Telephones - main lines in use: 4,390,800 (2005, [1]) For other uses, see Telephone (disambiguation). ...

Telephones - mobile cellular: 19,090,000 (July 2007, [2]), 3 GSM cellular networks covering more than 85% of the territory (about 98% of the population) as well as one CDMA network. The two largest networks, Vodafone and Orange also provide UMTS (3G) services. 89.6% penetration rate. See list of mobile network operators for market share data. Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. ... General Information Generically (as a multiplexing scheme), code division multiple access (CDMA) is any use of any form of spread spectrum by multiple transmitters to send to the same receiver on the same frequency channel at the same time without harmful interference. ... Headquarters of Vodafone Romania Vodafone is Romanias second-largest mobile phone network operator. ... Orange România is Romanias largest GSM network operator, the subsidiary of Orange SA. It is now fully owned by the France Télécom Group (who owns Orange SA), the biggest initial investor, who graduatly increased its ownership. ... Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies. ... This is a list of mobile phone network operating companies. ...

Total telephone penetration rate: 108.3%

Telephone system: - general assessment: rapidly improving domestic and international service, especially in wireless telephony

domestic: good, modern services in urban areas; 98% of telephone network is automatic while 71% is digitized; trunk network is mostly fiber-optic cable and radio relay; about 80% of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages have outdated or no service. Romtelecom is the dominant fixed line provider (around 80% of the market share) and the only POTS provider. Other providers are RDS&RCS and UPC Romania. Romtelecom is the largest telecommunications company in Romania; the majority of shares are held by the Greek telecommunications company OTE (54. ... POTS may mean: Plain old telephone service (aka Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or Post Office Telephone Service or Post Office Telephone System) Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome This article consisting of a 4-letter acronym or initialism is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the... UPC-Astral is a Romanian telecommunications company, a cable television network, internet service provider and telephone operator. ...

international: satellite country code - 40; satellite earth station - 10 (Intelsat 4); digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest. For other uses, see Satellite (disambiguation). ...

See also Romania Telephone Area Codes. Country Code: 40 During the Communist years, there was no direct international access. ...

Radio broadcast stations: AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998) Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. ...

Radio sets: 12.1 million (2005)

Television broadcast stations: 130 (plus about 400 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Television sets: 11.35 million (2005)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Dial-up Access: 145 providers, Cable Access: 56 providers, Optical Fiber Access : 52 providers, Radio Access : 121 providers, xDSL Access : 65 providers, Other means (BNC,UTP etc.) : 124 providers (excludes many unregistered micro-ISPs. See below). (source : ANRC) “ISP” redirects here. ...

Internet users: approximately 6,000,000 (July 2006, [3]), 750,000 broadband subscriptions [4] (2005)

Broadband Internet access

In Romania, broadband internet has been available since 2000, through coaxial cable, first from Kappa (now defunct) and currently from RCS&RDS and UPC-Astral. Recent speeds range between 512 kbit/s and 6 Mbit/s (both upstream and downstream) for household targeted plans and cost between USD 9 and USD 34 per month, depending on the bandwidth provided. Coaxial Cable For the weapon, see coaxial weapon. ... RCS&RDS is one of the largest Romanian and Eastern European telecoms, offering nation wide satellite television, cable television, cable internet, VOIP, and planned 3G services. ... Liberty Global Europe (formerly UGC Europe, and previously United Pan-Europe Communications or UPC, and still usually primarily trading under that brand) is Europes biggest cable TV provider, also providing internet access, telephony and other related services. ... Astral Telecom S.A. is a Romanian telecommunications company, a cable television network, internet service provider and telephone operator. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ...

