NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Common Fisheries Policy

The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is the fisheries policy of the European Union. It sets quotas for which member states are allowed to catch what amounts of each type of fish, as well as encouraging the fishing industry by various market interventions. In 2004 it had a budget of €931 million, approximately 0.75% of the EU budget. A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Fish_sorting. ... Individual fishing quotas (popularly abbreviated to IFQ) are a means by which many governments have tried to regulate fishing. ... In fisheries science, by-catch refers to species caught in a fishery intended to target another species, as well as reproductively-immature juveniles of the target species. ... Cetacean bycatch is the technical term for the incidental capture of non-target cetacean species by fisheries. ... Sea areas in international rights Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. ... Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS), in the context of fisheries, is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as a broadening of traditional enforcing national rules over fishing, to the support of the hroader problem of fisheries management[1]. Internationally, the basis of law for... For the computer security term, see Phishing. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Sea areas in international rights Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. ... A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ... EU redirects here. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... The European Union (EU) has an independent parliament and civil service which is distinct from those of the 25 member states. ...

The Policy has been criticised both by scientists concerned with dwindling fish stocks, and by fishermen, who say it is threatening their livelihoods.

If ratified, the proposed European Constitution will formally enshrine fisheries policy as one of the handful of 'exclusive competences' reserved for the European Union. This would formally place fisheries policy outside the jurisdiction of individual nation states, although decisions would still be made primarily by the council of ministers, as is the case now. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe The constitutional treaty as signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the EU member states The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE), commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an unimplemented...

The common fisheries policy was created to manage fish stocks for the European Union as a whole. Article 38 of the 1957 Treaty of Rome which created the European Communities (now European Union) stated that there should be a common policy for fisheries. The Treaty of Rome signing ceremony Signatures in the Treaty The Treaty of Rome, signed by France, West Germany, Italy and Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) on March 25, 1957, established the European Economic Community (EEC). ... The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. ...

Importance of fishing

Fishing is a relatively unimportant economic activity within the EU. It contributes generally less than 1% to gross national product, but employs 260,000 fishermen catching 8 million tonnes of fish in 1995. In the same year 1.6 million tonnes of fish were exported, while 4.3 million tonnes were imported. The EU fleet has 97,000 vessels of varying sizes. Fish farming produced a further 1 million tonnes of fish and shellfish and employed another 85,000 people. The shortfall between fish catches and demand varies, but there is an EU trade deficit in processed fish products of € 3 billion.

Fishing represents no more than 10% of local employment in any region of the EU, but it is often in areas where other employment opportunities are limited. For this reason, community funds have been made available to fishing as a means of encouraging regional development. Image File history File links Fisheryexpenditure2004. ...

The market for fish and fish products has changed in recent years. Supermarkets are now the main buyers of fish and expect steady supplies. Fresh fish sales have fallen, but demand for processed fish and prepared meals has grown. Despite this, employment in fish processing has been falling, with 60% of fish consumed in the EU coming from outside. This is partly due to improvements in the ability to transport fresh fish internationally. Competitiveness of the EU fishing industry has been affected by overcapacity and shortages of fish to catch. Egyptians bringing in fish, and splitting for salting In fishing industry, fish processing or fish products industry refers to processing fish delivered by fisheries, which are the supplier of the fish products industry. ...

Aquaculture

Fish farming is the fastest growing area of world food production. In 1995 it produced 1/3 in value of world production of fish and shellfish. Main species in the EU are trout, salmon, mussels and oysters, but interest has been shown in sea bass, sea bream and turbot. Community support began in 1971 for inland fish farming, but was extended to other areas in the late 1970s. EU support covers similar areas to other land installations, but with additional concerns of technical and environmental problems caused by introducing major fish concentrations where farms are built. The industry suffers problems due to fluctuating demand for farmed fish.

Mechanisms of the CFP

The CFP currently has four components: Elections in the European Union gives information on election and election results in the European Union. ... Elections to the European Parliament were held from June 10, 2004 to June 13, 2004 in the 25 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according to local custom. ... In early 2007, Bulgaria and Romania will elect their members of the European Parliament for the first time. ... Elections to the European Parliament will be held in June 2006 in the thenâ€“27 member states of the European Union, using varying election days according to local custom. ... European Parliament electoral system is proportional representation. ... The European political party, or formally political party at European level, is a type of political party organization in the European Union, eligible to receive funding from the Union. ... // Origins of the EU History of the European Union European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Euratom Single market. ... Austria Poland Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Rep. ... The European Union (EU) was created by six founding states in 1957 (following the earlier establishment by the same six states of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952) and has grown to 27 member states. ... Foreign relations of the European Union Foreign relations of Austria Foreign relations of Belgium Foreign relations of Cyprus Foreign relations of the Czech Republic Foreign relations of Denmark Foreign relations of Estonia Foreign relations of Finland Foreign relations of France Foreign relations of Germany Foreign relations of Greece Foreign relations... The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU). ... For the concept in general, see economic and monetary union. ... There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union. ... The agencies of the European Union (or decentralised bodies of the European Union) are bodies which are distinct from the European Unions institutions, in that they have not been created by the treaties but rather by acts of secondary legislation, in order to accomplish a very specific task. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ...

