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The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the regicide of Charles I on January 30, 1649, its existence was initially declared (An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth) by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649. The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard, as Lord Protector. The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum. Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital Winchester, then London from 11th century. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_England. ...
// Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...
Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ...
// Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ...
// Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ...
Image File history File links Protectorate-Flag-1658. ...
The Protectorate in English history refers specifically to the English government of 1653 to 1659 under the direct control of Oliver Cromwell, who assumed the title of Lord Protector of the newly declared Commonwealth of England (later the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland) after the English Civil War. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_England. ...
Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital Winchester, then London from 11th century. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_The_Commonwealth. ...
Image File history File links Commonwealth_arms. ...
The Commonwealth Jack was the flag of the Commonwealth of England which replaced the Kingdom of England in 1649. ...
The Coat of Arms of England The Coat of Arms of England is gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or armed & langued azure The Coat of Arms was introduced by King Richard I of England in the 1190s, apparently as a version of the arms of the Duchy of...
The coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda displays the national motto, Each endeavouring, all achieving. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ...
Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2006 est. ...
Image File history File links Location_Great_Britan_and_Ireland. ...
This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ...
This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ...
// This is a list of the monarchs of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed in the British Isles, namely: The Kingdom of Scotland, from 843 up to 1707; The Kingdom of...
Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599–September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ...
A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. ...
The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament immediately following the Long Parliament, after Prides Purge of December 6, 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament hostile to the intentions of the Grandees in the New Model Army to try King Charles I for high treason. ...
Barebones Parliament, also known as the Nominated Assembly and the Parliament of Saints, came into being on July 4, 1653, and was the last attempt of the English Commonwealth to find a stable political form before the installation of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector. ...
May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ...
// Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...
Breda in the Netherlands, where King Charles II of England resided during his exile, has given its name to his Declaration of Breda (1660). ...
April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ...
// Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ...
This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ...
ISO 4217 Code GBP User(s) United Kingdom Inflation 2. ...
For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ...
Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right)1 Capital Winchester, then London from 11th century. ...
Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one strikes me with impunity) Capital Edinburgh¹ Language(s) Gaelic, Scots Government Monarchy King/Queen - 843-860 Kenneth I - 1587–1625 James VI - 1702-1714 Anne Legislature Parliament of Scotland History - United 843 - Union of the Crowns March 24, 1603 - Act of Union...
The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a king, or the person responsible for it. ...
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ...
January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
// Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...
The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament immediately following the Long Parliament, after Prides Purge of December 6, 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament hostile to the intentions of the Grandees in the New Model Army to try King Charles I for high treason. ...
May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ...
// Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...
The Protectorate in English history refers specifically to the English government of 1653 to 1659 under the direct control of Oliver Cromwell, who assumed the title of Lord Protector of the newly declared Commonwealth of England (later the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland) after the English Civil War. ...
Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599–September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ...
Richard Cromwell (October 4, 1626- July 12, 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from September 3, 1658 until May 25, 1659. ...
Lord Protector is a particular English title for Heads of State, with two meanings (and full styles) at different periods of history. ...
The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. ...
[edit] The Commonwealth (1649-1653)
[edit] The Rump Parliament (1648–1653) -
The Rump was created by Pride's Purge of those members of the Long Parliament who did not support political position of the Grandees in the New Model Army. After just before and after the execution of King Charles I on January 30 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic. With the abolition of the monarchy, Privy Council and the House of Lords, it had unchecked executive, as well as legislative, power. The Council of State, which replaced the Privy Council, took over many of the executive functions of the monarchy. It was selected by the Rump, and most of its members were MPs. Ultimately however, the Rump depended on the support of the Army with which it had a very uneasy relationship. The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament immediately following the Long Parliament, after Prides Purge of December 6, 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament hostile to the intentions of the Grandees in the New Model Army to try King Charles I for high treason. ...
Prides Purge was the occasion when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the House of Commons all those who were not supporters of Oliver Cromwell. ...
The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops Wars. ...
Spanish nobles are classified either as Grandees (also called Peers) or as Titled Nobles. ...
The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ...
January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ...
This article is about the British House of Lords. ...
The English Council of State was first appointed by the Rump Parliament on 14 February 1649 after the execution of King Charles I. It was abolished on 25 April 1660 by the Convention Parliament just before the Restoration Charless execution on 30 January was delayed for several hours so...