However, the most popular broadband services are provided by micro-ISPs (known locally as "reţea de bloc/reţea de cartier" (Block/Neighborhood Networks) with 50 to 3000 customers each. These ISPs usually provide their services through 100BASE-T UTP LANs, with a number of particularities and peculiarities : most were grassroot organizations and still have a feeling of community between subscribers and the management, speeds are usually divided in three categories : "LAN", "Metropolitan" and "International" with Metropolitan meaning a limited number of networks with which the micro-ISP has a peering agreement and sometimes the cable internet providers. Generally, for such broadband connections, speeds are 100 Mbit/s locally, 1-50 Mbit/s metro and 256-2048 kbit/s International. Costs range from between Lei 25 (USD 8.5) and Lei 700 (USD 235). Some of these micro-ISP function completely legally, while others (generally the smaller ones) are organized informally in something like a permanent LAN party. Many of these micro-ISPs formed organizations to represent their common interests and provide for integration of services (one such organization is Interlan, covering the whole of Bucharest). Speeds, uptime, quality of service are generally not guaranteed, and while the biggest networks offer high quality connections and technical support, for the smallest ones, there is even the risk of network cards burning because of lightning strikes and badly insulated network infrastructure. 100BASE-T is any of several Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s (12. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Twisted pair. ... For the Moldovan currency, see Moldovan leu. ... A large (approximately 300 people) LAN party in a sports hall in northern Germany A LAN party is a temporary, sometimes spontaneous, gathering of people together on their computers, which they network together primarily for the purpose of playing multiplayer computer games. ... Nickname: Motto: Patria si Dreptul Meu (My Country and My Right) Location of Bucharest within Romania (in red) Coordinates: , Country County Founded 1459 (first official mentioned) Government  - Mayor Adriean Videanu Area  - City 228 km²  (88 sq mi)  - Metro 238 km² (91. ... A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. ...

For business use, services are usually provided through fiber optics or radio. Companies providing such services (RCS&RDS, Euroweb, Mediasat, UPC (formerly known as Astral), Evolva, Fibernet, Intrabit) are providing very flexible and negotiable plans also based on the Metropolitan/International distinction. Usually prices and bandwidths are fully negotiable, with the micro-ISPs discussed above being influential resellers. There is very strong competition, with no peering between many such companies (again requiring a lot of traffic to be routed through international routes) and not even access to another's fiber-optics infrastructure (leading to the existence, in some cases, of over 25 fiber optics cables on the same street, hanging from the same pole). As such many companies have two separate providers for basically the same services.

DSL has been a recent addition, and is not such a popular choice compared to the other offers because it is slightly more expensive, but it has a great coverage (more then 650 cities and towns). DSL in Romania is provided by Romtelecom and a small number of Romtelecom licensees (DigiCom, etc) using it's extensive infrastructure. Romtelecom is the largest telecommunications company in Romania; the majority of shares are held by the Greek telecommunications company OTE (54. ...

Cable

RCS&RDS

• 2 Mbit/s downstream / 256 kbit/s upstream : $ 9 / month ( € 7)
• 3 Mbit/s downstream / 512 kbit/s upstream : $ 12 / month ( € 9)
• 4 Mbit/s downstream / 1024 kbit/s upstream : $ 15 / month ( € 11)

Triple Play (cable, internet, phone service) subscriptions are offered. Note that one must also have a cable subscription with RCS&RDS to have an Internet subscription. In telecommunications, the Triple Play service is a marketing term for the provisioning of the three services: high-speed Internet, television (Video on Demand or regular broadcasts) and telephone service over a single broadband connection. ...

FTTB

RCS&RDS launched in 2006 FiberLink, an optic fiber based internet subscription geared towards supporting and encouraging the large demand for cheap metropolitan traffic. Most of RCS&RDS' cable infrastructure immediately began being replaced by the newer FTTB, and as of late 2006 RCS&RDS started expanding the service by acquiring and converting the popular "Neighborhood Networks" of the urban areas. RCS&RDS is one of the largest Romanian and Eastern European telecoms, offering nation wide satellite television, cable television, cable internet, VOIP, and planned 3G services. ... Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) is a telecommunications industry term for a network which incorporates both optical fiber along with coaxial cable to create a broadband network. ...

