• Christian Davenport Black is the Color of My Comic Book Character: An Examination of Ethnic Stereotypes p. 20-28 in Inks, v. 4, no. 1 (Feb. 1997)
• Will Eisner Comics and Sequential Art Poorhouse Press 1985
• Will Eisner Graphic Storytelling Poorhouse Press 1995
• Mark Estren A History of Underground Comics Straight Arrow Press 1987
• Ron Goulart Over 50 Years of American Comic Books Publications International 1991
• Ron Goulart The Funnies: 100 Years of American Comic Strips
• Ron Goulart The Adventurous Decade: Comic strips in the thirties Scond ed. Hermes Press 2005
• R. C. Harvey The Art of the Comic Book: an Aesthetic History University of Mississippi 1995
• R. C. Harvey The Art of the Funnies: an Aesthetic History University of Mississippi 1994
• Maurice Horn ed. The World Encyclopedia of Comics Avon 1977
• Gerard Jones & Will Jacobs The Comic Book Heroes Prima 1996
• Andrea Juno (ed.) Dangerous Drawings: Interviews with comix and graphix artists Juno Books 1997
• David Kunzle A History of the Comic Strip University of California 1973 and 1989
• Harvey Kurtzman From Aargh to Zap! Prentice Hall 1991
• Rick Marschall America’s Great Comic Strip Artists Cross River Press 1989
• Scott McCloud Understanding Comics - the Invisible Art HarperCollins 1994
• Scott McCloud Reinventing Comics HarperCollins 2000
• Scott McCloud Making Comics HarperCollins 2006
• Donald Phelps Reading The Funnies: Essays on Comic Strips Fantagraphics Books 2001
• Matthew J. Pustz Comic Book Culture: Fanboys and True Believers University Press of Mississippi 2000 ISBN 1-57806-201-2
• Moira Davison Reynolds Comic Strip Artists in American Newspapers 1945-1980 McFarland 2003
• Trina Robbins A Century of Women Cartoonists Kitchen Sink 1992
• Roger Sabin Comics, Comix and Graphic Novels: a History of Comic Art Phaidon 1996
• Martin Sheridan Comics and their Creators: Life Stories of American Cartoonists
• Coulton Waugh The Comics The Macmillan Company 1947
• ed. Bill Blackbeard & M. Williams The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics Smithsonian Institute 1988
• ed. Bill Blackbeard & Dale Crain The Comic Strip Century two-volume slipcased collection Kitchen Sink 1995
• ed. Gary Groth & R. Fiore The New Comics Berkley Books 1988
• The Comics Journal magazine
• ImageText: an online journal of comics and critical theory

Alec: The King Canute Crowd by Eddie Campbell Eddie Campbell (born August 10, 1955) is a Scottish-born comics artist and cartoonist who now lives in Australia. ... William Erwin Eisner (March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an acclaimed American comics writer, artist and entrepreneur. ... Ron Goulart (born 1933) is an American pop-culture historian and mystery, fantasy, and science fiction author. ... Gerard Jones is an American writer, born July 10, 1957 in Cut Bank, Montana, raised in Los Gatos and Gilroy, California. ... Harvey Kurtzman (October 3, 1924 - February 21, 1993) was a U.S. cartoonist and magazine editor. ... Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod on June 10, 1960) is an American cartoonist and a leading popular scholar of comics as a distinct literary and artistic medium. ... Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod on June 10, 1960) is an American cartoonist and a leading popular scholar of comics as a distinct literary and artistic medium. ... Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod on June 10, 1960) is an American cartoonist and a leading popular scholar of comics as a distinct literary and artistic medium. ... Trina Robbins (born 1938) is an American comics artist and writer. ... Roger Sabin is a comics writer and lecturer at Central St. ... Gary Groth (born 1954) is an American comic book publisher, critic, editor in chief of the Comics Journal and co-founder of Fantagraphics Books. ... The cover of TCJ #115 (April 1987) celebrated their court victory in defending a libel suit. ...

External links

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How to Make a Comic

• afNews (Italian) (English brief) Daily comic news
• Andy's early comics archive History of early comics
• British Comics History of British comics
• Supercomics.com.mx Mexican Comics - Data base and discussion
• The Big Comic Book DataBase
• A gallery of comic book covers
• The Cartoon Art Museum of San Francisco Comics exhibitions
• Cartoon Research Library
• Comic Art Collection of Michigan State University
• Comic Art Scholar Online forum
• ComicBookDB.com
• Comiclopedia Lambiek's comics encyclopedia
• Comics Scholars' Discussion List Academic forum
• Don Markstein's Toonopedia
• ImageTexT Interdisciplinary Comics Studies
• Japanese Comics Database
• The Senate Investigation Excerpt from "Seal of Approval: The History of the Comics Code"
• Stories Without Words:A Bibliography with Annotations (access via Wayback Machine Internet Archive)
• Bande Dessinee Info (French) French comic news
• ADBD (French) Comics webdirectory (French/English)
  

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... Manhwa (Hangul: 만화, Hanja: 漫畫) is the general Korean term for comics and cartoons (including animated cartoons). ... European comics is a generalized terms for comics produced in Continental Europe. ... Tintin, one of the most famous Belgian comics Franco-Belgian comics are comics written in Belgium and France. ...