Communist Party of China 中国共产党 中國共產黨
General Secretary	Hu Jintao
Founded	July 1, 1921 (official) July 23, 1921 (de facto)
Headquarters	Zhongnanhai, Beijing
Political ideology	Marxism-Leninism (official) Maoism (official) Deng Xiaoping Theory with Socialism with Chinese characteristics (official) Three Represents (official) Scientific Development Concept (official)
No. of members	73,360,000 (2007)

The Communist Party of China (CPC) (simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; traditional Chinese: 中國共產黨; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the ruling political party of the People's Republic of China and also the world's largest political party. This status as ruling party is guaranteed by China's constitution, regardless of what the popular vote of China's citizens might be^[1]. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921, and fought the National Government of China (Republic of China) led by the Kuomintang (KMT) during the Chinese Civil War, which ended with the Communist Party of China's victory in the Chinese Revolution. With more than 70 million members,^[2] the CPC is the largest political party in the world, with this number being but 5.5% of the total population of China. Image File history File links Danghui. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Hu Hu Jintao (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; born December 21, 1942) is currently the Paramount Leader of the Peoples Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... An aerial view of Zhongnanhai The Zhongnanhai (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhōngnánhăi) is a complex of buildings in Beijing, China which serves as the central headquarters for the Communist Party of China and the government of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Peking redirects here. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Deng Xiaoping Theory (邓小平理论) is the series of political and economic ideologies first developed by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. ... This article is about the term itself and its relationships. ... The Three Represents (Simplified Chinese: 三个代表; Traditional Chinese: 三個代表; pinyin: sān gè dài biÇŽo) is a policy developed by Jiang Zemin for the Communist Party of China. ... The Scientific Development Concept (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: , Pinyin: KÄ“xué FāzhÇŽn Guān) is the current official guiding socio-economic ideology of the Communist Party of China. ... Simplified Chinese character (Simplified Chinese: or ; traditional Chinese: or ; pinyin: or ) is one of two standard sets of Chinese characters of the contemporary Chinese written language. ... Traditional Chinese characters refers to one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... The ruling party in a parliamentary system is the party or coalition of the majority in parliament. ... A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China (中华人民共和国宪法; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó XiànfÇŽ) is the highest law within the Peoples Republic of China. ... In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China (ROC), now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan, and the oldest political party in the... Belligerents Nationalist Party of China Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War... The Chinese Revolution may refer to: The Xinhai Revolution of 1911-1912, which led to the founding of the Republic of China, also known as the Republican Revolution. ... A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ...

[edit] Role within the People's Republic of China

Flag of the Communist Party of China

The CPC is one of the three centers of power within the People's Republic of China, the other two being the state apparatus and the People's Liberation Army. It is the main center of power in the PRC. In areas administered by the PRC outside of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao, the Communist Party of China functions effectively as a single party state. Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party. ... Peoples Liberation Army redirects here. ... Special administrative region may be: Peoples Republic of China Special administrative regions, present-day administrative divisions (as of 2006) set up by the Peoples Republic of China to administer Hong Kong (since 1997) and Macau (since 1999) Republic of China Special administrative regions, also translated as special administrative... A single-party state or one-party system or single-party system is a type of party system and form of government where only a single political party dominates the government and no opposition parties are allowed. ...

The relationship between party and state is somewhat different from that of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union under Stalin's successors, in which the party controlled the state. In the current PRC structure, power derives from the state position, but key state positions are invariably held by members of the party and the party through its organization department makes crucial decisions on who occupies what position. However, in contrast to the Soviet situation where the party had extra-legal authority, it has been established since the early 1990s that the party is subject to rule of law and is therefore subject to the authority of the state and the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza, acronym: КПСС (KPSS)) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The rule of law, in its most basic form, is the principle that no one is above the law. ... The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China (中华人民共和国宪法; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó XiànfÇŽ) is the highest law within the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Within the central government, the Party and state structures are fused with the leader of a ministry or commission also being the leader of the party body associated with that ministry. At the provincial or lower levels, the party and state heads are invariably separate, although the party head has a high state position and the state head has a high party position. The general practice at the provincial level has been for the governor of the province government to have been promoted through the local bureaucracy and for the party general secretary to be an outsider.

