NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Commodore computer

Commodore is the commonly used name for Commodore International, an electronics company who was a major player in the 1980s home computer field. The company formally went bankrupt in 1994, but there have since been several attempts to revive their Amiga systems. Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... The home computer is a consumer-friendly word for the second generation of microcomputers (the technical term that was previously used), entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. ... Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... Amiga is the name of a range of home/ personal computers primarily using the Motorola 68000 processor family, whose development started in 1982, initially as a game machine. ...

History

Foundation and early years

The company that would become Commodore International was started in Toronto by Auschwitz survivor Jack Tramiel in 1954. He had already run a small business fixing typewriters for a few years while living in New York (a job he supported by driving a cab), but managed to sign a deal with a Czechoslovakian company to manufacture their designs in Canada and moved to Toronto to start production. By the late 1950s a wave of Japanese machines forced most typewriter companies out of business, but Tramiel instead turned to adding machines. }|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Official Flag]]|Coat Image=[[Image:{{{Coat Image}}}|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Coat of Arms]]}} {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Diversity Our Strength {{Canadian City/Location Image is:{{{Location Image Type}}}|[[Image:{{{Location Image}}}|thumbnail|250px|City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Location. ... Auschwitz is the name loosely used to identify three main Nazi German concentration camps and 45-50 sub-camps. ... Jack Tramiel (born 1928) is famous for founding Commodore International, manufacturer of the Commodore 64 and Commodore Amiga home computers. ... 1954 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... A small business may be defined as a business with a small number of employees. ... Although still popular with a few writers and in less developed countries, the typewriter has largely been replaced by the word processor. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th) - Land 122,409 km² - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... Czechoslovakia (Czech: Československo, Slovak: Česko-Slovensko/before 1990 Československo) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period). ... Millennia: 1st millennium - 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium Events and trends Technology United States tests the first fusion bomb. ... An adding machine is a type of calculator. ...

In 1962 the company was formally incorporated as Commodore Business Machines (CBM), and in the late 1960s history repeated itself again when the Japanese firms started producing adding machines. The company's main investor and chairman, Irving Gould, suggested that Tramiel travel to Japan to understand how they could compete. Instead he returned with a new idea, to produce electronic calculators, which were just coming on the market. 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around the world. ... A basic arithmetic calculator. ...

Commodore soon had a profitable calculator line, and were one of the more common brands in the early 1970s, producing both ordinary as well as scientific/programmable calculators. However in 1975 Texas Instruments, the main supplier of calculator parts, decided to enter the market directly and put out a line of machines priced at less than they charged Commodore for the parts. Commodore had to be rescued once again by an infusion of cash from Gould, which Tramiel used in 1976 onwards to purchase several second-source chip suppliers, including MOS Technology, Inc., in order to guarantee supply. He agreed to buy MOS, who were having troubles of their own, only on the condition that chip designer Chuck Peddle join Commodore directly as head of engineering. Events and trends Although in the United States and in many other Western societies the 1970s are often seen as a period of transition between the turbulent 1960s and the more conservative 1980s and 1990s, many of the trends that are associated widely with the Sixties, from the Sexual Revolution... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Texas Instruments (NYSE: TXN), better known in the electronics industry as TI, is a company based in Dallas, Texas, renowned for developing and commercializing semiconductor and computer technology. ... 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... MOS Technology, Inc. ... Electronics engineer Chuck Peddle is mostly known as the main designer of the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor; the KIM-1 SBC; and its successor the Commodore PET school/business/home computer, both based on the 6502. ...

"Computers for the masses, not the classes"

Once Chuck Peddle had taken over engineering at Commodore, he convinced Jack Tramiel that calculators were already a dead-end, and that they should turn their attention to home computers. Peddle packaged a single-board computer design in a metal case, along with a full-travel QWERTY keyboard, monochrome monitor, and tape recorder (for program and data storage), to produce the Commodore PET. From that date forward (1977), Commodore would be a computer company. The home computer is a consumer-friendly word for the second generation of microcomputers (the technical term that was previously used), entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. ... This article needs cleanup. ... The QWERTY Layout QWERTY is the modern-day layout of letters on most English language computer and typewriter keyboards. ... Something which is monochromatic has a single color. ... Nineteen inch (48 cm) CRT computer monitor A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing still or moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card. ... The 1530/C2N Datassette (a portmanteau of data + cassette), was Commodores dedicated computer tape recorder. ... The PET (Personal Electronic Transactor) was a home-/personal computer produced by Commodore starting in the late 1970s. ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...

