Proto-Slavic is the proto-language from which Old Church Slavonic and all the other Slavic languages later emerged. It was spoken before the seventh century. No Proto-Slavic writings have been found (as in any proto language), so the language has been reconstructed by applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic languages and other Indo-European languages. Proto-language may refer to either: a language that is the common ancestor of a set of related languages (a language family), or a system of communication during a stage in glottogony that may not yet be properly called a language. ... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, or Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... ( 6th century - 7th century - 8th century - other centuries) Events Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is written, and Arabs subjugate Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, North Africa and Central Asia to Islam. ... The comparative method (in comparative linguistics) is a technique used by linguists to demonstrate genetic relationships between languages. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ...

Origin

Historical distribution of the Slavic languages. The larger shaded area is the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex of cultures of the sixth to seventh centuries, likely corresponding to the spread of Slavic-speaking tribes of the time. The smaller shaded area indicates the core area of Slavic river names (after EIEC p. 524ff.)

There is much debate whether pre-Proto-Slavic branched off directly from Proto-Indo-European, or whether it passed through a Proto-Balto-Slavic stage which split apart around 1000BC. Image File history File links Slavic_distribution_origin. ... Image File history File links Slavic_distribution_origin. ... The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture or EIEC, edited by James P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, was published in 1997 by Fitzroy Dearborn. ... The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages. ... The Balto-Slavic language group is a hypothetical language group consisting of the Baltic and Slavic language subgroups of the Indo-European family. ...

The original homeland of the speakers of Proto-Slavic also remains controversial. The most ancient recognisably Slavic hydronyms (river names) are to be found in northern and western Ukraine and southern Belarus (see map). It has also been noted that Proto-Slavic seemingly lacked a maritime vocabulary. The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... A hydronym (Gk. ...

The Proto-Slavic language existed approximately to the middle of the first millennium AD. By the 7th century, it had broken apart into large dialectal zones. Linguistic differentiation received impetus from the dispersion of the Slavic peoples over a large territory - which in Central Europe exceeded the current extent of Slavic-speaking majorities. Written documents of the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries already have some local linguistic features. For example the Freising monuments show a language which contains some phonetic and lexical elements peculiar to Slovenian dialects (e.g. rhotacism, the word krilatec).

In the second half of the ninth century, the dialect spoken north of Thessaloniki became the basis for the first written Slavic language, created by the brothers Cyril and Methodius who translated portions of the Bible and other church books. The language they recorded is known as Old Church Slavonic. Old Church Slavonic is not identical to Proto-Slavic, having been recorded at least two centuries after the breakup of Proto-Slavic, and it shows features that clearly distinguish it from Proto-Slavic. However, it is still reasonably close, and the mutual intellegibility between Old Church Slavonic and other Slavic dialects of those days was proved by Cyril's and Methodius' mission to Great Moravia and Pannonia. There, their early South Slavic dialect used for the translations was clearly understandable to the local population which spoke an early West Slavic dialect. (8th century - 9th century - 10th century - other centuries) Events Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century Viking attacks on Europe begin Oseberg ship burial The Magyars arrive in what is now Hungary, forcing the Serbs and Bulgars south... Thessaloniki, (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη), is Greeces second-largest city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia and the periphery of Central Macedonia. ... Cyril and Methodius were two Eastern Orthodox missionaries; for the separate articles, see: Saint Cyril Saint Methodius This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, or Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ... Great Moravia was a Slavic empire existing in Central Europe between 833 and the early 10th century. ... Map of the main part of the Balaton principality (parts of the Dudleb County, of the Ptuj County and the whole former Principality of Etgar are not shown on this map) The Balaton Principality (also called Pannonian or Transdanubian Principality, in Slovak: Blatenské kniežatstvo, in Bulgarian: Blatensko Knezevstvo, in... This article or section should be merged with List of South Slavic languages South Slavic languages is one of the three groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic). ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) comprise the languages of the Slavic peoples. ...

Phonology

Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ...

Vowels

There were 11 vowels in Late Proto-Slavic: i, ь, e, ę, ě, a, o, ǫ, ъ, y, u. Explanations: Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...

• ь, ъ - yers, or ultrashort vowels, probably close to IPA [ɪ], [ɯ] respectively, and sometimes written ĭ, ŭ;
• ę, ǫ - nasal e, o;
• ě - yat, long vowel pronounced probably like [æː];
• y - long vowel pronounced probably like [ɯː]; according to some scholars, ^{[attribution needed]} it was the diphthong [ɯi] instead;
• i, a, u were long vowels;
• e, o were short vowels;
• existence of syllabic sonorants in Proto-Slavic is not generally accepted, they may have developed only in individual Slavic dialects (as many believe, no syllabic sonorants were in East Slavic dialects); many scholars postulate the group ъl, ьl, ъr, ьr instead of the syllabic sonorants l̥, ĺ̥, r̥, ŕ̥.