• 2 Mbit/s downstream traffic, 30 Mbit/s downstream local traffic : $ 9 ( € 7)
• 3 Mbit/s downstream traffic, 50 Mbit/s downstream local traffic : $ 12 ( € 9)
• 4 Mbit/s downstream traffic, 50 Mbit/s downstream local traffic : $ 15 ( € 11)

UPC

• Starter 768 kbit/s downstream / 256 kbit/s upstream : Lei 20 / month ( $ 9, € 6)
• Light 1,5 Mbit/s downstream / 384 kbit/s upstream : Lei 30 / month ( $ 13, € 9)
• Standard 3 Mbit/s downstream / 512 kbit/s upstream : Lei 45 / month ( $ 16, € 13)
• Ultra 6 Mbit/s downstream / 512 kbit/s upstream : Lei 95 / month ( $ 34, € 27)

Triple Play (cable, internet, phone service) subscriptions are offered. Note that one must also have a cable subscription with UPC to have an Internet subscription.

DSL

Service is offered by Clicknet, a subsidiary of Romtelecom. Prices valid for September 2007 (normal, non-promotional prices) are as following (add 6.9 €/ month for phone line): Romtelecom is the largest telecommunications company in Romania; the majority of shares are held by the Greek telecommunications company OTE (54. ...

• ClickNet Express 1 Mbit/s (1024 kbit/s downstream, 512 kbit/s upstream) : 15 € / month ($ 20)
• ClickNet Express 3 Mbit/s (3072 kbit/s downstream, 512 kbit/s upstream) : 25 € / month ($ 31)
• ClickNet Business 6 Mbit/s (6144 kbit/s downstream, 512 kbit/s upstream) : 49 € / month ($ 67)

The fees above are rarely used, since Clicknet is constantly offering discounts and promotions for new subscribers that apply for the length of the contract (The practice is so widespread the said fees have not been in use since October 2006, and will not be in use until at least October 2007). Promotional prices generally offer 30-65% lower prices than "regular" prices (the cheapest plan is currently priced at 7.5 € while the highest is priced at 24.5 €).

Triple Play (digital satellite DTH/IPTV, telephone and Internet) subscriptions are offered. In telecommunications, the Triple Play service is a marketing term for the provisioning of the three services: high-speed Internet, television (Video on Demand or regular broadcasts) and telephone service over a single broadband connection. ... This article is about internet protocol television. ...

Mobile&Wireless

Zapp offers a wireless broadband service based on CDMA 1x and 1xEV-DO technology, with speeds of up to 2,4 Mbit/s downstream / 153 kbit/s upstream. It has subscriptions based either on traffic volume ( 100 MB/month - 10$, 200 MB/month - 15$, 500 MB/month - 25$, 1 GB/month - 35$) or time ( 5 hours/month - 9$, 15 hours/month - 19$), as well as an unlimited subscription priced at $ 39. Zapp Mobile is the only CDMA mobile phone operator in Romania, since the countrys market leaders use GSM. Overall, Zapp is the fourth largest network operator in the country and the 3rd mobile operator. ... CDMA2000 is a hybrid 2. ... Evolution Data Only,Evolution Data Optimized, often abbreviated as EVDO, EV-DO, EvDO, 1xEV-DO or 1xEvDO is a wireless radio broadband data protocol being adopted by many CDMA mobile phone providers in Japan, Korea, the United States and Canada, as part of the CDMA2000 standard. ...

Orange Romania offers a 3G/3G+ service up to 3.6 Mbit/s in selected areas. An unlimited time, 8 GB/month traffic limit costs 30 €/month. Lower priced plans, with less included traffic are also available. Additionally, where 3G/3G+ is unavailable, there is nationwide coverage of the GPRS / EDGE / UMTS network (where available) providing speeds of between 220-384 kbit/s downstream. Orange Romania is Romanias largest GSM network operator. ... General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. ... Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) or Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), is a digital mobile phone technology that allows it to increase data transmission rate and improve data transmission reliability. ... Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies. ...

