Common Raven
Common Raven at Bryce Canyon National Park, USA
Conservation status
Least Concern [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: Corvus Species: C. corax
Binomial name
Corvus corax Linnaeus, 1758
Common Raven range
Subspecies
C. c. corax C. c. varius C. c. subcorax C. c. tingitanus C. c. tibetanus C. c. kamtschaticus C. c. principalis C. c. sinuatus

The Common Raven (Corvus corax), also known as the Northern Raven, is a large all-black passerine bird in the crow family, with iridescent feathers. Found across the northern hemisphere, it is the most widespread occurring of all corvids,^[2] although recent molecular studies may require a split into two or more species.^[3][4] Adaptable and intelligent, it has been able to coexist with humans for thousands of years. Part of its success comes from its omnivorous diet, as ravens are extremely versatile and opportunistic in where they get their nutrition. Together with the Thick-billed Raven, it is the largest corvid and possibly the heaviest passerine bird. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Bryce Canyon National Park Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park located in southwestern Utah in the United States. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Image File history File links Status_iucn3. ... Least Concern (LC) is an IUCN category assigned to species or lower taxa which do not qualify for any other category. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ... Genera many, see article text Corvidae is a family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies and nutcrackers (Clayton and Emery 2005, [1]). Collectively its members are called corvids and there are over 120 species. ... Species See text. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 23, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... upload own hand coloured distribution map File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... In zoology, as in other branches of biology, subspecies is the rank immediately subordinate to a species. ... Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Genera many, see article text Corvidae is a family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies and nutcrackers (Clayton and Emery 2005, [1]). Collectively its members are called corvids and there are over 120 species. ... The iridescence of the Blue Morpho butterfly wings. ... Two feathers Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Binomial name Corvus crassirostris Rüppell, 1836 The Thick-billed Raven (Corvus crassirostris), a Corvid from the Horn of Africa, shares with the Common Raven the accolade of the largest in the family (60-64 cm in length) and indeed the largest of the bird order Passeriformes (perching birds). ...

Though the name "raven" has been applied to several other species of the genus Corvus, the term originally referred to this species. The word itself is similar in many old Germanic languages; the Old English word for a raven was hræfn; in Old Norse it was hrafn and Old High German (h)raban.^[5] It is a bird which has been revered and worshipped in cultures as diverse as Norse and Native American, and the subject of art, literature, folklore and symbolism over the centuries. An old Scottish word corby or corbie, akin to the French corbeau, has been used for both this bird and the Carrion Crow.^[6] The specific epithet corax/κοραξ is the Greek word for raven.^[7] Species See text. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon) is an early form of the English language that was spoken in parts of what is now England and southern Scotland between the mid-fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. ... Old Norse is the Germanic language spoken by the inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300. ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ... Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... Native Americans are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ... The Scottish language may refer to: Scots - A series of Germanic dialects used in lowland Scotland. ... Binomial name Corvus corone Linnaeus, 1758 Carrion Crow range The Carrion Crow, Corvus corone, can be distinguished from the Raven by its size (48–52 cm in length) and from the Hooded Crow by its black plumage, but there is frequent confusion between it and the Rook. ...

Description

At maturity, the Raven is between 56 to 69 cm (22 to 27 inches) in length, with a wingspan of 115-130 cm (45-51 inches). Recorded weights range from 689 to 1625 g ^[8], making it one of the heaviest passerines. It has a longish, strongly graduated tail, mostly black plumage and a dark brown iris. The throat feathers are elongated and pointed and the bases of the neck feathers are pale brownish-grey. The bill is large and slightly curved. A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A Laughing Gull with its wings extended in a gull wing profile Aircraft wing planform shapes: a swept wing KC-10 Extender (top) refuels a trapezoid-wing F/A-22 Raptor A wing is a surface used to produce lift and therefore flight, for travel in the air or another... Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ... The beak—otherwise known as the bill or rostrum—is an external anatomical structure which serves as the mouth in some animals. ...