The letter (Ъ, ъ) of the Cyrillic alphabet is known as the hard sign (твёрдый знак ) in the modern Russian alphabet and as er golyam (ер голям, big yer) in the Bulgarian alphabet. ... Yat or Jat (, ) is the 32nd letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet and name of the sound represented by it. ... In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant is a speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract. ...

Consonants

Remarks: In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. ... Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth (labiodental articulation). ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth). ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Alveolars are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, the internal side of the upper gums (known as the alveoles of the upper teeth). ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... An affricate is a consonant that begins like a stop (most often an alveovelar, such as [t] or [d]) and that doesnt have a release of its own, but opens directly into a fricative (or, in one language, into a trill). ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... A liquid will usually assume the shape of its container A liquid is one of the main states of matter. ...

• x means a velar fricative, similar to Scottish ch;
• v must have been labial and similar to English w; the symbol v, however, is widely used;
• s’ is reconstructed on the basis of West Slavic š = East and South Slavic s;
• c means the affricate [ʦ], therefore not the same as the IPA [c];
• ʒ means its voiced counterpart [ʣ],
• š, č, ž and ǯ mean IPA [ʃ], [ʧ], [ʒ] and [ʤ] respectively; all these symbols are in common use in Slavistics.

Origin of vowels

• i₁ < PIE *ī, *ei;
• i₂ < reduced *ai (*ăi or *ui) < PIE *ai, *oi;
• ь < *i < PIE *i;
• e < PIE *e;
• ę < PIE *en, *em;
• ě₁ < PIE *ē,
• ě₂ < *ai < PIE *ai, *oi;
• a < *ā < PIE *ā, *ō;
• o < *a < PIE *a, *o, *ə;
• ǫ < *an, *am < PIE *an, *on, *am, *om;
• ъ < *u < PIE *u;
• y < PIE *ū;
• u < *au < PIE *au, *ou.

• The vowels i₂, ě₂ developed later than i₁, ě₁. In Late Proto-Slavic there were no differences in pronunciation between i₁ and i₂ as well as between ě₁ and ě₂. They had caused, however, different changes of preceding velars, see below.
• Late Proto-Slavic yers ь, ъ < earlier i, u developed also from reduced PIE *e, *o respectively. The reduction was probably a morphologic process rather than phonetic.
• We can observe similar reduction of *ā into *ū (and finally y) in some endings, esp. in closed syllables.
• The development of the Proto-Slavic i₂ was also a morphologic phenomenon as it originated only in some endings.
• Another source of the Proto-Slavic y is *ō in Germanic loanwords - the borrowings took place when Proto-Slavic no longer had ō in native words, as PIE *ō had already changed into *ā.
• PIE *ə disappeared without traces when in a non-initial syllable.
• PIE *eu probably developed into *jau in Early Proto-Slavic (or: during the Balto-Slavic epoch), and eventually into Proto-Slavic *ju.
• According to some authors, PIE long diphthongs *ēi, *āi, *ōi, *ēu, *āu, *ōu had twofold development in Early Proto-Slavic, namely they shortened in endings into simple *ei, *ai, *oi, *eu, *au, *ou but they lost their second element elsewhere and changed into *ē, *ā, *ō with further development like above.

Other vocalic changes

• *jo, *jъ, *jy changed into *je, *jь, *ji;
• *o, *ъ, *y also changed into *e, *ь, *i after *c, *ʒ, *s’ which developed as the result of the 3rd palatalization;
• *e, *ě changed into *o, *a after *č, ǯ, *š, *ž in some contexts / words;
• a similar change of *ě into *a after *j seems to have occurred in Proto-Slavic but next it can have been modified by analogy.

Origin of consonants

• p < PIE *p;
• b < PIE *b, *bʰ;
• t < PIE *t;
• d < PIE *d, *dʰ;
• k < PIE *k, *kʷ;
• g < PIE *g, *gʰ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ;
• s < PIE *s, *ḱ;
• z < PIE *ǵ, *ǵʰ, *s [z] before a voiced consonant;
• x < PIE *s before a vowel when after *r, *u, *k, *i, probably also after *l; see Ruki;
• m < PIE *m;
• n < PIE *n;
• l < PIE *l;
• r < PIE *r;
• v < PIE *w;
• j < PIE *j.

In some words the Proto-Slavic x developed from other PIE phonemes, like *kH, *ks, *sk. Ruki is the term for a sound law in the Satem group, especially Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian: s > Å¡ / r, u, K, i _ A sibilant (s) is retracted to () after i,u,r, and after velars (i. ...