Commodore had been reorganized the year before into Commodore International, Ltd., moving its financial headquarters to the Bahamas and its operational headquarters to West Chester, Pennsylvania, close to the MOS Technology site. The operational headquarters, where research and development of new products were taking place, retained the name Commodore Business Machines, Inc. The Borough of West Chester is the county seat of Chester County, Pennsylvania6. ...

The PET computer line was used primarily in schools, due to its tough all-metal construction (some models were labelled "Teacher's PET"), but didn't compete well in the home setting where graphics and sound were important. This was addressed with the introduction of the VIC-20 in 1981, which was introduced at a cost of $299 and sold in retail stores. Commodore took out aggressive ads featuring William Shatner asking, "Why buy just a video game?". The strategy worked and the VIC-20 became the first computer to ship more than one million units. A total of 2.5 million units were sold over the machine's lifetime. Primary or elementary education consist of the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood. ... VIC-20 with accessories. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... William Shatner as Captain Kirk William Shatner (born in Montreal, Quebec, March 22, 1931) is an actor, writer and musical performer. ...

Looking to take over the higher-end portion of the market as well, CBM introduced the Commodore 64 in 1982. Thanks to a well-integrated series of chips designed by MOS, the C64 was a very capable sound and graphics machine for its time, often credited with starting the computer demo scene. Its $595 price was high compared to the VIC-20, but it was still much less expensive than any other 64K computer on the market. Early C64 ads touted this, boasting "You can't buy a better computer at twice the price". Close-up of C64 Commodore 64 (C64, CBM 64) was a popular home computer of the 1980s. ... 1982 is a number and represents a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar Events January-February January 6 - William Bonin is convicted of being the freeway killer. January 8 - AT&T agrees to divest itself of twenty-two subdivisions January 11 - Mark Thatcher, son of the British... An integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip consisting of at least two interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors, as well as passive components like resistors. ... The demoscene is a computer sub-culture that came to prominence during the rise of the 16 bit micros (the Atari ST and the Amiga), but demos first appeared during the 8-bit era on computers such as C64 and ZX Spectrum. ...

Once again Texas Instruments decided to take over a market, cutting prices on its TI-99/4A, which had been introduced in 1981. But this time Tramiel decided to fight rather than switch, and cut the price of the C64 dramatically. TI responded, and soon there was an all-out price war involving Commodore, TI, Atari and practically everyone other than Apple Computer: the Video game crash of 1983. By the end of the process Commodore had shipped somewhere around 22 million C64s—making the C64 the best selling computer of all time—and in the process killed the TI-99, destroyed Atari, bankrupted most smaller companies, and wiped out their own savings. Tramiel's motto, "Business is war," showed, and took its toll. The Texas Instruments TI-99/4A was an early home computer, released in June 1981, originally at a price of $525. ... For the concept Atari (当たり) in the board game of Go, see Atari (go term). ... Apple Computer, Inc. ... Screenshot E.T. (Atari 2600 version) The video game crash of 1983 refers to the sudden bankruptcy of a number of companies producing home computers and video game consoles in North America in late 1983. ...

Tramiel quits; The Amiga vs ST battle

The board of directors was as trapped as anyone else by the price spiral, and eventually decided they wanted out. A power struggle started inside the company, and in January 1984, Tramiel quit. A few months later he bought Atari from Warner Communications for almost nothing. Now it was up to the remaining Commodore management to salvage something of their company. They did so by buying a promising new 16-bit computer design known as the Amiga from a group of ex-Atari designers. The new machine, dubbed the Amiga 1000, was brought to market in the fall of 1985 for US $1395. 1984 is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Time Warner Inc. ... In computer science, 16-bit is an adjective used to describe integers that are at most two bytes wide, or to describe CPU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. ... Amiga is the name of a range of home/ personal computers primarily using the Motorola 68000 processor family, whose development started in 1982, initially as a game machine. ... This page is about a computer. ... 1985 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