Although the PRC exercises sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao, the Communist Party of China cannot interfere with the local politics of these two special administrative regions. Instead it uses PRC United Front strategy like tactics to purposely weaken democracy camps in the region.^[3] Pro-Beijing groups have been installed since the 1990s to try and gain lower and middle class citizen support in local elections.^[4] National motto: none Official language Chinese and Portuguese Chief Executive Edmund Ho Hau-wah Area - Total - % water Not ranked 27. ... Special administrative region may be: Peoples Republic of China Special administrative regions, present-day administrative divisions (as of 2006) set up by the Peoples Republic of China to administer Hong Kong (since 1997) and Macau (since 1999) Republic of China Special administrative regions, also translated as special administrative...

[edit] Organization

The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping, who subsequently initiated "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and brought all state apparatuses back under the control of the CPC. This article is about the Peoples Republic of China. ... Deng Xiaoping   (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician and reformer, and the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CCP). ... This article is about the term itself and its relationships. ...

Theoretically, the party's highest body is the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which meets at least once every five years. The primary organization of power in the Communist Party which are listed in the party constitution include: The National Congress of the Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a party congress that is held about once every five years. ... The Constitution of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has 53 Articles and includes contents of General Program, Membership, Organization System, Central Organizations, Local Organizations, Primary Organizations, Party Cadres, Party Discipline, Party Organs for Discipline Inspection, Leading Party Members Groups, Relationship Between the Party and the Communist Youth League, Party...

Jiang Zemin with Hu Jintao, the current General Secretary of the party.

The People's Liberation Army in dress uniform.

• Central Committee, which includes:
  • The Politburo Standing Committee, which currently consists of nine members; see current members of the Politburo Standing Committee for a complete list.
  • The Politburo, consisting of 24 full members (including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee) and one alternate; see current members of the Politburo for a complete list.
  • The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CPC, headed by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China;
  • The Central Military Commission (a parallel organization of the government institution of the same name);
• The Central Discipline Inspection Commission, which is directly under the National Congress and on the same level with the Central Committee, charged with rooting out corruption and malfeasance among party cadres.

Other central organizations include: Jiang Zemin (left) and Hu Jintao (right) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jiang Zemin (left) and Hu Jintao (right) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Jiāng Zémín (Traditional Chinese: 江澤民, Simplified Chinese: 江泽民, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāng Zémín, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Hu Hu Jintao (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; born December 21, 1942) is currently the Paramount Leader of the Peoples Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the... Download high resolution version (1050x742, 189 KB)courtesy of http://www. ... Download high resolution version (1050x742, 189 KB)courtesy of http://www. ... Peoples Liberation Army redirects here. ... The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党中央委员会; pinyin: Zhōngguó GòngchÇŽndÇŽng Zhōngyāng WÄ›iyuánhuì) is the highest authority within the Communist Party of China between Party Congresses. ... The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会 pinyin: Zhōngguó GòngchÇŽndÇŽng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú Chángwù WÄ›iyuánhuì) is a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 9 and includes the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. ... The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会 pinyin: Zhōngguó GòngchÇŽndÇŽng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú Chángwù WÄ›iyuánhuì) is a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 9 and includes the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. ... The Politburo of the Communist Party of China ( Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局 pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú) is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. ... The Politburo of the Communist Party of China ( Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局 pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú) is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. ... The Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee (Chinese: 中国共产党中央委员会书记处 pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Shūjìchù) is the permanent bureaucracy of the Communist Party of China and forms a parallel structure to state organizations in the Peoples Republic of China. ... The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee (Chinese: 中国共产党中央委员会总书记 pinyin: Zhōngguó GòngchÇŽndÇŽng Zhōngyāng WÄ›iyuánhuì ZÇ’ngshÅ«jì) is the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China and heads the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China. ... The Central Military Commission (Chinese: 中央军事委员会 pinyin: Zhōngyāng Jūnshì Wěiyuánhuì ) refers to one of two bodies within the Peoples Republic of China. ...