Total allowable catch

The CFP sets quotas for how much of each species can be caught. Each country is given a quota based upon the total available and their traditional share of the catch (Total Allowable Catch, TAC). This has been a source of contention amongst states who joined the EU after the system had been set up and so did not have a historical catch share.

TACs are fixed annually by the council of ministers in December. They consider proposals drawn up by the European commission in consultation with its own scientific advisers (Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee of Fisheries STECF), the views of non EU fishing nations and those of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Each member state is responsible for policing its own quotas. Different countries distribute the available stock using different systems.

Fishing controls

Each vessel is allocated an individual quota for regulated species. Catches and landings must be recorded. Regulations are made about the kind of fishing gear which may be used. Areas may be closed from fishing to allow stocks to recover.

There is a minimum size for fish which may be landed. This led to a practice of simply dumping dead fish which were too small to be landed legally, so a minimum mesh size was introduced. allowing small fish to escape and replenish stocks. Choice of mesh is complicated because mature fish of different species are naturally different sizes and different nets must be used.

Structural policy and onshore fishing industry

In 1977 an aid programe was introduced to improve the fish processing industries. This includes such things as fish filleting, salting, drying, smoking, cooking, freezing and canning. It was intended to indirectly assist the catching industry. There has been an attempt to introduce new technologies to the sector, improve hygiene conditions, and also fund conversions of fish processing factories to other uses.

Each country is given a target for the size of their fleet. Funding is available to assist modernization of boats and installations, but also to buy out fishermen to reduce the fleet size. Money is available for advertising campaigns to encourage consumption of fish species which are not over fished, or are unfamiliar with the public. Also, grants are available to assist the industry in improving product quality and managing quotas.

Producers organisations

There are now more than 160 producers organizations (PO) in the EU. These are voluntary organizations set up by fishermen or fish farmers to assist in selling their product. Their members must include a minimum percentage of vessels in that sector, not discriminate in terms of nationality or location of their members within the EU, and must comply with other EU regulations. Organisations are required to develop plans to adjust fish catches to market demand. They may require non-members fishing in the same areas to follow the same restrictions as members. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x681, 96 KB) A trawler leaving the port of Ullapool, north-west Scotland. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x681, 96 KB) A trawler leaving the port of Ullapool, north-west Scotland. ...

They are empowered to take produce out of the market if prices fall below levels set by the council of ministers and receive compensation from the community. Levels of compensation are set such that price falls as the amount of fish involved increases. Fish stocks may be stored and later returned to the market, or sold for animal feeds. Buying up of stocks must only be to cover occasional surpluses.

Tuna fishermen have a scheme where surplus stock is not bought up, but fishermen receive direct compensation if their income falls.

International relations

Fishing rights to fisheries outside the EU were lost when international boundaries were expanded in 1976. The EU has negotiated agreements to recover some of these fishing grounds in return for alternative trading rights with the EU. External trade is now affected by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), regulated by the World Trade Organisation (WTO).

African fisheries communities

The EU has affected the livelihood of many African fisheries communities. By negotiating the so-called 'third country agreements' with some African governments, the EU is (in some cases literally) pushing African fishermen out of the market. It is one downside to such EU policies and illustrates that improvements are necessary in the EU for dealing with third countries.

Areas of cooperation

Responsibility for fisheries in the Baltic sea is shared with the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBFC), to which the EU belongs.

Most Mediterranean fishing is confined to a 12 mile (22 km) strip considered territorial waters. The EU belongs to the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) and the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna, which also makes recommendations for Mediterranean tuna. In 1994 conservation regulations were introduced banning certain fishing methods. In 1997 targets were set for tuna catches..

Compliance

Enforcement is the responsibility of member states, but there is a community level inspection service to ensure that member states enforce the rules within their own country. Member states are also under an obligation to ensure that their vessels observe EU agreements when operating outside the EU. The regulations are also intended to harmonise penalties for breaking the regulations in different countries.

Enforcement involves managing quotas and implementing technical measures to preserve fish stocks. Inspectors may check fishing gear and inspect the register of fish caught. The type of fish caught will be checked and compared to quotas of total permitted catch for a vessel. Checks may be made in port or at sea, and using aerial photography.