But Tramiel had beaten them to the punch. Throwing together a number of off-the-shelf parts, he had already released the Atari ST earlier in 1985, for about $800. Tramiel also claimed that Jay Miner did the chip design for the Amiga computer while still under contract with Atari, which led to a lawsuit between the two companies. A ferocious Atari/Amiga war ensued, and was ended only when 1987 saw the release of the Amiga 500, which took over the market from the ST. Ultimately, the Amiga outsold the ST about 1.5 to 1 in spite of being later to market. The Atari ST was a home/personal computer system released by Atari in 1985. ... Jay Miner (May 31, 1932 - June 20, 1994) was a famous microprocessor designer, known primarily for his work in multimedia chips. ... 1987 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Missing image A500 The A500, also known as the Amiga 500, was the first low-end Commodore Amiga 16_bit multimedia home/personal computer model. ...

The beginning of the end

By the late 1980s the computer market was rapidly latching onto the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh worlds, with everyone else pushed off to the side. In the 1970s and early 80s, the computer press, desperate for news, had always come to Commodore looking for information. The VIC-20 and C64, although aggressively marketed, arguably were successful more because of their price than because of their marketing. After Tramiel's departure, Commodore executives shied away from mass-market advertising and other marketing ploys, fearful of duplicating the past. Commodore also retreated from its earlier strategy of selling its computers at discount houses, now favoring its authorized dealers. IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ... Macintosh, also known as Mac, is a family of personal computers manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. ...

Once forced to market the Amiga line, Commodore's efforts proved ineffective and even seemed half-hearted (one common joke was "If CBM got the contract to advertise Kentucky Fried Chicken, they'd call it 'Warm Dead Bird'"). They also failed to expand the technological edge they had, instead trying to bring technologies to market that would not see demand for another couple of years – like digital TV (CDTV) and a 32-bit CD-ROM based game console (CD32). KFC, previously known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a division of Yum! Brands, Inc. ... Digital television (DTV) uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets. ... A CDTV with accessories The CDTV was the first computer to come with a CD ROM drive as standard. ... The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ... The Nintendo GameCube is an example of a popular video game console. ... The CD32 in action The AmigaCD32 was the worlds first 32bit CD_ROM based game console. ...

A massive divide existed between the engineers and the management, with the technical staff resorting to getting their work done behind the backs of management. For example, CPU samples from Motorola were delivered to the home addresses of the engineers and, for interest, Motorola gave them priority over Apple, who also used the same CPUs. The central processing unit (CPU) is the part of a computer that interprets and carries out the instructions contained in the software. ... Motorola (NYSE: MOT) (TYO: 6686) started as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in 1928. ...

The engineers gave up trying to get their technology into production, and Commodore seemed content with selling the same old machine. In spite of its technical strengths, the Amiga lost ground to the PC clone ecosystem. When introduced in 1985, the Amiga was competing favorably against Intel 80286-based systems with EGA graphics and rudimentary sound capabilities that frequently cost 2–3 times as much. But well into the 1990s, CBM was still selling Amigas with 7 MHz 68000-family CPUs, when PCs with 33–100 MHz 486's, high-color graphics cards and SoundBlaster (or compatible) sound cards offered higher performance at very competitive prices. Software developers by and large started to favor the PC market. One of the first PCs from IBM - the IBM PC model 5150. ... The Intel 80286 is an x86-family 16-bit microprocessor that was introduced by Intel on February 1, 1982. ... The Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) is the computer display standard specification located between CGA and VGA in terms of graphics performance (that is, colour and space resolution). ... A megahertz (MHz) is one million (106) hertz, a measure of frequency. ... The Motorola 68000 is a CISC microprocessor, the first member of a successful family of microprocessors from Motorola, which were all mostly software compatible. ... Intel i486 DX2- top view The Intel i486 (also called 486 or 80486) is a range of Intel CISC microprocessors which is part of the Intel x86 family of processors. ... A GeForce 4 4200-based graphics card A graphics card or video card is a component of a computer which is designed to convert a logical representation of an image stored in memory to a signal that can be used as input for a display medium, most often a monitor... The Sound Blaster family of sound cards was for many years the de facto standard for audio on the IBM PC compatible system platform, before audio has been commoditized. ... A sound card is a computer expansion card that can input and output sound under program control. ...