Apart from its greater size, the Raven differs from its cousins the crows by having a larger and heavier beak and wedge-shaped tail.^[9] The species has a distinctive, deep, hollow pruk-pruk-pruk call, unlike any other corvid call when known. The species has a very wide and complex vocabulary, includes a high, knocking toc-toc-toc, a dry, grating kraa, a low guttural rattle and some calls almost of a musical nature. ^[10] Species See text. ...

Subspecies

The Common Raven has eight recognized subspecies as followed:

• C. c. corax (nominate race) occurs from Europe eastwards to Lake Baikal region, south to Caucasus and northern Iran. It has a relatively short, arched bill.
• C. c. varius occurs in Iceland and the Faeroes. It is less glossy than C. c. principalis or nominate corax. It is intermediate in size, and the bases of neck feathers are whitish.
• C. c. subcorax occurs from Greece eastwards to north-west India, Central Asia and western China (except Himalayan region). It is larger than the nominate form, but the throat hackles are relatively short. The neck and breast are distinctly brownish (similar to Brown-necked Raven) but obscured by glossy black when the plumage is very fresh. The bases of the neck feathers are variable in colour, often almost whitish.
• C. c. tingitanus occurs in North Africa and the Canary islands. It is the smallest race, with the shortest throat hackles and a distinctly oily plumage gloss. Its bill is short but markedly shout and the culmen is strongly arched. The plumage bleaches dark brown on head and body.
• C. c. tibetanus occurs in the mountains of western China and the Himalayas. It is the largest and most glossy race, with the longest throat hackles. Its bill is large but less imposing than C. c. principalis. The bases of neck feathers are grey.
• C. c. kamtschaticus occurs in north-eastern Asia, intergrading into nominate in Baikal region. It is intermediate in size between C. c. principalis and nominate. It has a distinctly larger and thicker bill than the nominate race.
• C. c. principalis occurs in northern North America and Greenland. It is large in size, with the largest bill. Its plumage is strongly glossed and the throat hackles are well developed.
• C. c. sinuatus occurs in south-central USA and Central America. It is smaller, with a smaller and narrower bill than C. c. principalis.

This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... The Faroe Islands (Faroese: Føroyar, meaning Sheep Islands) are a group of islands in the north Atlantic Ocean between Scotland and Iceland. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Perspective view of the Himalayas and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... Binomial name Corvus ruficollis Lesson, 1830 The Brown-necked Raven (Corvus ruficollis) is a larger bird (52-56 cm in length) than the Carrion Crow though not as large as the Common Raven. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided politically from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Missing image image:ccaa-canary. ... Baikal may refer to either of the following: Lake Baikal — a lake in southern Siberia, Russia. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ...

Molecular studies

A 2005 molecular study reviewed segments of DNA of the Common Raven and found some issues with the current species classification of it and related species. There appear not only to be two clades, a Holarctic and a Californian, but that the related Chihuahuan Raven (C. cryptoleucus) is a sister group to the Californian clade and the Pied Crow (C. albus) is sister to the Holarctic clade.^[3] The Holarctic is a term used by zoologists to define the ecozone covering much of Eurasia and North America, which have often been connected by the Bering land bridge. ... Californian can mean: A person from the U.S. state of California, see List of people from California an adjective describing something as from California. ... {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Chihuahuan Raven | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Aves | ordo =---- but is about the ... Binomial name Corvus albus Statius Muller, 1776 The Pied Crow (Corvus albus) is approximately the size of the European Carrion Crow or a little larger (46-50 cm in length) but has a proportionately larger bill and slightly longer tail, wings and longer legs. ...

A recent study shows Canary Island Ravens (Corvus corax tingitanus) have distinct mtDNA.^[4] Missing image image:ccaa-canary. ...