Inspectors may also check fish processing factories to ensure that all fish is documented and can be traced to its source. EU inspectors check that hygiene and processing regulations in any country exporting to the EU are satisfactory and of an equal standard to controls within the EU.

Compliance also involves checking that the Multi-annual Guidance programmes (MAGPs) for the size of national fleets are observed.

Funding provision

Fishing was initially funded under the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF). In 1993 a separate fund was established (FIFG), the Financial Instrument for Fisheries. From 1994 to 1999 the budget for FIFG totaled 700 million ECU. Any grant from FIFG must be accompanied by a minimum contribution from the national government. A grant to business must include a proportionate contribution from the business itself. Different rates of aid are applied to different regions.

Fishing and the environment

Fishing most directly affects the stocks of target fish and shellfish. However fishing also disturbs other marine life including birds, marine mammals, turtles. Bottom living plants and creatures may be damaged by dragged nets. Conservation (or otherwise) of a particular stock affects the animals which feed upon it. Aquaculture can produce high levels of pollution near the site and may risk introducing diseases to wild stock.

Fish stocks may be affected by other human activity, such as general marine pollution running off land, oil spills from vessels, tourism and recreational activity, industrial activity such as marine quarrying or oil production. Seals and birds may take significant numbers of fish in certain areas.

In 1997 North Sea states and EU representatives agreed a joint approach to identifying risks to the marine environment. A precautionary approach was adopted to seek to prevent pollution before damage was caused to the environment. Studies are being undertaken to monitor stocks of all fish, not just those which are commercially important.

From 2007 to 2013, the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) will provide approximately 3.8 billion Euro to the European fishing sector. The adoption of the EFF was not uncontested, in particular by environmental groups, as it includes the possibility to fund vessel modernisation and other measures, which might increase pressure on already overfished stocks.

History

1970

The first rules were created in 1970. When the fisheries policy was originally set up the intention was to create a free trade area in fish and fish products with common rules. It was agreed that fishermen from any state should have access to all waters. An exception was made for the coastal strip which was reserved for local fishermen who had traditionally fished those areas. A policy was created to assist modernization of fishing vessels and on-shore installations.

1976

In 1976 The EU extended its fishing waters from 12 miles to 200 miles (22.2 km to 370.4 km) from the coast, in line with other international changes. This required additional controls and the CFP as such was created in 1983. This now had four areas of activity: Conservation of stocks, vessels and installations, market controls, and external agreements with other nations.

1992 review

It was determined that there had been overinvestment in vessels, overfishing and that numbers of fish landed were decreasing. The review identified a need to improve compliance with the regulations. This led to a tightening of regulations and better monitoring of individual vessels. A second review was planned for 2002

1995

Although fishing could be managed by reducing the fleet size, available fish vary from year to year too much to make this sensible. So a permit system was introduced stating where and when boats are allowed to fish. Scientific studies were commissioned to better determine available stocks and guide allocation of permits.

See also

Joe Borg Barroso Commission, 2004 to 2009 European Commissioner for Fisheries & Maritime Affairs is a member of the European Commission responsible for policies such as the Common Fisheries Policy, which is largely a competance of the European Union rather than the members. ... The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a system of European Union agricultural subsidies and programmes. ... The European Union (EU) has an independent parliament and civil service which is distinct from those of the 27 member states. ...