• General Office;
• Central Organization Department;
• Propaganda Department;
• International Liaison Department; and
• United Front Department

In addition, there are numerous commissions and leading groups, the most important of which are: The Organization Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee (Chinese: 中国共产党中央组织部) is a department of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee which is responsible for staffing positions within the CCP. Because the Peoples Republic of China is effectively a one party state, the organization... The United Front in the Peoples Republic of China is a popular front led by the Communist Party of China. ...

• Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee
• Work Committee for Organs under the Central Committee
• Work Committee for Central Government Organs
• Central Financial and Economic Leading Group
• Central Leading Group for Rural Work
• Central Leading Group for Party Building
• Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group
• Central Taiwan Affairs Leading Group
• Commission for Protection of Party Secrets
• Leading Group for State Security
• Party History Research Centre
• Party Research Center
• Central Party School

Every five years, the Communist Party of China holds a National Congress. The latest happened on October 15, 2007. Formally, the Congress serves two functions: to approve changes to the Party constitution and to elect a Central Committee, about 300 strong. The Central Committee in turn elects the Politburo. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are determined before a Party Congress, and the main purpose of the Congress is to announce the party policies and vision for the direction of China in the following few years. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党中央委员会; pinyin: Zhōngguó GòngchÇŽndÇŽng Zhōngyāng WÄ›iyuánhuì) is the highest authority within the Communist Party of China between Party Congresses. ... The Politburo of the Communist Party of China ( Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局 pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú) is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. ...

The party's central focus of power is the Politburo Standing Committee. The process for selecting Standing Committee members, as well as Politburo members, occurs behind the scenes in a process parallel to the National Congress. The new power structure is announced obliquely through the positioning of portraits in the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Party. The number of Standing Committee members varies and has tended to increase over time. The Committee was expanded to nine at the 16th Party National Congress in 2002. The Peoples Daily (Chinese: 人民日报 Pinyin ) is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation of 3 to 4 million. ...

There are two other key organs of political power in the People's Republic of China: the formal government and the People's Liberation Army. Peoples Liberation Army redirects here. ...

There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission established by Deng Xiaoping which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their passing this has been abolished. The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议 Pinyin: Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi), abbreviated CPPCC, is an advisory body in the Peoples Republic of China. ... Central Advisory Commission (中央顾问委员会 zhong1 yang1 gu4 wen4 wei3 yuan2 hui3) (CAC) of Peoples Republic of China provided political assistance and consultation to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (中央委员会). ... Deng Xiaoping   (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician and reformer, and the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CCP). ...

[edit] Internal or external groupings

Political scientists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party^[5] leading to a structure which has been called "one party, two factions".^[6] The first is the "elitist coalition" or Shanghai clique which contains mainly officials who have risen from the more prosperous provinces. The second is the "populist coalition" or "Youth League faction" which consists mainly of officials who have risen from the rural interior, through the Communist Youth League. The interaction between these two factions is largely complementary with each faction possessing a particular expertise and both committed to the continued rule of the Communist Party and not allowing intra-party factional politics threaten party unity. It has been noted that party and government positions have been assigned to create a very careful balance between these two groupings. The Shanghai clique is an informal name for officials in Chinese Communist Party especially central government of the Peoples Republic of China or CCP centre who rose to prominence in the Shanghai city administration under Jiang Zemin or used to be subordinates of Jiang. ... The Communist Youth League of China (中国共产主义青年团; abbr. ...

Within his "one party, two factions" model, Li Chen has noted that one should avoid labeling these two groupings with simplistic ideological labels, and that these two groupings do not act in a zero-sum, winner take all fashion. Neither group has the ability or will to dominate the other completely.^[7]