[edit] Structure of the Rump In Pride's Purge, all MPs (including most of the political Presbyterians) who would not accept the need to bring the King to trial had been removed. Thus the Rump never had more than 200 members (less than half the number in the original Long Parliament). They included: supporters of religious independents who did not want an established church and some of whom had sympathies with the Levellers; Presbyterians who were willing to countenance the trial and execution of the King; and later admissions, such as formerly excluded MPs who were prepared to denounce the Newport Treaty negotiations with the King. Prides Purge was the occasion when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the House of Commons all those who were not supporters of Oliver Cromwell. ...
Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ...
Most Rumpers were gentry, though there was a higher proportion of lesser gentry and lawyers than in previous parliaments. Less than one-quarter of them were regicides. This left the Rump basically a conservative body whose vested interests in the existing land ownership and legal systems made them unlikely to want to reform these. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a king, or the person responsible for it. ...
[edit] Rump issues and achievements For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from Scotland and Ireland. (By 1653 Cromwell and the Army had largely eliminated these threats). Motto: (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - UK Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by Kenneth I 843 Area - Total 78,772 km...
There were many disagreements amongst factions of the Rump. Some wanted a republic, but others favoured retaining some type of monarchical government. Most of England's traditional ruling classes regarded the Rump as an illegal government made up of regicides and upstarts. However, they were also aware that the Rump might be all that stood in the way of an outright military dictatorship. High taxes, mainly to pay the Army, were resented by the gentry. Limited reforms (see below) were enough to antagonise the ruling class but not enough to satisfy the radicals. For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ...
Despite its unpopularity, the Rump was a link with the old constitution, and helped to settle England down and make it secure after the biggest upheaval in its history. By 1653, both France and Spain had recognised England's new government.
[edit] Rump reforms Though the national church (now Presbyterian) was retained, the 1559 Act of Uniformity was repealed in 1650. Many independent churches were therefore tolerated, although everyone still had to pay tithes to the established church. This wide toleration came about mainly because of the insistence of the Army. Over the course of English parliamentary history there were a number of acts of uniformity. ...
A tithe (from Old English teogoþa tenth) is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a (usually) voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a Jewish or Christian religious organization. ...
Some small improvements were made to law and court procedure, for example all court proceedings were now conducted in English rather than in Law French or Latin. However, there were no widespread reforms of the Common Law. This would have upset the gentry, who regarded the Common Law as reinforcing their status and property rights. Law French is an archaic language based on Norman and Anglo-Norman. ...
Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...
This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ...
The Rump passed many restrictive 'moral' laws to regulate people's behaviour, such as closing down theatres and requiring strict observance of Sundays. This antagonised most of the gentry. A blue law, in the United States and Canada, is a type of law designed to enforce moral standards, particularly the observance of the Sabbath. ...
[edit] The dismissal of the Rump Cromwell, aided by Thomas Harrison, forcibly dismissed the Rump on April 20, 1653, for reasons that are unclear. Theories are that he feared the Rump was trying to perpetuate itself as the government, or that the Rump was preparing for an election which could return an anti-Commonwealth majority. Many former members of the Rump continued to regard themselves as England's only legitimate constitutional authority. The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent 11 May 1641, gave them the legal basis for this view. Thomas Harrison (1606 - October 14, 1660) was a Puritan soldier and later a leader of the Fifth monarchy men. ...
April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ...
Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ...
May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ...
Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ...
[edit] The 'Barebones' Parliament, July–December 1653 The dissolution of the Rump was followed by a short period in which Cromwell and the Army ruled alone. Nobody had the constitutional authority to call an election, but Cromwell did not want to impose a military dictatorship. Instead, he ruled through a 'nominated assembly' which he believed would be easy for the Army to control, since Army officers did the nominating.
The Barebones Parliament was opposed by former Rumpers and ridiculed by many gentry as being as assembly of 'inferior' people. However, over 110 of its 140 members were lesser gentry or of higher social status. (An exception was Praise-God Barbon, a Baptist merchant after whom the Assembly got its derogatory nickname.) Many were well educated. The Barebones Parliament came into being on July 4, 1653. ...
Praise-God Barebone (or Barbon) (c. ...
The assembly reflected the range of views of the officers who nominated it. The Radicals (approximately 40) included a hard core of Fifth Monarchists who wanted to be rid of Common Law and any state control of religion. The Moderates (approximately 60) wanted some improvements within the existing system and might move to either the radical or conservative side depending on the issue. The Conservatives (approximately 40) wanted to keep the status quo (since Common Law protected the interests of the gentry, and tithes and advowsons were valuable property). The Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men were active from 1649 to 1661 during the Interregnum, following the English Civil Wars of the 1600s. ...