References

External links

Salmon for sale at a marketplace The Fishing industry is the commercial activity of fishing and producing fish and other seafood products. ... Salmon for sale at a marketplace The Fishing industry is the commercial activity of fishing and producing fish and other seafood products. ... A Long Island fisherman cleans his nets A fisherman is someone who gathers fish, shellfish, or other animals from a body of water. ... For fishing by dragging a baited line after a boat, see troll (angling). ... The Celtic Explorer, a research vessel engaged in bottom trawling Bottom trawling (known in the scientific community as Benthic trawling) is a fishing method which involves towing trawl nets along the sea floor, as opposed to pelagic trawling, where a net is towed higher in the water column. ... // Trawling Double-rigged shrimp trawler hauling in the nets Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats. ... For other meanings of longline, see longline. ... The desktop where the word processor and the spreadsheets are running. ... Fishing with a cast net. ... Oil painting of gillnetting, The salmon fisher by Eilif Peterssen. ... Drift nets are nets used in oceans. ... A drifter is a type of fishing boat. ... Fishermen catching salmon on the Columbia River using a seine. ... Kochi fishing net Cheena vala (Chinese fishing net), Kochi Raising the net The Chinese fishing nets (Cheena vala) of Kochi (formerly known as Cochin), a city in Kerala, south India are fixed land installations for an unusual form of fishing. ... Small glass float from southern tip of Taiwan Glass floats, glass fishing floats, or Japanese glass fishing floats are popular collectorsâ€™ items. ... Ghost nets are fishing nets that have been lost by fishermen. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Fishing. ... Fishing Weir- a piece of early technology used by North American Natives and early settlers to catch fish for trade and to feed their communities. ... A turtle excluder device. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... Food chains, food webs and/or food networks describe the feeding relationships between species to another within an ecosystem. ... Genera Amazonsprattus Anchoa Anchovia Anchoviella Cetengraulis Coilia Encrasicholina Engraulis Jurengraulis Lycengraulis Lycothrissa Papuengraulis Pterengraulis Setipinna Stolephorus Thryssa The anchovies are a family (Engraulidae) of small, common salt-water fish. ... Genera Abramis Aristichthys Barbodes Carassius Cirrhinus Ctenopharyngodon Cyprinus Epalzeorhynchos Henicorhynchus Hypophthalmichthys Labeo Mylopharyngodon and others Carp is a common name for various freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fishes originally from Eurasia and southeast Asia. ... This article is about the siluriform catfishes; for the Atlantic catfish, see Seawolf (fish); for other uses, see Catfish (disambiguation). ... COD may refer to many different topics, including: Cash on delivery Completion of discharge, shipping College of DuPage, a public Junior College with campuses in the suburbs of Chicago Call of Duty (series), a series of computer games Canadian Oxford Dictionary Carrier onboard delivery Catastrophic optical damage, a failure mode... Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 The Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, is a well-known food fish belonging to the family Gadidae. ... For other uses, see Eel (disambiguation). ... Flounder or flukes are flatfish that live in ocean waters ie. ... For other uses, see Haddock (disambiguation). ... This article is about the flatfish species; for the United States Navy ships named Halibut see USS Halibut. ... Species Clupea alba Clupea bentincki Clupea caspiopontica Clupea chrysotaenia Clupea elongata Clupea halec Clupea harengus Clupea inermis Clupea leachii Clupea lineolata Clupea minima Clupea mirabilis Clupea pallasii Clupea sardinacaroli Clupea sulcata Herrings are small, oily fish of the genus Clupea found in the shallow, temperate waters of the North Atlantic... Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively, from the family Scombridae. ... Binomial name Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 The Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), also known as dolphin fish or dorado, are a species of surface-dwelling fish found in tropical and subtropical waters. ... Genera Agonostomus Aldrichetta Cestraeus Cahaenomugil Chelon Crenimugil Joturus Liza Moolgarda Mugil Myxus Neomyxus Oedalechilus Rhinomugil Sicamugil Valaomugil Xenomugil The mullets are a family (Mugilidae) of ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and in some species in fresh water also. ... Binomial name Hoplostethus atlanticus Collett, 1889 The orange roughy, red roughy, or deep sea perch[2][3] Hoplostethus atlanticus, is a relatively large deep-sea fish belonging to the slimehead family (Trachichthyidae). ... For other uses, see Salmon (disambiguation). ... Sardines in the Pacific An open Sardines can Sardines on a plate grilled Sardines For the hide and seek-like game, see Hide and seek. ... For other uses, see Tuna (disambiguation). ... Whitefish (white fish, demersal fish) is a fisheries term referring to several species of oceanic deep water finfish, particularly cod (Gadus morhua), whiting (Merluccius bilinearis), and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), but also hake (Urophycis), pollock (Pollachius), or others. ... Fish served with vegetables and herbs. ... Seafood Watch is a program designed to raise consumer awareness about the importance of buying seafood from sustainable sources. ... Shark fin soup (or sharks fin soup) is a Cantonese cuisine delicacy commonly served as part of a Chinese feast, usually at special occasions such as weddings and banquets as a symbol of wealth and prestige. ... Species Many, see species section. ... A woman holding a red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) Alaskan king crab fishing is carried out during the winter months in the waters off the coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. ... For other uses, see Crab (disambiguation). ... Clam digging is a common means by which to harvest clams from below the surface of the tidal mud flats where they live. ... A freshwater prawn farm is an aquaculture business designed to raise and produce freshwater prawn or