[edit] History

[edit] As Revolutionary Party

Marxist ideas started to spread widely in China after the May Fourth Movement. The Communist Party of China was really initially founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in the French concession of Shanghai in 1921 as a study society and an informal network. There were informal groups in China in 1920, and also overseas, but the official beginning was the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 13 men in July 1921, when the formal and unified name Communist Party of China was adopted and all other names of communist groups were dropped. Mao Zedong was present as one of two delegates from a Hunan communist group, which had maybe 10 members out of 53 for all China. Other 12 members attended included Zhang Guotao, Dong Biwu, Li Hanjun, Li Da, Chen Tanqiu, Liu Renjing, Zhou Fohai, He Shuheng, Deng Enming, Chen Gongbo, Bao Huiseng (represented by Chen Duxiu sheltering in Canton at that time) and two representatives from the Comintern, one of them being Henk Sneevliet. Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... Students in Beijing rallied during the May Fourth Movement. ... Chen Duxiu (October 8, 1879 – May 27, 1942) played many different roles in Chinese history. ... Li Dazhao (李大釗, Wades-Giles: Li Ta-chao) (October 29, 1888 - April 28, 1927) was a Chinese intellectual who cofounded the Communist Party of China with Chen Duxiu in 1921. ... For other uses, see Shanghai (disambiguation). ... Mao redirects here. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Dong Biwu (Chinese: 董必武, Wade-Giles: Tung Pi-wu) (1886 - April 2, 1975) was a Chinese communist political leader during the regime of Mao Zedong. ... Zhou Fohai (1897-1948, 周佛海), Chinese politician, and second in command of Wang Jingweis collaborationist Nanjing Nationalist Government Executive Yuan. ... Chen Gongbo (1892-1946) Chinese politician, was the Head of the Legislative Yuan of the Wang Jingweis puppet state, the Nanjing Nationalist Government. ... Chen Duxiu (October 8, 1879 – May 27, 1942) played many different roles in Chinese history. ... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the pseudonym Maring (May 13, 1883 - April 13, 1942), was a Dutch Communist, who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East-Indies. ...

Flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic, or Jiangxi Soviet, which existed from 1931 to 1934 in Jiangxi Province.

Under the guidance of the Soviet Union, the party was reorganized along Leninist lines in 1923, while party members were encouraged to join the Kuomintang(KMT) as individual members in preparation for the Northern Expedition – a policy recommended by the Dutch communist Henk Sneevliet, then Comintern representative in China (see Henk Sneevliet). Image File history File links Chinese_soviet_flag. ... Image File history File links Chinese_soviet_flag. ... Flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic (1931-1934). ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China (ROC), now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan, and the oldest political party in the... The Dutch (Ethnonym: Nederlanders meaning Lowlanders) are the dominant ethnic group[1] of the Netherlands[2]. They are usually seen as a Germanic people. ... Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the pseudonym Maring (May 13, 1883 - April 13, 1942), was a Dutch Communist, who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East-Indies. ... Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the pseudonym Maring (May 13, 1883 - April 13, 1942), was a Dutch Communist, who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East-Indies. ...

The party was small at first, but grew intermittently through the first Chinese Revolution of 1925–27 by Kuomintang and CPC. Even during that revolution, which was far before the rapid growth of the 1940s and 1950s, the party was the largest communist party in the world, larger even than the CPSU. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = КПСС) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording Communist Party was present in the partys name since 1918 when...

In 1927, just before final success of the revolution CPC and Kuomingtang were split, and the CPC was massacred with more than four in five members being killed. The only major section of the party which survived was the section built around Mao Zedong, which established Soviet Republic of China in some remote areas within China through peasant riots. After a number of military campaigns from KMT army, the CPC had to give up their bases and started Long March (1934-1935) to search a new base. During Long March, the party leadership re-examine its policy and blamed their failure to the CPC military leader Otto Braun, a German sent by Comintern. After they resettled in Yan’an, the native Communists, such as Mao Zedong and Zhu De raised into power, and CPC became less dependent of the Comintern and Soviet Union. The Western world first got a clear view of the Communist Party of China through Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China. Mao redirects here. ... The Jiangxi Soviet, formally called the Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Sūwéiāi Gònghēguó), also translated as the Soviet Republic of China or the China Soviet Republic, existed from 1931 to 1934. ... Combatants Nationalist Party of China and allied warlords Communist Party of China Commanders Chiang Kai-shek various, eventually Mao Zedong Strength over 300,000 First Front Red Army: 86,000 (October 1934) 7,000 (October 1935) The Long March (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a massive military retreat undertaken... Otto Braun to the left, 1932 Otto Braun (28 January 1872 - 14 December 1955) was a German Social Democratic politician, who was Prime Minister of Prussia. ... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Mao redirects here. ... Zhu De ZhÅ« Dé (朱德, Wade-Giles: Chu Teh, zi: YùjiÄ“ 玉阶) (December 1, 1886 – July 6, 1976) was a Chinese Communist military leader and statesman. ... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including...