The Amiga hardware did not begin to reach feature parity with the PCs until release of the A4000 and A1200 computers in late 1992, but because the custom AGA chipset in the third-generation Amigas were much more expensive to produce than the commodity chips used in PCs, the Amigas were not priced attractively. Although welcomed by Amiga enthusiasts, the machines did little to improve Commodore's fortunes. The A4000, or Commodore Amiga 4000, was the successor of the A2000 and A3000 computers. ... The Amiga 1200, or A1200, was Commodore Internationals third-generation Amiga computer, aimed at the home market. ... 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA) was the name used for the improved graphic chipset of the third generation Amiga Computers at the beginning of the 1990s. ...

The sun sets on Commodore

With market share eroding, Commodore embarked on a series of decisions that were heavily questioned by shareholders and the press, who sometimes accused management of only being interested in removing as much value from the company as possible before it finally disappeared. By 1994, only its operations in Germany and the United Kingdom were still profitable. 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...

Commodore declared bankruptcy on April 29, 1994, and its assets were liquidated. The company's many computers retained a cult following for years after its demise. April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...

Post-Commodore International, Ltd.

Following its liquidation, Commodore's former assets went their separate ways, with none of Commodore's successors repeating Commodore's early success.

Commodore UK was the only subsidiary to survive the bankruptcy and even placed a bid to buy out the rest of the operation, or at least the former parent company. For a time it was considered the front runner in the bid, and numerous reports, all false, surfaced during the 1994-1995 time frame that Commodore UK had made the purchase. Commodore UK stayed in business by selling old inventory and making computer speakers and some other types of computer peripherals. However, Commodore UK lost its financial backing after several larger companies, including Gateway Computers and Dell Inc., became interested, primarily for Commodore's 47 patents relating to the Amiga. Ultimately, the successful bidder was German PC conglomerate Escom, and Commodore UK was absorbed into Escom in mid-1995. 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gateway, Inc. ... Dell, Inc. ... ESCOM, actually Eickmeyer Schmitt Computer Society Ltd. ... 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Escom paid US$14 million for Commodore International, primarily for the Commodore brand name. It separated the Commodore and Amiga operations into separate divisions and quickly started using the brand name on a line of PCs sold in Europe. However, it quickly started losing money, went bankrupt on July 15, 1996, and was liquidated. World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1996 is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...

In September 1997, the Commodore brand name was acquired by Dutch computer maker Tulip Computers NV. It was little more than the answer to a trivia question until July 11, 2003, when Tulip announced it would re-launch the Commodore name, including new Commodore 64-related products, and threatened legal action against commercial web sites that used the computer's name without a license. On 18 June 2004, Tulip introduced the website CommodoreWorld.com (see external links, below), run by its new daughter company Commodore International BV. 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Reef. ... Tulip Computers NV is a Dutch computer manufacturer that manufactures PC clones. ... July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Commodore brand name resurfaced in late 2003 on an inexpensive portable MP3 player made in China by Tai Guen Enterprise, sold mostly in Europe. However, the device's connection to Tulip, the legal owners of the name, is unclear. 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. ... MP3 is a popular digital audio encoding and lossy compression format. ... World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ...

In July of 2004 Tulip announced a new series of products using the Commodore name; fPET a Flash based USB Key drive, mPET a Flash based MP3 Player and digital recorder, the eVIC a 20 GB music player, and the C64 DTV a game device based on the Commodore 64. On November 26, 2004 the C64 DTV went on sale in the US through QVC. 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 26 is the 330th day (331st on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In late 2004 Tulip sold the Commodore name to Yeahronimo Media Ventures for €22 million [1] (http://www.theregister.com/2004/12/29/tulip_sells_commodore/). The sale was completed in March 2005 after months of negotiations. 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Commodore Semiconductor Group (formerly MOS Technology, Inc.) was bought by its former management and in 1995, resumed operations under the name GMT Microelectronics, utilizing a troubled facility in Norristown, Pennsylvania that Commodore had closed in 1992. By 1999 it had $21 million in revenues and 183 employees. However, in 2001 the Environmental Protection Agency shut the plant down. GMT ceased operations and was liquidated. 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Norristown is a borough located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, USA. As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 31,282. ... 1992 is a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... EPA redirects here. ...