shrimp1 for human consumption. ... Krill fishery is the commercial fishery of krill, small shrimp-like marine animals that live in the oceans world-wide. ... A traditional Maine lobster boat, used to haul and maintain the lobster traps. ... A lobster trap (British English: lobster pot) is an effective way for fishermen to catch many lobsters at once when lobster fishing. ... Subclasses Pteriomorpha (marine mussels) Palaeoheterodonta (freshwater mussels) Heterodonta (zebra mussels) The common name mussel is used for members of several different families of clams or bivalve molluscs, from both saltwater and freshwater habitats. ... For other uses, see Oyster (disambiguation). ... Genera See text. ... Pandalus borealis is a popular food source. ... Shrimp growout pond on a farm in South Korea. ... For other uses, see Squid (disambiguation). ... Trepanging is the collection or harvesting of sea cucumbers, also called trepang. One who does this activity is called a trepanger. ... A fish aggregating (or aggregation) device (FAD) is a man-made object used to attract ocean going pelagic fish such as marlin, tuna and mahi-mahi (dolphin fish). ... A fishing light attractor is an underwater light that can be used to attract fish of many species, including baitfish, and larger fish. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... ... Genera Nannopterum Phalacrocorax Leucocarbo The Phalacrocoracidae family of birds is represented by about thirty species of cormorants and shags. ... Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River ) has played a vital role in the history of Gifu City, Gifu, Japan. ... Portuguese Water Dogs are a dog breed bred by the Portuguese at least 500 years ago to help with fishing. ... Pearl diver in Japan Pearl hunting or pearl diving refers to a now largely obsolete method of retrieving pearls from oysters and, on rare occasions, other nacre-producing creatures, such as abalone. ... Ice fishing in the Finnish Miljoonapilkki fishing competition. ... Cyanide fishing is an illegal form of fishing common in South East Asia, which usually uses the chemical compound sodium cyanide - a close relation of potassium cyanide. ... Blast fishing or dynamite fishing describes the practice of using dynamite, homemade bombs or other explosives to stun or kill schools of fish for easy collection. ... A Flosser is an angler who uses the method of flossing to catch fish mainly from the Salmon species. ... A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ... Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef, in this case the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. ... The National Fish Hatchery System was established by the U.S. Congress in 1871 through the creation of a U.S. Commissioner for Fish and Fisheries. ... Individual fishing quotas (popularly abbreviated to IFQ) are a means by which many governments have tried to regulate fishing. ... Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS), in the context of fisheries, is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as a broadening of traditional enforcing national rules over fishing, to the support of the hroader problem of fisheries management[1]. Internationally, the basis of law for... Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) are used in commercial fishing to allow environmental and fisheries regulatory organizations to monitor, minimally, the position, time at a position, and course and speed of fishing vessels. ... In fisheries science, by-catch refers to species caught in a fishery intended to target another species, as well as reproductively-immature juveniles of the target species. ... Cetacean bycatch is the technical term for the incidental capture of non-target cetacean species by fisheries. ... Sea areas in international rights Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. ... The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of precautionary and limit reference points for spawning biomass and fishing mortality rate. ... The sustainable yield of natural capital is the ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, i. ... Unsustainable fishing methods are ways of catching wild fish that are not considered sustainable in the long term. ... The Tragedy of the Commons is a type of social trap, often economic, that involves a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good. ... Egyptians bringing in fish, and splitting for salting In fishing industry, fish processing or fish products industry refers to processing fish delivered by fisheries, which are the supplier of the fish products industry. ... A mother ship is a vessel or aircraft that carries a smaller vessel or aircraft that operates independently from it. ... Slurry ice with propylene glycol as depressant viewed through a Microscope . ... Stockfish is air-dried cod. ... This article is about the structures used for drying cod; for the flaked foods given to aquarium fish, see fish food. ... Spaghetti with seafood (Spaghetti allo scoglio). ... Fish served with vegetables and herbs. ... This is a list of fish that are considered as suited for human consumption. ... Fish Meal - Menhaden, Herring, Anchovy, Redfish, and Whitefish meal Menhaden is the major source of fish meal produced in the U.S. The fish are taken in Atlantic coastal waters from Maine to Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico. ... Fish emulsion is a fertilizer emulsion that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Retail fish market: Chinatown, Sydney. ... Situated now in East London, Billingsgate Fish Market is the United Kingdoms largest inland fish market. ... The Busan Cooperative Fish Market, or BCFM, is the largest fish market in South Korea. ... The Fish Church in Gothenburg FeskekÃ´rka (The Fish Church) is an indoor fish market in Gothenburg, Sweden, which got its name from the buildings resemblance to a Gothic church. ... The Markets Interior The Fulton Fish Market is a fish market in New York, United States. ... Fresh seafood laid out on one of several floating barge vendors. ... Russ & Daughters is a well known fish market opened in 1914. ... The annual Scania Market for herring was a major event in the Hanseatic world around the Baltic Sea, and the cornerstone of the Hanseatic Leagues wealth. ... Sydney Fish Market The Sydney Fish Market is a commercial enterprise