During the Second Sino-Japanese war(1937-1945), the CPC and KMT were temporarily in alliance to fight their common enemy. The Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army became army group belonging to the national army, and the Soviet Republic of China changed into a special administration region. However, essentially the army and the region controlled by CPC remained independent from the KMT’s government. In eight years, the CPC controlled armed forces grew from ten thousand to one million. Combatants China  United States1 Soviet Union2  Empire of Japan Collaborationist Chinese Army3 Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Cheng, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren, Xue Yue, Bai Chongxi, Peng Dehuai, Joseph Stilwell, Claire Chennault, Aleksandr Vasilevsky Hirohito, Fumimaro Konoe, Hideki Tojo, Kotohito Kanin, Matsui Iwane, Hajime Sugiyama, Shunroku Hata... The Jiangxi Soviet, formally called the Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Sūwéiāi Gònghēguó), also translated as the Soviet Republic of China or the China Soviet Republic, existed from 1931 to 1934. ...

After 1945, the civil war resumed and despite initial gains by the Kuomintang, it was defeated and forced to flee to off-shore islands, the biggest among which is Taiwan. The Kuomintang's defeat marked the onset of the Chinese Revolution whence Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Beijing on October 1, 1949.

Almost all agree that without Japanese invasion, it would have been unlikely for the CPC to win over China. However, those against CPC attribute to CPC developing its force by the chance when KMT government fighting with Japanese, while those favor CPC claim that CPC gained reputation by effectively fighting Japan through its guerrilla war, thus attracted people to joint it. Neutral persons combine these two factors.

[edit] As Ruling Party

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. This section has been tagged since March 2008.

Maoism Basic concepts Marxism-Leninism Anti-Revisionism 3 Worlds Theory Social-imperialism Mass line People's war New Democracy Prominent Maoists Mao Zedong Prachanda Bob Avakian Zhang Chunqiao José María Sison Abimael Guzmán Charu Majumdar Jiang Qing İbrahim Kaypakkaya Pierre Mulele International tendencies Conference of M-L Parties and Organizations Revolutionary Internationalist Movement Parties Marxist-Leninist Party of Germany Communist Party of India (Maoist) Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) Communist Party of Peru Communist Party of the Philippines Communist Party of the Portuguese Workers / Reorganizative Movement of the Party of the Proletariat Related subjects Communist Party of China Cultural Revolution Little Red Book Naxalism