Vodafone Romania uses the same technologies and provides the same speeds, its packages ranging between $ 3 ( € 2.35 ) with 10 MB traffic included to $ 25 ( € 19.6) with 250 MB included, extra traffic being priced at $ 0.3/ MB. It also has HSDPA coverage in Bucharest and several other large cities, with download speeds of up to 1,4 Mbit/s, priced between $ 10 ( 100 MB traffic included) and $ 35 ( 1 GB traffic included), extra traffic being priced at $ 0.3 / MB. Headquarters of Vodafone Romania Vodafone is Romanias second-largest mobile phone network operator. ... High-Speed Downlink Packet Access or HSDPA is a mobile telephony protocol. ...

Country code (Top level domain): RO

approx. 88,000 domains registered under .RO It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. ...

Television

Romanian television is dominated by a small number of corporations, owning multiple TV channels as well as radio stations, newspapers and media agencies. Their television business is structured around a flagship channel and a number of smaller specialized, niche channels. The biggest corporations of this kind are: There are several things called niche, a word English has borrowed from French: Generally, a niche is a special place within the scheme of things. ...

• Intact (with Antena 1-Antena 5),
• Central European Media Enterprises (with Pro TV, Acasă, Pro Cinema, Pro TV Internaţional and Sport.ro)
• Realitatea-Catavencu (with Realitatea TV, Romantica and The Money Channel)
• Centrul Naţional Media (with Naţional TV, N24 and Favorit TV)
• SBS Broadcasting Group (with Prima TV and Kiss TV).

Additionally, there is a public television service operated by Televiziunea Română with 4 channels (TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR Cultural and TVR i and there are many localized or franchised international channels (such as HBO, MTV, Cinemax, AXN, Cartoon Network). Furthermore, there are a few independent and local broadcasters. The Intact trust is a romanian group of media companies, owned by the family of politician and former businessman Dan Voiculescu. ... Antena 1 is a Romanian television network, and one of the three top networks in the country with a market share of about 20%. It covers most of the country and it is owned by Dan Voiculescu, who is also the president of the Conservative Party, a minor party in... Antena InternaÅ£ional is the newest TV station of the Intact Media Group, being designated to the Romanians living outside Romania. ... Central European Media Enterprises (CME) is a Bermuda-based company specialising in broadcast operations in Central and Eastern Europe. ... Pro TV, reaching around 82% of households, operates under the PRO TV SA license owned by Central European Media Enterprises managed by the controversial businessman Ronald Lauder, which includes Acasa TV (reaching 73,3% of households), Pro TV InternaÅ£ional and Pro Cinema TV channels. ... Acasă (Romanian for At home) is a television channel operated by the Media PRO media company that broadcasts in Romania. ... Media PRO tv channel dedicated to hilms. ... PRO TV InternaÅ£ional is a Romanian TV network owned by Media PRO Group. ... SPORT.RO is a romanian sports channel located in Bucharest owned by Central European Media Enterprises. ... The Realitatea-CaÅ£avencu trust is a Romanian group of media companies, owned by Sorin-Ovidiu Vântu (nicknamed SOV). ... Realitatea TV is the first Romanian news television network. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... The Money Channel is the second TV channel of Realitatea Media media group, owned by Sorin-Ovidiu Vântu (SOV, for short). ... Centrul National Media is a Romanian group of media companies, owned by the family Micula. ... NaÅ£ional TV is the first TV channel of the Centrul NaÅ£ional Media, owned by the Micula brothers. ... N24 is: a road, see N24 road a german television channel, see N24 (Germany) a romanian televsion channel, see N24 (Romania) This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Favorit TV is a romanian folk music channel located in Bucharest owned by Centrul National Media. ... Scandinavian Broadcasting System Broadcasting Group (normally referred to as just SBS) is one of Europe’s leading broadcasting groups, operating commercial television, premium pay channels, radio stations and related print businesses in Western and Central and Eastern Europe. ... Prima TV is a Romanian commercial TV channel, famous mainly for the Cronica CârcotaÅŸilor show and some PSD-related scandals. ... Kiss TV is a commercial music television channel available on the United Kingdom digital satellite platform Sky Digital. ... Public broadcasting (also known as public service broadcasting or PSB) is the dominant form of broadcasting around the world, where radio, television, and potentially other electronic media outlets receive funding from the public. ... Televiziunea Română (pronunciation: télévizju:nèa ro:mÄ«nÉ™), more commonly referred to as TVR (pronunciation: tévéré) is the national state-owned public service television broadcaster of Romania. ... TVR 1, Televiziunea RomânÇŽ 1 (translated: Romanian Television 1), is the first channel of the public broadcaster TVR. The most important show of the channel is Jurnalul TVR, whos motto is: Jurnalul aÅŸa cum ar trebui sÇŽ fie! (The news journal as it should be). ... TVR 2, Televiziunea Romana 2 (translated: Romanian Television 2), is the second channel of the public broadcaster TVR. The channel was created in 1972, but it was suspended from 1985 until after the fall of the Communist regime in 1989. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... TVR International (TVR InternaÅ£ional in Romanian, abbreviated as TVRi) is the international channel of Televiziunea Română, Romanias government-funded television network. ... For other uses, see HBO (disambiguation). ... This article is about the original U.S. music television channel. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... AXN is a satellite television network owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment, which was first launched on 21 September 1997. ... For Cartoon Network outside of the United States, see Cartoon Network around the world. ...