Distribution and habitat

Common Ravens can thrive in varied climates; indeed this species has the largest range of any member of the genus. They range throughout the Holarctic from Arctic and temperate habitats in North America and Eurasia to the deserts of North Africa, and to islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the British Isles, they are more common in Scotland, northern England and the west of Ireland.^[9] In Tibet, it is recorded to be found up to 5,000 m altitude and as high as 6,350 m on Mt Everest.^[2] The Holarctic is a term used by zoologists to define the ecozone covering much of Eurasia and North America, which have often been connected by the Bering land bridge. ... The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border Satellite image of the Arctic surface The Arctic is the region around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the Earths largest landmass covering about 21215121321km² compared with the Americas (approximately 42,000,000 km²), Africa (approximately 30,000,000 km²), and Antarctica (approximately 13,000,000 km²). Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided politically from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... Location of the British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands off the north west coast of continental Europe comprising Great Britain, Ireland and a number of smaller islands. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots3 Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  -  First Minister Jack McConnell... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() – on the European continent() – in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  -  Queen Queen Elizabeth II  -  Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification  -  by Athelstan 967  Area... Tibet (older spelling Thibet; Tibetan: བོད་; Wylie: Bod; Lhasa dialect IPA: [; Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 西藏, Hanyu Pinyin: XÄ«zàng; also referred to as 藏区 (Simplified Chinese), 藏區 (Traditional Chinese), ZàngqÅ« (Hanyu Pinyin), see Name section below) is a plateau region in Central Asia and the indigenous home to the Tibetan people. ... The metre (or meter, see spelling differences) is a measure of length. ... Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth above mean sea level. ...

In the Faroe Islands a pied colour-morph of this species occurred among all-black birds; known as the Pied Raven, it eventually disappeared in the mid 20th Century, probably due to selective collection for its unusual plumage. Morph Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus Synonyms Corvus leucophaeus Vieillot, 1817 Corvus leucomelas Wagler, 1827 The Pied Raven (Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus) was a color morph of the North Atlantic subspecies of the Common Raven which was only found on the Faroe Islands and has disappeared since the mid... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Most Common Ravens prefer wooded areas, with large open land nearby, or coastal regions for their nesting sites and feeding grounds. In some areas of large human population, such as California in the United States, they take advantage of a plentiful food supply and have seen a surge in population. Official language(s) English Capital  Sacramento Largest city  Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ...

Behaviour

Diet

Common Ravens are highly omnivorous and opportunistic, and have a diet that may vary widely by location, season and serendipity. In some places they are mainly scavengers. They will feed on carrion, as well as the associated maggots and carrion beetles. Plant food includes cereal grains, berries and fruit. They prey on invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals and birds.^[11] They will consume undigested portions of animal feces, and human food waste. Ravens will store surplus food, especially fat, and will learn to hide such food out of the sight of other Ravens. ^[6] They also raid the stored caches of other species, such as the Arctic Fox.^[12] Omnivores are organisms that consume both plants and animals. ... Look up Serendipity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For a person who scavenges, see Waste picker. ... An American Black Vulture feeding on squirrel carrion For other uses, see Carrion (disambiguation). ... This article is about the insect. ... Subfamilies Nicrophorinae Silphinae (15 genera) Carrion beetles (Family Silphidae) are a minor group of beetles, consisting of about 300 species. ... This article is about cereals in general. ... This article is about the fruit. ... For other uses, see Fruit (disambiguation). ... Invertebrate is a term that describes any animal without a spinal column. ... For other uses, see Amphibian (disambiguation). ... Subclasses Anapsida Diapsida Synonyms Reptilia Laurenti, 1768 Reptiles are tetrapods and amniotes, animals whose embryos are surrounded by an amniotic membrane, and members of the class Sauropsida. ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... “Aves” redirects here. ... Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) In humans, defecation may occur (depending on the individual and the circumstances) from once every two or three days to several times a day. ... Rotting fruit Food waste is any form of biodegradable waste that was originally intended for consumption. ... Binomial name Alopex lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arctic Fox range Synonyms Vulpes lagopus Arctic fox, also known as the polar fox, is a small fox native to cold Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. ...