The Communist Party of China has been penetrated by those it sought to defeat, originally a party based around the Marxist-Leninism principles it has evolved into a Stalinist/Nationalist organization. The CPC is now condemned by many if not all Socialist movement around the world for its deviation from Socialism. The CPC has been criticized specifically by Marxists, Leninists and Trotskyists.The CPC's ideologies have significantly evolved since its founding. Mao's revolution that founded the PRC was nominally based on Marxism-Leninism with a rural focus based on China's social situations at the time. During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological breakdown with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev and their allies. Since then Mao's peasant revolutionary vision and so-called "continued revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, giving way to the disastrous Cultural Revolution. This fusion of ideas became known officially as "Mao Zedong Thought", or Maoism outside of China. It represented a powerful branch of communism that existed in opposition to the Soviet Union's "Marxist revisionism". Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 519 pixelsFull resolution‎ (929 × 603 pixels, file size: 53 KB, MIME type: image/gif) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... In the communist or Marxist-Leninist movement, an anti-revisionist is one who favors a strict Stalinist or Maoist interpretation of Marxist-Leninist ideology. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Three Worlds theory is a theory developed by Mao Zedong that suggests that the world is politically and economically divided into three world. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Social-imperialism is imperialism with a socialist/communist face. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Mass Line is the political/organizational/leadership method developed by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) during the Chinese revolution. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Peoples war (also called protracted peoples war) is a military-political strategy invented by Mao Zedong. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... For different uses of the term, including political parties with the name New Democracy, see New Democracy (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Mao redirects here. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Prachanda (NepālÄ«: प्रचण्ड pracaṇḍa, born Pushpa Kamal Dahal on December 11, 1954) is the leader of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Robert Bruce Bob Avakian (b. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Zhang Chunqiao (Simplified Chinese: 张春桥; Traditional Chinese: 張春橋; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang Chun-chiao) (1917–April 21, 2005) was a member of the Gang of Four. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... José María Sison (born February 8, 1939 in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur, Philippines) is a writer and activist who reorganized the Communist Party of the Philippines by combining elements of Maoism. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Guzmán as a prisoner Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso, also known by his nom de guerre Presidente Gonzalo (English: President Gonzalo), a former professor of philosophy, was the leader of the Maoist insurgency often referred coloquially to as Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso in Spanish). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Charu Majumdar Charu Majumdar(Bangla: চারু মজুমদার) (1918-1972) was an Indian Maoist revolutionary born in 1918 in Siliguri, West Bengal. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Madame Mao This is a Chinese name; the family name is Jiang Jiang Qing (Chinese: ), real name Lǐ ShÅ«méng, known under various other names, including the stage name Lan Ping (Chinese: 蓝苹), and commonly referred to as Madame Mao, (March 1914 – May 14, 1991), was the fourth wife of... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Ibrahim Kaypakkaya was a leader of the Turkish communist movement. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Pierre Mulele (August 11, 1929 - October 3 [or October 9, depending on the source], 1968) was a Congolese revolutionary who was briefly minister of education in Patrice Lumumbas cabinet. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations, a grouping of parties and organizations adhering to Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Revolutionary Internationalist Movement is an international Communist organization which upholds Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Marxist-Leninist Party of Germany (Marxistisch-Leninistische Partei Deutschlands, MLPD) is a political party in Germany without parliamentary representation. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an underground Maoist political party in India. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Communist Party of Peru (Spanish: Partido Comunista del Perú), more commonly known as the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru that launched the internal conflict in Peru in 1980. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The New Peoples Army, or NPA, is a communist-based revolutionary group in the Philippines, formed in December 1969. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... PCTP/MRPP symbol The Communist Party of the Portuguese Workers / Reorganizative Movement of the Party of the Proletariat (Portuguese: Partido Comunista dos Trabalhadores Portugueses / Movimento Reorganizativo do Partido do Proletariado or PCTP/MRPP [1]) is a Maoist political party in Portugal founded in 1970. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article is about the Peoples Republic of China. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung is also the title of a play by Edward Albee. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Naxalite or Naxalism is an informal name given to radical, often violent, revolutionary communist groups that were born out of the Sino-Soviet split in the Indian communist movement. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza, acronym: КПСС (KPSS)) was the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: , Nikita Sergeevič Chruščiov; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov[1]; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894[2]–September 11, 1971) was the chief director of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... This article is about the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Chinese poster from the first stage of the Cultural Revolution, reading: Down with the Soviet revisionists in large print, and Crush the dog head of Leonid Brezhnev and Alexey Kosygin at the bottom, 1967 The term revisionism is also used to refer to other concepts. ...

Following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, however, the CCP under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping moved towards Socialism with Chinese characteristics and instituted Chinese economic reform. In reversing some of Mao's "extreme-leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist country and the market economy model were not mutually exclusive. While asserting the political power of the Party itself, the change in policy generated significant economic growth. The ideology itself, however, came into clash on both sides of the spectrum with Maoists as well as progressive liberals, culminating with other social factors to cause the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests. Deng's vision for economic success and a new socialist market model became entrenched in the Party constitution in 1997 as Deng Xiaoping Theory. Mao redirects here. ... Deng Xiaoping   (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) was a prominent Chinese politician and reformer, and the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CCP). ... This article is about the term itself and its relationships. ... Economic reforms have triggered internal migrations within China. ... A market economy (also called a free market economy or a free enterprise economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets (though completley useless to some dumbasses) guided by a free price system. ... The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre and the June 4th Incident, or colloquially, Six-four (Chinese: ) by the Chinese public, and as the Political Turmoil between Spring and Summer of 1989 by the government of the Peoples Republic of China, were a... Deng Xiaoping Theory (邓小平理论) is the series of political and economic ideologies first developed by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. ...