Two private stations, Pro TV and Antena 1, are market leaders, sharing about 32% of the market, with public television in the third place. A feature of Romanian Television after 2000 was the boom of specialized channels - such as soap opera and telenovela channels (Acasă TV, Romantica, Antena 4 - Euforia lifestyle TV), sport channels (such as Sport.ro and Telesport), talk channels (Antena 2) news channels (Realitatea TV, Antena 3 and N24), different movie genres or documentary types, and even specializing on different musical styles (UTV Romania and MTV being geared toward club, dance and hip-hop music, whereas Favorit TV and Etno TV towards folklore, and Taraf TV towards manele). Teleshopping channels, lifestyle and weather channels, and special channels dedicated for display in public areas (such as waiting areas, airports, train stations, banks, supermarkets) additionally exist. Pro TV, reaching around 82% of households, operates under the PRO TV SA license owned by Central European Media Enterprises managed by the controversial businessman Ronald Lauder, which includes Acasa TV (reaching 73,3% of households), Pro TV InternaÅ£ional and Pro Cinema TV channels. ... Antena 1 is a Romanian television network, and one of the three top networks in the country with a market share of about 20%. It covers most of the country and it is owned by Dan Voiculescu, who is also the president of the Conservative Party, a minor party in... For Philippine soap opera, see Teleserye. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Acasă (Romanian for At home) is a television channel operated by the Central European Media Enterprises that broadcasts in Romania. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Euforia Lifestyle TV, also known as Antena 4, is a television channel based in Bucharest, Romania. ... SPORT.RO is a romanian sports channel located in Bucharest owned by Central European Media Enterprises. ... Telesport is a Romanian sports channel. ... Antena 2 is a Romanian TV channel. ... Realitatea TV is the first Romanian news television network. ... Antena 3 Televisión is a Spanish television station. ... N24 is: a road, see N24 road a german television channel, see N24 (Germany) a romanian televsion channel, see N24 (Romania) This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... U TV is a romanian music channel located in Bucharest owned by New Trend Media. ... This article is about the original U.S. music television channel. ... Favorit TV is a romanian folk music channel located in Bucharest owned by Centrul National Media. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Manele (singular: manea) is a music style from the Balkans, mainly derived from Turkish, Greek, Arab or Serbian love songs. ...