Advowson is the right in English law of presenting a nominee to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice. ...
Cromwell saw the Barebones Parliament as a temporary legislative body which he hoped would produce reforms and develop a constitution for the Commonwealth. However, members were divided over key issues, only 25 had previous parliamentary experience, and although many had some legal training, there were no qualified lawyers.
Cromwell seems to have expected this group of 'amateurs' to produce reform without management or direction. When the radicals mustered enough support to defeat a bill which would have preserved the status quo in religion, the conservatives, together with many moderates, surrendered their authority back to Cromwell who sent soldiers to clear the rest of the Assembly. The Barebones Parliament was over.
In 1653, Cromwell established his Protectorate, making himself a king-like figure, this lasted until the year of his death in 1659. The Protectorate in English history refers specifically to the English government of 1653 to 1659 under the direct control of Oliver Cromwell, who assumed the title of Lord Protector of the newly declared Commonwealth of England (later the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland) after the English Civil War. ...
[edit] The Commonwealth (1659-1660) The Protectorate , might have continued if Oliver Cromwell's son Richard, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the New Model Army. Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599–September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. ...
Richard Cromwell (October 4, 1626- July 12, 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from September 3, 1658 until May 25, 1659. ...
Lord Protector is a particular English title for Heads of State, with two meanings (and full styles) at different periods of history. ...
After seven months the Grandees in the New Model Army army removed him and on May 6, 1659 they reinstalled the Rump Parliament. Charles Fleetwood was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State, and one of the seven commissioners for the army. On June 9, 1659 he was nominated lord-general (commander-in-chief) of the army. However, his power was undermined in parliament, which chose to disregard the army's authority in a similar fashion to the pre–Civil War parliament. The Commons on October 12, 1659, cashiered General John Lambert and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the speaker. The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut and the members kept out. On October 26, a "Committee of Safety" was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, Fleetwood being general. Lambert was now sent, by the Committee of Safety, with a large force to meet George Monck, who was in command of the English forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms. Spanish nobles are classified either as Grandees (also called Peers) or as Titled Nobles. ...
May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ...
// Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ...
The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament immediately following the Long Parliament, after Prides Purge of December 6, 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament hostile to the intentions of the Grandees in the New Model Army to try King Charles I for high treason. ...
Charles Fleetwood (died 4 October 1692), English Parliamentary soldier and politician, third son of Sir Miles Fleetwood of Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, and of Anne, daughter of Nicholas Luke of Woodend, Bedfordshire, was admitted into Grays Inn on 30 November 1638. ...
The Committee of Safety, established by the Parliamentarians in July 1642, was the first of a number of successive committees set up to oversee the English Civil War against King Charles. ...
The English Council of State was first appointed by the Rump Parliament on 14 February 1649 after the execution of King Charles I. It was abolished on 25 April 1660 by the Convention Parliament just before the Restoration Charless execution on 30 January was delayed for several hours so...
June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ...
// Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ...
October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ...
// Events May 25 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth. ...
John Lambert (1619 - 1684) served as an English Parliamentary general in the English Civil War. ...
The term Speaker is usually the title given to the presiding officer of a countrys lower house of parliament or congress (ie: the House of Commons or House of Representatives). ...
October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ...
George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ...
It was into this atmosphere that General George Monck, governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, marched south with his army from Scotland. Lambert's army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone. On February 21, 1660 Monck reinstated the Presbyterian members 'secluded' by Pride, so that they could prepare legislation for a new parliament. Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before parliament to answer for his conduct. Lambert was sent to the Tower on March 3, 1660, from which he escaped a month later. Lambert tried to rekindle the civil war in favour of the Commonwealth by issuing a proclamation calling on all supporters of the "Good Old Cause" to rally on the battlefield of Edgehill. But he was recaptured by Colonel Richard Ingoldsby, a regicide who hoped to win a pardon by handing Lambert over to the new regime. The Long Parliament dissolved itself on March 16, 1660. George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ...
Motto: (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - UK Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by Kenneth I 843 Area - Total 78,772 km...
February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
// Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ...
March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ...
// Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ...
The Good Old Cause was the name given by the soldiers of the New Model Army for the reasons they fought for Parliament against King Charles I and the Royalists during the English Civil War and the support they gave to the republic, particularly the English Commonwealth, of the Interregnum...
Colonel Sir Richard Ingoldsby (1617–1685) was an officer in the New Model Army and a Regicide who as a Commisoner (Judge) at the trial of King Charles I signed his death warrant. ...
The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a king, or the person responsible for it. ...
March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in leap years). ...
// Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ...
On April 4, 1660, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on April 25. On May 8 it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649[1]. Charles returned from exile on May 23[2]. He entered London on May 29, his birthday. To celebrate "his Majesty's Return to his Parliament" May 29 was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day[3]. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661[2]. April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ...
// Events January 1 - Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. ...
Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ...
Breda in the Netherlands, where King Charles II of England resided during his exile, has given its name to his Declaration of Breda (1660). ...
The term Convention Parliament has been applied to three different English Parliaments, of 1399, 1660 and 1689. ...
April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ...
May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ...
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. ...
// Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...
May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ...
This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ...
May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ...
May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ...
Oak Apple Day is celebrated in the United Kingdom on 29th May. ...
April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ...
1661 (MDCLXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...
[edit] Radicals vs. conservatives Parliament had, to a large degree, encouraged the radical political groups which emerged when the usual social controls broke down during the English Civil War. It had also unwittingly established a new political force when it set up the New Model Army. Not surprisingly, all these groups had their own hopes for the new Commonwealth. The English Civil War consisted of a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads) and Royalists (known as Cavaliers) between 1642 and 1651. ...
The New Model Army became the best known of the various Parliamentarian armies in the English Civil War. ...
[edit] Levellers Led by John Lilburne, Levellers drew their main support from London and the Army. In the Agreement of the People, 1649, they asked for: a more representative and accountable parliament, to meet every two years; a reform of law so it would be available to, and fair to all; and religious toleration. Though they wanted a more democratic society, their proposed franchise did not extend to women or to the lowest orders of society. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
The Levellers were a mid 17th century English political party, who came to prominence during the English Civil Wars. ...
The Agreement of the People (1648) was a social contract for the revolutionary English government. ...
Democracy (literally rule by the people, from the Greek δημοκÏατία-demokratia demos, people, and kratos, rule) is a form of government. ...
Levellers saw the Rump as little better than the monarchy it had replaced, and they showed their displeasure in demonstrations, pamphlets and mutinies. While their numbers did not pose a serious threat to the government, they scared the Rump into action and the Treasons Act was passed against them in 1649.
[edit] Diggers Led by Gerrard Winstanley, Diggers wanted an even more equal society than the Levellers. They advocated a lifestyle that was an early form of communism, with communal ownership of land, and absolute equality for males and females in law and education. They existed in only very small numbers and faced strong opposition, even from the Levellers. Gerrard Winstanley (1609 - September 10, 1676) was an English Protestant religious reformer and political activist during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. ...
Woodcut from a Diggers document by William Everard The Diggers were a group, begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as Diggers due to their activities. ...
Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization, based upon common ownershipmovement]]. Early forms of human social organization have been described as primitive communism by Marxists. ...
[edit] Religious sects The breakdown of religious uniformity and incomplete Presbyterian Settlement of 1646 enabled independent churches to flourish. The main sects (see also English Dissenters) were: Baptists, who advocated adult rebaptism; Ranters, who claimed that sin did not exist for the "chosen ones"; and Fifth Monarchy Men, who opposed all "earthly" governments, believing they must prepare for God's kingdom on earth by establishing a "government of saints". Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ...
English Dissenters were dissenters from England who opposed State interference in religious matters and founded their own communities over the 16th to 18th century period. ...
Baptist churches are part of a Christian movement often regarded as an Evangelical, Protestant denomination. ...
Baptism in early Christian art. ...
The Ranters were a radical English sect in the time of the Commonwealth, who were regarded as heretical by the established Church of that period. ...
The Fifth Monarchy Men were a radical Puritan politico-religious party active from 1649 to 1661 (the Interregnum) during Oliver Cromwells government. ...
Despite greater toleration, extreme sects were opposed by the upper classes as they were seen as a threat to social order and property rights. Catholics were also excluded from the toleration applied to the other groups.
[edit] Conservatives Conservatives were still dominant in both central government and local government. In the former, the Rump was anxious not to offend the traditional ruling class whose support it needed for survival, so it opposed radical ideas. In the latter, that ruling class dominated through the influence of traditional regional gentry. Central government or the national government (or, in federal states, the federal government) is the government at the level of the nation state. ...
Local governments are administrative offices of an area smaller than a state or province. ...
[edit] See also This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Robert Blake, General at Sea, 1599–1657 by Henry Perronet Briggs, painted 1829. ...
The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, the majority of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ...
[edit] Further reading [edit] Footnotes - ^ House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 8 May 1660
- ^ a b Pepys Diary 23 April 1661.
- ^ House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 30 May 1660
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