in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... Tsukiji as seen from Shiodome End of the fresh tuna auction at Tsukiji. ... Members of the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission The Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (GSMFC) is an interstate compact among the five U.S. states that border the Gulf of Mexico: Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. ... The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent non-profit organization that aims to promote sustainable fishery practices. ... The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent non-profit organization that aims to promote sustainable fishery practices. ... Scottish fishing boats moored in Fraserburgh. ... Aerial view of the museum complex, with the twin masted Reaper seen moored in the harbour to the left. ... The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) is an autonomous intergovernmental body established as a regional treaty organization in 1967 to promote fisheries development in Southeast Asia. ... The Agulhas Bank is known as the best fishing ground in South Africa. ... Location of the Dogger Bank Dogger Bank (from dogge, an old Dutch word for fishing boat) is a large sandbank in a shallow area of the North Sea about 100 km off the coast of the United Kingdom. ... Map showing the Flemish Cap at far right The Flemish Cap is an area of shallow waters in the north Atlantic Ocean centered roughly at 47Â° north, 45Â° west or about 350 miles (560 km) east of St. ... Georges Bank is a large elevated area of the sea floor which separates the Gulf of Maine from the Atlantic Ocean and is situated between Cape Cod, Massachusetts and Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia. ... A fishing vessel is any ship used to catch fish on seas, lakes or rivers. ... A fishing fleet is an aggregate of commercial fishing vessels. ... The F/V Andrea Gail was a commercial fishing vessel which was lost at sea during the so-called Perfect Storm of 1991. ... The F/V Cornelia Marie is one of the commercial fishing boats featured on the Discovery Channel series Deadliest Catch. ... Kolis are a caste or tribe of Western India, of uncertain origin. ... Mogaveeras are the major fishing community in coastal Karnataka, India. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Sheringham from the mound Sheringham is a seaside town (population 7143[1]) in Norfolk, England, west of Cromer. ... Eyemouth Harbour. ... Fishing boats in Gilleleje harbor Gilleleje is the main city of the GrÃ¦sted-Gilleleje municipality in Denmark. ... The fundamental meaning of un chasse-marÃ©e was a wholesale fishmonger, originally on the Channel coast of France and later, on the Atlantic coast as well. ... The Cod Wars (also called the Iceland Cod Wars) were a series of confrontations between the United Kingdom and Iceland over Icelands claims of authority over tracts of ocean off their coastline as being their exclusive fishery zone. ... The Oyster Injustice of 1834-1835 was the result of an unusually poor oyster season in the Chesapeake Bay fishery and President Andrew Jacksons withdrawing of federal funding from the national bank. ... The Escuminac Hurricane (or Escuminac Disaster) is the name given for a rare June hurricane which struck Canadas Gulf of St. ... Crew of the Ariel Gazelle, which survived the storm The Eyemouth Disaster was a severe European windstorm that struck the southern coast of Scotland, specifically Berwickshire, on October 14, 1881. ... The Morecambe Bay cockling disaster occurred on the evening of the 5 February 2004 in North West England, United Kingdom when at least 21 cockle pickers were drowned by the incoming tide off the coast of Lancashire/ Cumbria in Morecambe Bay. ... The Scottish east coast fishery has been in existence for more than a thousand years, spanning the Viking period right up to the present day. ... The Stotfield fishing disaster was the first of several fishing disasters of the 19th century on the east coast of Scotland. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Fishing from a Pier Fishing is both the recreation and sport of catching fish (for food or as a trophy), and the commercial fishing industry of catching or harvesting seafood (either fish or other aquatic life-forms, such as shellfish). ... Salmon for sale at a marketplace The Fishing industry is the commercial activity of fishing and producing fish and other seafood products. ... The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch. ... Subsistence fishing in Bangladesh. ... A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ... Subsistence fishing in Bangladesh. ... A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ... Workers harvest catfish from the Delta Pride Catfish farms in Mississippi Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms. ... A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ... Workers harvest catfish from the Delta Pride Catfish farms in Mississippi Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms. ... Mariculture is the cultivation of marine organisms for food, either in their natural environment or in seawater in ponds or raceways. ... An open pond Spirulina farm Algaculture is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae. ... Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef, in this case the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. ... For other meanings, see Estuary (disambiguation) RÃo de la Plata estuary An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. ... A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the waters surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. ... For the programming language, see algae (programming language). ... A demonstration aquaculture facility Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture. ... Fish stocks are subpopulations of a particular species of fish, for which intrinsic parameters (growth, recruitment, mortality and fishing mortality) are the only significant factors in determining population dynamics, while extrinsic factors (immigration and emigration) are considered to be insignificant. ... In aquaculture, the broodstock is a group of sexually mature individuals of a cultured species that is kept separate for breeding purposes. ... A freshwater prawn farm is an aquaculture business designed to raise and produce freshwater prawn or shrimp1 for human consumption. ... Krill fishery is the commercial fishery of krill, small shrimp-like marine animals that live in the oceans world-wide. ... Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, a number of tilapiine cichlids are at the focus of major aquaculture efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia colloquially known as tilapias. ... A hatchery is a facility where eggs are hatched under artifical conditions, especially those of fish or poultry. ... The U.S. Farm-Raised Catfish Industry began in the early 1960s in Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas. ... Tailwater refers to a type of trout fishery. ... Hirudiculture is the culture, or farming, of leeches in both natural and artificial environments. ... Harvesting of kelp (Saccharina latissima, previously known as Laminaria saccharina) cultivated in proximity to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at Charlie Cove, Bay of Fundy, Canada. ... Sea louse is the designation of ectoparasitic copepods Lepeoptheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus both parasitic on salmonids ... The National Fish Hatchery System was established by the U.S. Congress in 1871 through the creation of a U.S. Commissioner for Fish and Fisheries. ... Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHHN) is a viral disease of penaeid shrimp that causes mass mortality (up to 90%) among the Western Blue Shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) and severe deformations in the Pacific White Shrimp (). It occurs in Pacific farmed and wild shrimp, but not in wild shrimp on the... The Yellowhead disease (YHD) is a viral infection of shrimp, in particular of the Giant Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon), one of the two major species of farmed shrimp. ... White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral infection of penaeid shrimp. ... Taura syndrome is one of the more devastating diseases affecting the shrimp farming industry worldwide. ... Fisheries management is today often referred to as a governmental system of management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to implement the rules, which is put in place by a system of monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS). ... Fisheries management is today often referred to as a governmental system of management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to implement the rules, which is put in place by a system of monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS). ... The WorldFish Center (originally International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management or ICLARM) is an international research center specializing in fisheries and related aquatic resources. ... A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ... A fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing. ... An estuary mouth and coastal waters, part of an aquatic ecosystem. ... A water column is a conceptual column of water from surface to bottom sediments. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Scale diagram of the layers of the pelagic zone. ... In the deep ocean, marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. ... Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water. ... A gyre is any manner of swirling vortex. ... Food chains, food webs and/or food networks describe the feeding relationships between species to another within an ecosystem. ... Population ecology is a major subfield of ecologyâ€”one that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. ... Population dynamics is the study of marginal and long-term changes in the numbers, individual weights and age composition of individuals in one or several populations, and biological and environmental processes influencing those changes. ... Often referred to by the acronym VPA, is a modelling technique commonly used in fisheries science for reconstructing historical fish numbers at age using information on death of individuals each year. ... Trophic cascades occur when predators in a food chain suppress the abundance of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation (or herbivory if the intermediate trophic level is an herbivore). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Population dynamics. ... Functional ecology is the branch of ecology that focuses on the roles, or functions, that species play in the community or ecosystem in which they occur. ... Various species of reef fish in the Hawaiian Islands. ... Thermohaline circulation Oceanographic frontal systems on the southern hemisphere Oceanography (from the greek words Î©ÎºÎµÎ±Î½ÏŒÏ‚ meaning Ocean and Î³ÏÎ¬Ï†Ï‰ meaning to write), also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth Sciences that studies the Earths oceans and seas. ... The Sea Around Us Project is devoted to studying the impact of fisheries on the worlds marine ecosystems. ... Earthtrust is a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to wildlife protection. ... The FRV Scotia Fisheries Research Services (FRS) is an Executive Agency of the Scottish Executive, part of the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department. ... The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) was established in 1902 by eight northern European nations. ... The National Fisheries Research and Development Institute or NFRDI, is a scientific body operated by the South Korean government, under the authority of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. ... The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) was established in 1902 by eight northern European nations. ... The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science(CEFAS) is an executive agency of the United Kingdom government department the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). ... Subsistence fishing in Bangladesh. ... Subsistence fishing in Bangladesh. ... An estuary mouth and coastal waters, part of an aquatic ecosystem. ... Various species of reef fish in the Hawaiian Islands. ... The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo. ... The historic Blue Marble photograph, which helped bring environmentalism to the public eye. ... The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of precautionary and limit reference points for spawning biomass and fishing mortality rate. ... The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of precautionary