Moreover:

• c < k in the 2nd palatalization;
• ʒ < g in the 2nd palatalization;
• s’ < x in the 2nd palatalization;
• č < kj and k in the 1st palatalization;
• šč < stj, skj and sk in the 1st palatalization;
• ǯ < zdj, zgj and zg in the 1st palatalization;
• š < sj, xj and x in the 1st palatalization;
• ž < zj, gj and g in the 1st palatalization;
• initial j originated before the front vowels e, ě, ę (and before ь, i in some dialects).

Palatalizations

• The 1st palatalization

*k, *g, *x > *č, *ǯ, *š before *i₁, *ě₁, *e, *ę, *ь;

next ǯ changed into ž everywhere except after z;

*kt, *gt > *tj before *i₁, *ě₁, *e, *ę, *ь (there are only examples for *kti).

• The 2nd palatalization

*k, *g, *x > *c, *ʒ, *s’ before *i₂, *ě₂;

*s’ mixed with s or š in individual Slavic dialects;

*ʒ simplified into z, except Polish;

also *kv, *gv, *xv > *cv, *ʒv, *s’v before *i₂, *ě₂ in some dialects (not in West Slavic and probably not in East Slavic - Russian examples may be of South Slavic origin);

as it seems, the 2nd palatalization did not occur in old northern Russian dialects.

• The 3rd palatalization

*k, *g, *x > *c, *ʒ, *s’ after front vowels (*i, *ь, *ě, *e, *ę) and *ьr (= *ŕ̥), before a vowel;

it was progressive contrary to the 1st and the 2nd palatalization;

it occurred inconsistently, only in certain words, and sometimes it was limited to some Proto-Slavic dialects;

sometimes a palatalized form and a non-palatalized one existed side-by-side even within the same dialect (ex. Old Church Slavonic sikъ || sicь 'such');

in fact, no examples are known for the 3rd palatalization after *ě, *e, and (few) examples after *ŕ̥ are limited to Old Church Slavonic.

• Consonants + j

*sj, *zj > *š, *ž;

*stj, *zdj > *šč, *žǯ;

*kj, *gj, *xj > *č, *ǯ, *š (next *ǯ > *ž);

*skj, *zgj > *šč, *žǯ;

*tj, *dj had been preserved and developed variously in individual Slavic dialects;

*rj, *lj, *nj had been preserved until the end of the Proto-Slavic epoch, next developed into palatalized *ŕ, *ĺ, *ń;

*pj, *bj, *vj, *mj had been preserved until the end of the Proto-Slavic epoch, next developed into *pĺ, *bĺ, *vĺ, *mĺ in most Slavic dialects (except Western Slavic).

Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Palatalization means pronouncing a sound nearer to the hard palate, making it more like a palatal consonant; this is towards the front of the mouth for a velar or uvular consonant, but towards the back of the mouth for a front (e. ... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, or Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, or Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ...

Loanwords

The lexical stock of Proto-Slavic also includes a number of loanwords from the languages of various tribes and peoples that the Proto-Slavs came into contact with. However, the list of the borrowings, their sources and other details are under discussion. According to most sources, the earliest traceable lexical or semantic borrowings were loans from the Northeastern Iranian languages spoken by the Scythian, Alanian, and Sarmatian tribes. Most of these borrowings appertain to the religious sphere: *bogъ 'God', *gatati 'to divine', *divъ 'demon', *rajь 'paradise', *svętъ 'saint, holy' ^{[dubious — see talk page]}. Yet non-religious terms such as *(j)aščerъ 'serpent'^{[dubious — see talk page]}, *patriti 'to look after', *radi 'for the purpose of', *sobaka 'dog', *toporъ 'axe', *xvala 'glory' and (at least according to some scholars) *xata 'hut, house' are also of Iranian origin. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family. ... Approximate extent of Scythia and Sarmatia in the 1st century BC (the orange background shows the spread of Eastern Iranian languages, among them Scytho-Sarmatian). ... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... Sarmatia Europea in Scythia map 1697 AD Sarmatia Europæa separated from Sarmatia Asiatica by the Tanais (the River Don), based on Greek literary sources, in a map printed in London, ca 1770 Sarmatia and Scythia in 100 BC, also shown is the extent of the Parthian Empire. ...

Some words may be of Celtic origin: *bagno 'bog', *jama 'cave', *korsta 'canker', *sěta 'grief', *sluga 'servant' *tragъ 'foot(step)'. The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ...

It is generally acknowledged that of the various languages which left their mark on the early lexical stock, Germanic occupies a pivotal position, and many early Germanic loanwords into Proto-Slavic are known.

