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In England and Wales, a common is a piece of land over which other people -- often neighbouring landowners -- could exercise one of a number of traditional rights, such as allowing their cattle to graze upon it. The older texts use the word common to denote any such right, but more modern usage is to refer to particular rights of common, and to reserve the word "common" for the land over which the rights are exercised.
The fact that land is common land does not mean it has no owner -- all land in England and Wales is owned by someone. Those who have a right to exercise a right of common are known as commoners. Historically most rights of common were "appurtenant" to particular plots of land. So the commoner would be the person who, for the time being, was the owner of the land. Some rights of common were said to be "in gross" in that they were unconnected with ownership or tenure of land. This was more common in regions where commons were more extensive, such as in Northern England or in the Fens. Redgrave and Lopham Fen. ...
Example rights of common are:
- common pasture (right to pasture cattle, horses, sheep or other animals on the common land)
- common piscary (the right to fish)
- common turbary (the right to take sods of turf)
- estovers (the right to take sufficient wood for the commoner's house or agriculture)
Rights of common grazing might also be held over privately owned arable strips in some open field manors; this right was excercised either after the harvest or during a fallow year. Rights of grazing in the open fields was most valuable in manors with relatively little other grazing. The open field system was the prevalent agricultural system in Europe from the Dark Ages to as recently as the 20th century in places. ...
It is often thought that a common is somehow owned by everyone, or at least by "the community" in some sense. While that may have been true more than a thousand years ago, when waste would be used for grazing by the local community and over which there would not be, nor would there need to be, any particular limit or control of usage; since at least late Anglo-Saxon times, the right to exercise a right of common has been restricted to a commoner. Since the right of common would have some natural limitations itself, commons never suffered from the tragedy of the commons. Wasteland can refer to: A literally or metaphorically barren, inhospitable land The computer role-playing game Wasteland Newton Minows Wasteland Speech on the worthlessness of television Stephen Kings book The Waste Lands T.S. Eliots poem, The Waste Land This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid...
The tragedy of the commons is a metaphor used to illustrate the conflict between individual interests and the common good. ...
Thus the word is now used in the sense of any sets of resources that a community recognizes as being accessible to any member of that community. The nature of commons is different in different communities, but they often include cultural resources and natural resources. A community is an amalgamation of living things that share an environment. ...
While commons are generally seen as a system opposed to private property, they have been combined in the idea of "common property", which are resources "owned" equally by every member of the community, even though the community recognises that only a limited number of members may use the resource at any given time. // Use of the term The concept of property or ownership has no single or universally accepted definition. ...
The act of transferring resources from the commons to individual ownership is known as "inclosure." Inclosure (also commonly enclosure), refers to the process of subdivision of common lands for individual ownership. ...
Commons are a subset of public goods; specifically meaning a public good which is not infinite. Commons can therefore be land, rivers and, arguably, money. "The Commons" is most often a finite but replenishable resource, which requires responsible use in order to remain available. A subset of this is a commons which requires not only responsible use but also active contribution from its users, such as a school or church funded by local donations. In economics, a public good is a good that is hard or even impossible to produce for private profit, because the market fails to account for its large beneficial externalities. ...
Land is sometimes used synonymously with country. ...
For the Second World War frigate class, see River class frigate The Murray River in Australia A waterfall on the Ova da Fedoz, Switzerland A river is a large natural waterway. ...
Money is any marketable good or token used by a society as a store of value, a medium of exchange, or a unit of account. ...
Japanese secondary school students in uniform. ...
A church building is a building used in Christian worship. ...
In order to ensure responsibility of the users, there must be a system of management. Such models include the Hobbesian "Leviathan" model, where there is a central authority that monitors the behaviour of the users and can sanction abusers. There are also many other models, some of which can require no maintenance -- for instance, if it is known that the collective consists mostly of contingent cooperators, then once responsible behaviour has been established, it will most likely continue without management. Another model is reputation management. This article is about the philosopher Thomas Hobbes. ...
A contingent cooperator is a person or agent who is willing to act in the collective interest, rather than his short-term selfish interest, if he observes a majority of the other agents in the collective doing the same. ...
Reputation management involves recording a person or agents actions and the opinions of others about those actions. ...
See also
A public utility is a company that maintains the infrastructure for a public service. ...
The tragedy of the commons is a metaphor used to illustrate the conflict between individual interests and the common good. ...
The tragedy of the anticommons occurs when too many individuals have rights of exclusion (such as property rights) in a scarce resource. ...
External link - Project Communis weblog on privatisation and common property
- Section Z promotes building our common assets.
References - Frischmann , Brett M., "An Economic Theory of Infrastructure and Commons Management" . Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 917-1030, 2005 http://ssrn.com/abstract=704463
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