Television broadcasts and cable television, frequency allocations, content monitoring and license allocation are done by the National Audiovisual Council (Consiliul Naţional al Audiovizualului (CNA)). Coaxial cable is often used to transmit cable television into the house. ... FreQuency is a music video game developed by Harmonix and published by SCEI. It was released in November 2001. ...

Romania has very high penetration rates for cable television in Europe, with over 79% of all households watching television through a CATV network in 2007 ^[1]. The market is extremely dynamic, and dominated by two giant companies - Romanian based RCS&RDS and US based UPC-Astral. Both additionally offer IP telephony over coaxial cable and Internet services. The national CATV network is being improved, and most households are being migrated towards digital cable solutions. Digital DTH satellite service is available throughout the country, and accounts for an additional 10-15% of the market, with only about 5% being attributed to terrestrial analogue television. Digital satellite DTH is provided by a number of companies. Most TV channels only broadcast via cable. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... RCS&RDS is one of the largest Romanian and Eastern European telecoms, offering nation wide satellite television, cable television, cable internet, VOIP, and planned 3G services. ... United States may refer to: Places: United States of America SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. ... UPC Romania is Romanias second-largest telecommunications company, a cable television network, internet service provider and telephone operator. ... A Satellite dish antenna A satellite dish is a type of parabolic reflector antenna designed with the specific purpose of transmitting signals to and/or receiving from satellites. ...

Broadcast television is very limited because of the high penetration of cable, only TVR 1, TVR 2, Antena 1 and Pro TV are available as analogue broadcasts. In some areas, only TVR 1 is available, and in others, there is no broadcast signal while there are cable operators. Furthermore, although the transmission systems are still functional, receiving aerials in many places have long since been dismantled or are unmaintained. Although tests are being performed in Bucharest it is possible that Romania will not migrate to digital terrestrial systems, but completely discontinue this service, and sell the available spectrum for other purposes, since the said investments provide limited appeal. It is expected that by 2010, only 5% of the population will watch television via broadcast, making it possible to completely switch off the network. TVR 1, Televiziunea RomânÇŽ 1 (translated: Romanian Television 1), is the first channel of the public broadcaster TVR. The most important show of the channel is Jurnalul TVR, whos motto is: Jurnalul aÅŸa cum ar trebui sÇŽ fie! (The news journal as it should be). ... TVR 2, Televiziunea Romana 2 (translated: Romanian Television 2), is the second channel of the public broadcaster TVR. The channel was created in 1972, but it was suspended from 1985 until after the fall of the Communist regime in 1989. ... Antena 1 is a Romanian television network, and one of the three top networks in the country with a market share of about 20%. It covers most of the country and it is owned by Dan Voiculescu, who is also the president of the Conservative Party, a minor party in... Pro TV, reaching around 82% of households, operates under the PRO TV SA license owned by Central European Media Enterprises managed by the controversial businessman Ronald Lauder, which includes Acasa TV (reaching 73,3% of households), Pro TV InternaÅ£ional and Pro Cinema TV channels. ... TVR 1, Televiziunea RomânÇŽ 1 (translated: Romanian Television 1), is the first channel of the public broadcaster TVR. The most important show of the channel is Jurnalul TVR, whos motto is: Jurnalul aÅŸa cum ar trebui sÇŽ fie! (The news journal as it should be). ... Nickname: Motto: Patria si Dreptul Meu (My Country and My Right) Location of Bucharest within Romania (in red) Coordinates: , Country County Founded 1459 (first official mentioned) Government  - Mayor Adriean Videanu Area  - City 228 km²  (88 sq mi)  - Metro 238 km² (91. ...