and limit reference points for spawning biomass and fishing mortality rate. ... The Tragedy of the Commons is a type of social trap, often economic, that involves a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good. ... Seafood Watch is a program designed to raise consumer awareness about the importance of buying seafood from sustainable sources. ... Sustainable seafood is seafood from either fished or farmed sources that can maintain or increase production in the future without jeopardizing the ecosystems from which it was acquired. ... Unsustainable fishing methods are ways of catching wild fish that are not considered sustainable in the long term. ... Unsustainable fishing methods are ways of catching wild fish that are not considered sustainable in the long term. ... A fish aggregating (or aggregation) device (FAD) is a man-made object used to attract ocean going pelagic fish such as marlin, tuna and mahi-mahi (dolphin fish). ... A fishing light attractor is an underwater light that can be used to attract fish of many species, including baitfish, and larger fish. ... Cyanide fishing is an illegal form of fishing common in South East Asia, which usually uses the chemical compound sodium cyanide - a close relation of potassium cyanide. ... Blast fishing or dynamite fishing describes the practice of using dynamite, homemade bombs or other explosives to stun or kill schools of fish for easy collection. ... A Flosser is an angler who uses the method of flossing to catch fish mainly from the Salmon species. ... Drift nets are nets used in oceans. ... Ghost nets are fishing nets that have been lost by fishermen. ... The Celtic Explorer, a research vessel engaged in bottom trawling Bottom trawling (known in the scientific community as Benthic trawling) is a fishing method which involves towing trawl nets along the sea floor, as opposed to pelagic trawling, where a net is towed higher in the water column. ... A piscicide is a substance which is poisonous to fish. ... ... A fishing fleet is an aggregate of commercial fishing vessels. ... A fishing fleet is an aggregate of commercial fishing vessels. ... EconMult is a general fleet model to be used in fisheries modelling. ... EconSimp is a bioeconomic management model of the Barents Sea fisheries. ... Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS), in the context of fisheries, is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as a broadening of traditional enforcing national rules over fishing, to the support of the hroader problem of fisheries management[1]. Internationally, the basis of law for... Individual fishing quotas (popularly abbreviated to IFQ) are a means by which many governments have tried to regulate fishing. ... Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS), in the context of fisheries, is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations as a broadening of traditional enforcing national rules over fishing, to the support of the hroader problem of fisheries management[1]. Internationally, the basis of law for... Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) are used in commercial fishing to allow environmental and fisheries regulatory organizations to monitor, minimally, the position, time at a position, and course and speed of fishing vessels. ... In fisheries science, by-catch refers to species caught in a fishery intended to target another species, as well as reproductively-immature juveniles of the target species. ... Cetacean bycatch is the technical term for the incidental capture of non-target cetacean species by fisheries. ... Marine conservation, also known as marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. ... The term Marine Protected Area is often used as an umbrella term covering a wide range of marine areas with some level of restriction to protect living, non-living, cultural, and/or historic resources. ... Marine reserve is an area of the sea which has legal protection against fishing or development. ... Conservation biology, or conservation ecology, is the science of analyzing and protecting Earths biological diversity. ... Founded in 1973 by fishermen, the National Coalition for Marine Conservation (NCMC) is the USAs oldest public advocacy group dedicated exclusively to conserving ocean fish and their environment. ... The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) is an intergovernmental organisation responsible for the management and conservation of tunas and tuna-like species in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. ... The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent non-profit organization that aims to promote sustainable fishery practices. ... The Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative (PWCC) is a harvest and research cooperative formed by four companies that participate in the catcher/processor sector of the Pacific whiting (aka hake, Merluccius productus) fishery -- Alaska Ocean Seafoods, American Seafoods, Glacier Fish Co. ... opened for signature - 29 April 1958 entered into force - 20 March 1966 objective - to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited... Walther Herwig (February 25, 1838 - December 16, 1912) was a Prussian administrative lawyer, and the founder of the German fisheries science. ... Dr. Daniel Pauly is a Professor and Director of the Fisheries Centre. ... Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (September 19, 1901, Vienna, Austria - June 12, 1972, New York, USA) was a biologist who was a founder of general systems theory--which he literally translated from the mathematization of Nicolai Hartmanns Ontology as stated by himself in his seminal work-- .An Austrian citizen, he... A turtle excluder device. ... Nymphaea alba, a species of water lily. ... Fishing from a Pier Fishing is both the recreation and sport of catching fish (for food or as a trophy), and the commercial fishing industry of catching or harvesting seafood (either fish or other aquatic life-forms, such as shellfish). ... Salmon for sale at a marketplace The Fishing industry is the commercial activity of fishing and producing fish and other seafood products. ... The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch. ... Subsistence fishing in Bangladesh. ...

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Importance of fishing GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");