Ownership of the Amiga line passed through several owners, from Escom of Germany in 1995, and then to U.S. PC clone maker Gateway in 1997, before being licensed to Amiga, Inc., a company founded by former Gateway employees Bill McEwen and Fleecy Moss in 2000. 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gateway, Inc. ... 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Reef. ... 2000 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Product line

Computers, 8-bit

The PET (Personal Electronic Transactor) was a home-/personal computer produced by Commodore starting in the late 1970s. ... The Commodore CBM-II series was a short-lived series of personal computers from Commodore International, intended as a follow-on to the Commodore PET series, released in 1982. ... VIC-20 with accessories. ... Close-up of C64 Commodore 64 (C64, CBM 64) was a popular home computer of the 1980s. ... The Commodore SX-64, also known as the Executive 64, was a portable, briefcase/suitcase-size luggable version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer and holds the distinction of being the first full-color portable computer. ... A Portable computer is a computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another (in other words, it is a computer that is portable). ... The Commodore 65 (also known as the C64DX) was a prototype computer created by Fred Bowen and others at Commodore Business Machines in 1990-1991. ... The Commodore 16 was a home computer made by Commodore with a 6502-compatible 7501 CPU, released in 1984. ... The Commodore Plus/4 was a home computer released by Commodore International in 1984 and intended to replace the Commodore 64 as its flagship computer. ... LCD redirects here. ... Laptop with touchpad. ... The Commodore 128 is a home/personal computer, also known as the C128. ...

Computers, 16/32-bit

The Commodore 900 (also known as the Z-8000) was a prototype computer intended for business computing created by Commodore in 1985. ... Amiga is the name of a range of home/personal computers using the Motorola 68000 processor family, whose development started in 1982. ... One of the first PCs from IBM - the IBM PC model 5150. ...

Peripherals

Operating a mechanical 1: Pulling the mouse turns the ball. ... GEOS (Graphic Environment Operating System) was an operating system from Berkeley Softworks (later Geoworks). ... The 1530/C2N Datassette (a portmanteau of data + cassette), was Commodores dedicated computer tape recorder. ... For the meaning of cassette in genetics, see cassette (genetics). ... The Commodore 1531 was Commodores computer cassette recorder for its C16 and Plus/4 computers. ... The Commodore 1540 (also known as the VIC-1540) was the companion floppy disk drive for the Commodore VIC-20 home computer. ... A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a circular piece of thin, flexible (i. ... The Commodore 1541 (originally called VIC-1541) was the best-known floppy disk drive for the Commodore 64 home computer. ... The Commodore 1551 was a floppy disk drive for the Commodore Plus/4 home computer. ... Commodore 1570 external floppy drive The Commodore 1570 was a 5¼ floppy disk drive for the Commodore 128 home/personal computer. ... The Commodore 1571 was arguably Commodores finest 5¼ floppy disk drive, having the ability to use double-sided disks without the need to remove them and turn them over (flippy disk) as in the previous Commodore drives on which it was based (Commodore 1541, 1570). ... The Commodore 1581 is a 3½ inch double sided double density floppy disk drive made primarily for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 home/personal computers. ... Composite video is the format of an analog television signal before it is modulated onto an RF carrier. ... S-Video (also known as Y/C) is a baseband analog video format offering a higher quality signal than composite video, but a lower quality than RGB and component video. ... Commodores RAM Expansion Unit (REU) range of external RAM add-ons for their home computers was announced at the same time as the Commodore 128. ... The RGB color model utilizes the additive model in which red, green, and blue light are combined in various ways to create other colors. ... The Hewlett-Packard Instrument Bus (HP-IB), is a short-range digital communications cable standard developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP) in the 1970s for connecting electronic test and measurement devices (e. ...

External links

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