Studying the diet of Ravens is made relatively easy by their habit of regurgitating the indigestible parts of their food intake as hard pellets which can be collected and analysed in the laboratory. Examples of studies of Raven diet are:

• A study of pellets from winter roosts of Ravens in 1966 and 1967, foraging on tundra on the Arctic North Slope of Alaska, showed that about half their energy needs were supplied by predation, mainly of microtine rodents, and half by scavenging, mainly of caribou and ptarmigan carcasses. ^[13]

• A study in Yellowstone National Park in 2002 showed that Ravens associate with wolves as a kleptoparasitic foraging strategy, following them to scavenge carcasses in winter.^[14]

• A 1934 study of Raven stomach contents in Oregon showed that they had mainly or exclusively fed on beetles and maggots when visiting rotting carcasses.^[15]

• A 1999-2000 study of Raven diet at and around the Edwards Air Force Base in California, USA, found that Ravens nesting near sources of human garbage included a higher percentage of garbage in their diet, birds nesting near roads consumed more road-killed vertebrates, and those nesting far from these sources of food ate more arthropods and plant material. Fledging success was higher for Ravens utilising human garbage as a food source. ^[16]

• By way of contrast, a 1984-1986 study of Raven diet in south-western Idaho, an agricultural region, found that cereal grains were the principal constituent of pellets, though small mammals, grasshoppers, cattle carrion and birds were also eaten. ^[17]

• On El Hierro in the Canary Islands strong seasonally-dependent omnivory has been found, with Ravens including many insects and wild fruits in their diet as well as vertebrates. ^[18]

In physical geography, tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. ... Landsat 7 false-color image of the North Slope. ... Official language(s) English Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area  Ranked 1st  - Total 663,267 sq mi (1,717,855 km²)  - Width 808 miles (1,300 km)  - Length 1,479 miles (2,380 km)  - % water 13. ... Species See text The genus Microtus is a group of voles found in North America and northern Europe and Asia. ... Binomial name Rangifer tarandus The reindeer, known as caribou in North America, is an Arctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). ... Binomial name Lagopus mutus (Montin, 1781) The Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) is a small (31-35 cm) bird in the grouse family. ... Yellowstone National Park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest intact ecosystem in the Earths northern temperate zone. ... Binomial name Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 The Wolf or Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) is a mammal of the Canidae family and the ancestor of the domestic dog. ... Kleptoparasitism or cleptoparasitism (literally, parasitism by theft) is a form of feeding where one animal takes prey from another that has caught, killed, or otherwise prepared it, including stored food provisions, as in the case of cuckoo bees, which lay their eggs on the pollen masses made by other bees. ... Official language(s) None Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 2. ... Edwards Air Force Base (IATA: EDW, ICAO: KEDW) is a United States Air Force airbase located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County, California in the Antelope Valley, 7 miles (11 km) due east of Rosamond. ... Official language(s) English Capital  Sacramento Largest city  Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Look up garbage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the professional wrestler known as Roadkill, see Michael Depoli, for the movie marketed as Roadkill in the UK and Australia, see Joy Ride. ... Classes and Clades See below Male and female Superb Fairy-wren Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... Narnia character, see Fledge (Narnia). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Hierro redirects here. ... The Canaries is the nickname of Norwich City FC. The Canaries is also the nickname of Hitchin Town F.C.. Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th  7,447 km²  1. ...

Breeding

Common Ravens usually live ten to fifteen years in the wild, but can be very long-lived, especially in captive or protected conditions. Ravens at the Tower of London have lived for over 40 years.^[8] However, life-spans in the wild are considerably less, the longest known lifespan being 13 years for a banded bird.^[19] Juveniles begin to court at a very early age, but may not bond for another 2-3 years. Aerial acrobatics and displays of intelligence and ability to provide food are key behaviors of courting Ravens. Once paired, Ravens tend to nest together for life, usually in the same location. The pair will build a nest on a cliff ledge or a tall tree (or a building ledge in cities). Longevity is defined as long life or the length of a persons life (life expectancy). ... Her Majestys Royal Palace and Fortress The Tower of London, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically simply as The Tower), is a historic monument in central London, England on the north bank of the River Thames. ... Bird ringing (also known as bird banding) is an aid to studying wild birds, by attaching a small individually numbered metal or plastic ring to their legs or wings, so that various aspects of the birds life can be studied by the ability to re-find the same individual...