The reasons for the appeal for cable started in the early '90s. After the fall of the communist regime, in 1989, there were only two state owned TV channels available (see TVR), one only being available in about 20% of the country. Private TV channels were slow to appear, because of lack of experience and high start-up costs (most startups were radio stations or newspapers). Thus, for the first three years, over the air, one would get one or two state channels and one or two local, amateurish private channels, broadcasting only a few hours a day. In this environment, cable TV companies appeared and thrived, providing 15-20 foreign channels for a very low price (at the time 2 USD or less), some with Romanian translation, offering high quality news, entertainment and especially movies or cartoons (one of the ways cable companies advertised was the availability of a cartoon channel, Cartoon Network, appealing to children, which in turn would appeal to their parents). The first two companies to provide CATV were Multicanal in Bucharest and Timiş Cablu in Timişoara, both out of business today. Many small, startup firms gradually grew, and coverage increased (coverage wars were frequent in the early period, with many cable boxes smashed, and new cable networks offering "half off for twice the channels" and immediately wiring the building for any willing persons). However, this period soon ended, with consolidation around 1995-1996. Some large companies emerged: Kappa and RCS in Bucharest, Astral in Cluj, UPC in Timişoara, TourImex in Râmnicu Vâlcea. This consolidation came with gentlemen agreements over areas of control and pricing, with claims of monopoly abounding. This process of consolidation was completed around 2005-2006, when only two big suppliers of cable remained: UPC-Astral and RDS. Internet over coaxial cable has been available since around 2000, and IP telephony (over the CATV infrastructure) since the deregulation of the market in 2003. Currently, cable TV is available in most of the country, including most rural areas (where roughly 40% of the population lives). Satellite digital TV appeared in 2004, providing coverage for the rest of the country, with both RCS&RDS and UPC-Astral having a stake in these companies. IPTV (over DSL) is also planned by Romtelecom through its TV service (Dolce), after offering Satellite digital DTH TV. However, IPTV will not be much of a competition, since the other two big ISPs are also the two biggest CATV providers. Combatants Securitate and other loyalist forces Anti-CeauÅŸescu protesters, discontented Communist party members, Romanian Army defectors Commanders Nicolae CeauÅŸescu† Various independent leaders Casualties 1,104 deaths The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and fighting in late December of 1989 that overthrew the... When looking for Romanian television, did you mean: Communications in Romania for information on the number of television sets and television usage Televiziunea Română for information on TVR, the national television network A list of Romanian television networks: ProTV and Antena1 This is a disambiguation page — a... A radio station is a site configured for broadcasting sound. ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... For Cartoon Network outside of the United States, see Cartoon Network around the world. ... Nickname: Motto: Patria si Dreptul Meu (My Country and My Right) Location of Bucharest within Romania (in red) Coordinates: , Country County Founded 1459 (first official mentioned) Government  - Mayor Adriean Videanu Area  - City 228 km²  (88 sq mi)  - Metro 238 km² (91. ... County Status County Capital Mayor Gheorghe Ciuhandu, Christian-Democratic Peoples Party, since 1996 Area 129. ... Cluj may refer to Cluj County, Romania Cluj-Napoca, county seat of Cluj County, named Cluj until 1974 Category: ... County Status County capital Mayor Mircia Gutău, Democratic Party, since 2004 Area 89. ... DSL may refer to: Damn Small Linux Dark and Shattered Lands, a MUD based loosely on Forgotten Realms and Dragonlance books. ... Romtelecom is the largest telecommunications company in Romania; the majority of shares are held by the Greek telecommunications company OTE (54. ...

Cable TV is very cheap for all standards, the standard/basic service, offering about 50 channels, is around 20-30 RON/month including VAT (about 7-10 €), with the most expensive service, offering 10-15 channels more, including some pay-per-view such as HBO or Cinemax, costing no more than 60-70 RON/month (around 20-23 €). The Romanian leu (plural: lei; ISO 4217 code ROL) is the national currency of Romania. ... vat can be a type of barrel used for storage. ... The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve European Union member states: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. ... Pay-per-view is the name given to a system by which television viewers can call and order events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event to their homes later. ... For other uses, see HBO (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Romania uses PAL B/G for analogue cable and broadcast television, but see above. For other uses, see PAL (disambiguation). ...

References

See also : Romania