The "third generation" of leadership under Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji, and associates largely continued Deng's progressive economic vision while overseeing the re-emergence of Chinese nationalism in the 1990s. Nationalist sentiment has seemingly also evolved to become informally the part of the Party's guiding doctrine. As part of Jiang's nominal legacy, the CPC ratified the Three Represents into the 2003 revision of the Party Constitution as a "guiding ideology", encouraging the Party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people." There are various interpretations of the Three Represents. Most notably, the theory has legitimized the entry of private business owners and quasi-"bourgeoisie" elements into the party. Jiāng Zémín (Traditional Chinese: 江澤民, Simplified Chinese: 江泽民, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāng Zémín, Wade-Giles: Chiang Tse-min, Cantonese (Jyutping): gong1 zaak6 man4) (born August 17, 1926) was the core of the third generation of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist... Zhū Róngjī (born October 1, 1928, Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ) is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991, before serving as Vice-Premier and then Premier of the Peoples Republic of China from March 1998 to March... The May Fourth Movement in 1919 marked a turning point in the history of Chinese nationalism. ... The Three Represents (Simplified Chinese: 三个代表; Traditional Chinese: 三個代表; pinyin: sān gè dài biǎo) is a policy developed by Jiang Zemin for the Communist Party of China. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The insistent road of focusing almost exclusively on economic growth has led to a wide range of serious social problems. The CPC's "fourth generation" of leadership under Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao, after taking power in 2003, attempted reversing such a trend by bringing forth an integrated ideology that tackled both social and economic concerns. This new ideology was known as the creation of a Harmonious Society using the Scientific Development Concept. Social issues in the Peoples Republic of China in the 21st century are varied. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Hu Hu Jintao (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; born December 21, 1942) is currently the Paramount Leader of the Peoples Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the... Wen Jiabao (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Wen Chia-pao) (born September 1942) is the Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Harmonius Society (和谐社会) is a concept raised by the Chinese government (Hu-Wen Administration) during the 10th Annual meeting of the Chinese National Peoples Congress in March of 2005. ... The Scientific Development Concept (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: , Pinyin: Kēxué Fāzhǎn Guān) is the current official guiding socio-economic ideology of the Communist Party of China. ...

The degree of power the Party had on the state has gradually decreased as economic liberalizations progressed. The evolution of CCP ideology has gone through a number of defining changes that it no longer bears much resemblance to its founding principles. The CCP's current policies are fiercely rejected as capitalist by most communists, especially anti-revisionists, and by adherents of the Chinese New Left from within the PRC. In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ... In the Marxist-Leninist movement, an anti-revisionist is one who favors the line of theory and practice associated with Marx-Engels-Lenin-Stalin-Mao, usually stated in this way so as to show direct opposition to the Marx-Engels-Lenin-Trotsky path of Trotskyism. ... New Leftism in the Peoples Republic of China is an ideological tendency in opposition to capitalism that first arose during the mid-1990s. ...

The Communist Party of China comprises a single-party state form of government; although, there are parties other than the CCP within China, all of these report to the United Front Department of the Communist Party of China and do not act as opposition or independent parties. Since the 1980s, as its commitment to Marxist ideology has appeared to wane, the party has begun to increasingly invoke Chinese nationalism as a legitimizing principle olol as opposed to the socialist construction for which the party was originally created. The change from socialism to nationalism has pleased the CCP's former enemy, the Kuomintang (KMT), which has warmed its relations with the CCP since 2003.^[8] States in which the constitution mandates power to a sole party are colored brown. ... The United Front in the Peoples Republic of China is a popular front led by the Communist Party of China. ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... The May Fourth Movement in 1919 marked a turning point in the history of Chinese nationalism. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... Religious socialism Key Issues People and organizations Related subjects Socialism refers to a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) [1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China (ROC), now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of seats in the Legislative Yuan, and the oldest political party in the...

[edit] Viewpoints: criticism and support

There are a variety of opinions about the Communist Party of China, and opinions about the CPC often create unexpected political alliances and divisions. For example, many chief executive officers of Western companies tend to have favorable impressions of the CPC,