Breeding pairs must have a territory of their own before they begin nest-building and reproduction, and the territory and its food resources will be defended against others. Nesting territories vary in size according to the density of food resources in the area. ^[8] The nest is made of large sticks and twigs lined with a softer material, such as deer fur. The nest is usually placed on cliff faces and large trees, less frequently in old buildings or on low bushes or on the ground in undisturbed open country.

The female will lay from three to seven pale bluish-green, brown-blotched eggs.^[9] Incubation is about eighteen to twenty-one days, by female only. However, the male may 'cover' the young without brooding them as such.^[20] Young fledge at thirty-five to forty-two days, and been fed by both partners. The young will stay with the parents for another six months after fledging.^[6]

Most egg laying begins in late February, later in higher altitude (e.g. April in Greenland, Tibet) or even earlier in the south of the range (e.g. December in Pakistan).^[2]

Like many birds, pairing does not necessarily mandate sexual monogamy, and raven habits show fluidity in this regard.

Common Raven

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Vocalization

Like other corvids, Ravens can copy sounds from their environment, including human speech. They have a wide range of vocalizations, which remain an object of interest to ornithologists. An important early work was by Gwinner in 1964, who recorded and photographed his findings in great detail.^[10] In animals, vocalization is a means of communication generated in many cases by their primitive versions of vocal chords. ... Ornithology (from the Greek ornitha = chicken and logos = word/science) is the branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of birds. ...

Fifteen to thirty categories of vocalization have been recorded for this species. Most are used for social interaction. Some types are alarm calls, chase calls, and flight calls. Non-vocal sounds produced by the common raven include wing whistles and bill snapping. The clapping or clicking has been observed more often in females than males. If a member of a pair of ravens is lost, the remaining raven will make calls which were made by its lost partner in order to get it to return.^[6] Although the term social is a crucial category in social science and often used in public discourse, its meaning is often vague, suggesting that it is a fuzzy concept. ...

Social behaviour

Common Ravens usually travel in mated pairs, however young birds will form flocks as well. One behaviour used by young birds is recruitment, where dominant juvenile ravens will call in a series of loud yells to call other ravens to a food bonanza, usually a carcass. In Ravens in Winter, Bernd Heinrich showed that this behavior evolved to allow the juveniles to outnumber the resident adults, thus allowing the juveniles to feed on the carcass without being chased away by the resident adults.^[21]

Intelligence

Like many other corvids, Common Ravens have impressed their biologist observers with their apparent intelligence and insight. It is a generally held view that Ravens are one of the few, and perhaps only, birds that can count. It is standard practice for ornithologists and photographers using a hide to observe birds nests to take an assistant with them when entering a hide- the birds will usually be agitated at the new presence, but when the assistant leaves, they will assume all is well, unaware that there is still an observer in the hide. It is a widely held belief that Common Ravens are not fooled by this strategy, and are aware that there is still someone present when the assistant has left. However, if enough people enter and exit the hide, the ravens lose count and the observer left in the hide remains undetected. Genera many, see article text Corvidae is a family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies and nutcrackers (Clayton and Emery 2005, [1]). Collectively its members are called corvids and there are over 120 species. ...

Popular beliefs about Common Ravens include the notion that they are attracted to shiny objects, but research indicates that juveniles are deeply curious about all new things, and that Ravens retain an attraction to bright, round objects based on their similarity to bird eggs. Mature birds lose their intense interest in the unusual, and become highly neophobic. Neophobia is the fear of new things or experiences. ...

Relationship with humans

Conservation status and threats

Common Ravens are a widespread bird with an enormous range and are not in danger of extinction. There have been localised declines in some parts of their range due to habitat loss and direct persecution, in other areas their numbers have increased dramatically and they have become agricultural pests. Common Ravens can cause damage to crops such as nuts and grains or can damage livestock, particularly by pecking out the eyes of newborn lambs and calves.^[22] The Dodo, shown here in illustration, is an often-cited[1] example of modern extinction. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Look up Pest in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Pest may refer to: A pest, an animal (usually an insect), or sometimes a plant (weed) with characteristics that are injurious or harmful to humans. ...

Ravens in popular culture

Main articles: Ravens in popular culture and Raven (mythology)

Throughout its range across the northern hemisphere, the Common Raven has been a popular subject of mythology and folklore in ancient times, through to modern. Cultures as dispersed as the Native Americans, where the raven was revered as Raven, the Trickster god, to the Vikings, to whom in their beliefs the Ravens Hugin and Munin sit on the god Odin's shoulders and see and hear all. There are frequent references in the Bible and even further east it is a figure in Bhutanese myth. // This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Norse or Scandinavian mythology comprises the pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian people, including those who settled on Iceland, where the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled. ... Hugin and Munin are a pair of ravens associated with the Norse god Odin. ... For other meanings of Odin, Woden or Wotan see Odin (disambiguation), Woden (disambiguation), Wotan (disambiguation). ...

In more recent times the Raven's appearances in literature replace those of mythology and folklore. It frequently appears in the works of William Shakespeare, and, perhaps most famously, the poem The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe. Modern literature, too, has seen ravens within the works of Charles Dickens,^[23] Stephen King^[24] and George R. R. Martin. The Raven's use in symbolism continues, from countries (Bhutan), territories (Yukon) and football teams (Baltimore Ravens). Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see The Raven (disambiguation). ... Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American poet, short story writer, editor, critic and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement. ... Dickens redirects here. ... Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author best known for his enormously popular horror novels. ... George Raymond Richard Martin (sometimes called GRRM, born September 20, 1948 in Bayonne, New Jersey) is an American author and screenwriter of science fiction, horror, and fantasy. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... City Baltimore, Maryland Team colors Purple, Black, and Gold Head Coach Brian Billick Owner Steve Bisciotti General manager Ozzie Newsome Mascot Edgar, Allan, and Poe League/Conference affiliations National Football League (1996–present) American Football Conference (1996-present) AFC Central (1996-2001) AFC North (2002-present) Team history Baltimore Ravens...

References

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ... The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ... Binomial name Uria lomvia (Linnaeus,, 1758) The Brunnichs Guillemot, or Thick-billed Murre, Uria lomvia, is a bird in the auk family. ... Bernd Heinrich (born April 19, 1940, in Germany) teaches in the zoology department at the University of Vermont and is the author of a number of books about nature writing, zoology, ecology, and evolution. ...

Further reading

• Boarman, W. I.; & Heinrich, B. (1999). Common Raven - Corvus corax. Birds of North America 476: 32.
• Goodwin, Derek. (1977). Crows of the World. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-1015-3
• Heinrich, B. (1989). Ravens in Winter. New York: Summit Books. ISBN 0671678094
• Heinrich, B. (1999). Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds. New York: Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978-0-06-093063-9

Bernd Heinrich (born April 19, 1940, in Germany) teaches in the zoology department at the University of Vermont and is the author of a number of books about nature writing, zoology, ecology, and evolution. ... Bernd Heinrich (born April 19, 1940, in Germany) teaches in the zoology department at the University of Vermont and is the author of a number of books about nature writing, zoology, ecology, and evolution. ... Bernd Heinrich (born April 19, 1940, in Germany) teaches in the zoology department at the University of Vermont and is the author of a number of books about nature writing, zoology, ecology, and evolution. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Corvus corax

Wikispecies has information related to:

Common Raven

• PBS Nature: Ravens
• RSPB: Raven
• Caring for ravens as pets
• Beringia South Raven Research
• BirdLife Species Factsheet
• Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Species Account
• Common Raven videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• ARKive images

Image links Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... GFDL Wikispecies logo File links The following pages link to this file: Solanaceae Species Asterias Homo (genus) Human Wikipedia:Template messages/Links Wikipedia:Template messages/All Homo floresiensis User talk:Tuneguru Template:Wikispecies Categories: GFDL images ... Wikispecies is a sister project supported by the Wikimedia Foundation that anybody can edit with a great potential use to students and researchers. ...

• Raven in flight
• Raven
• USGS species account, including CBC/BBS range maps

• Close up of raven with rock

Sound link

• Raven recordings