Examples of early Germanic loanwords: *xlěbъ 'bread', *xlěvъ 'pigsty', *měčь 'sword', *stьklo 'glass', *šelmъ 'helmet', *xъlmъ 'hill', *plugъ 'plough', *skotъ 'cattle', possibly also *melko 'milk', *xyzъ/*xyzja 'hut' (< PGmc. *hūs). The words *lěkъ 'medicine' and *tynъ 'fence' were borrowed from Germanic (cf. Goth. lēkeis 'physician'; PGmc. *tūnaz), but are believed to be originally of Celtic origin. Map of the Pre-Roman Iron Age culture(s) associated with Proto-Germanic, c. ... Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... Map of the Pre-Roman Iron Age culture(s) associated with Proto-Germanic, c. ... The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, spoken by ancient and modern Celts alike. ...

Later Germanic (Gothic and Old High German) borrowings are *pěnęʒь 'penny, money', *kъnęʒь 'king, prince, priest' (< OHG kuning), *istъba 'room, apartment' (< OHG stuba), *bjudo 'bowl, basin; table', *bukъ 'beech-tree', *tjudjь 'foreign, stranger, somebody else's' (< Gothic *þiuda 'people'), *smoky 'fig', *opica 'monkey' (< OHG affo). Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ...

Germanic also transmitted some Latin and Greek loans into Slavic:

• Latin: *kupiti 'to buy' (Goth. kaupōn from Lat. caupō 'merchant', ultimately from Etruscan), *dъska 'board' (< Lat. discus through OHG tisk), *kotьlъ 'kettle', *cěsarjь 'king, imperator', *krьstъ 'cross' (< Lat. Chrīstus through OHG Krist), *čeršn'a 'cherry' (Popular Lat. ceresia, Old Bavarian chersia), *osьlъ 'ass, donkey' (Lat. asinus, Goth. asilus);
• Greek (with Gothic mediation): *cьrky 'church', *velьbǫdъ 'camel' (< Gk. elephas 'elephant' through Goth. ulbandus);

Some Latin (including words from Balkan Romance) and Greek words entered Late Proto-Slavic even without Germanic mediation: Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... Languages in Iron Age Italy, 6th century BC Etruscan was a language spoken and written in the ancient region of Etruria (current Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of what are now Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls), in Italy. ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ... The term Old High German (OHG, German: Althochdeutsch) refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. ... Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffiti at Pompeii, was the way that ordinary people of the Roman Empire spoke, which was different from the Classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Common Romanian (also known as Proto-Romanian) is a hypothetical language considered to have been spoken by the Romanians after the breakdown of the Roman Empire and before it was broken into modern Eastern Romance languages and dialects: Romanian Aromanian Megleno-Romanian Istro-Romanian The place where this language was...

• Latin: *konopja (< Popular Lat. *canapis), *vino 'wine' (< Lat. vīnum), *poganъ 'pagan' (< pagānus), *kоlęda 'carol' (< Lat. calendae);
• Greek: *korabjь 'ship' (Byzantine Gk. karábion), *polata 'abode' (Byzantine Gk. palátion 'palace', *popъ 'priest', *sǫbota 'Sabbath' (Byzantine Gk. sámbaton).

There is a number of local Slavic words which are suspected to be of Turkic origin: *kobyla 'mare', *xomǫto 'horse's yoke', *gatь 'dam', *kъnęga/*kъniga 'book'^{[dubious — see talk page]}, *kovъčegъ 'box', *kolpakъ/klobukъ 'hat/cowl'. Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffiti at Pompeii, was the way that ordinary people of the Roman Empire spoke, which was different from the Classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... Look up Cannabis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική) is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. ... Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική) is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. ... Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική) is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ...

Some words may also have originated from Dacian/North Thracian languages [1]; e.g., *mogyla 'kurgan, tomb, grave' is considered etymologically uncertain but has been compared to Albanian magulë 'hill' and Romanian măgură 'hill, elevation'. The Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient people of Dacia. ... The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe. ...

Loanwords in Proto-Slavic lexical stock are outlined in Schenker (1996): 159-160.

References

• Kiparsky, Valentin, Russische Historische Grammatik, 3 vols., 1963, 1967, 1975.
• Moszyński, Leszek. Wstęp do filologii słowiańskiej. PWN. Warszawa, 1984.
• Paliga, Sorin. Phd linguistics. Lexicon Etymologum Elementorum Thraecorum. [1]
• Schenker, Alexander M. The Dawn of Slavic. Yale Language Series, 1995.
• Snoj, Marko. Slovenski etimološki slovar. Ljubljana: Modrijan, 2003.
• Vasmer, Max. Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, 1950-1958.

1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Balto-Slavic languages
• Old Church Slavonic

The Balto-Slavic language group is a reconstructed hypothethical language group consisting of the Baltic and Slavic language subgroups of the Indo-European family. ... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, or Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ...

External links

• The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (IED)
• From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic