Indonesia

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The Communist Party of Indonesia (in Indonesian: Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI) was a communist party in Indonesia. Prior to being crushed in 1965, it was the third largest communist party in the world, outside the Soviet Union and China.^[1] This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The President of the Republic of Indonesia (Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the Head of State as well as the Head of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. ... This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia. ... General (ret. ... List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia Dr. Mohammad Hatta (1945 - 1956) Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973 -1978) Adam Malik (1978 - 1983) Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983 - 1988) Sudharmono (1988 - 1993) Try Sutrisno (1993 - 1998) B.J.Habibie (1998) Megawati Sukarnoputri (1999 - 2001) Hamzah Haz (2001 - 2004) Jusuf Kalla (2004 - 2009) See also... Jusuf Kalla Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia. ... United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) is a presidential cabinet led by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Indonesia has moved towards bicameralism by establishing the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, most commonly called the DPD in the Indonesian media. ... The Peoples Representative Council is the lower house of the legislature of Indonesia. ... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections. ... Politics of Indonesia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Indonesia ... Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on April 5, 2004. ... A sample ballot paper showing the five presidential candidates and their vice-presidential running-mates. ... The province (Indonesian: provinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. ... There are four levels of government administration in Indonesia, plus one community-led level of administration. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... US$43 billion in International Monetary Fund (IMF) aid in 2003 was sent as foreign aid to Indonesia, and this assistance has traditionally been an important part of the central government’s budget. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...

Initial establishment

The party was established at the initiative of the Dutch socialist Henk Sneevliet in 1914, under the name Indies Social Democratic Association (in Dutch: Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging, ISDV). ISDV was constituted essentially by the 85 members of the two Dutch socialist parties, SDAP and SDP, residing in the Dutch East Indies.^[2] Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the pseudonym Maring (May 13, 1883 - April 13, 1942), was a Dutch Communist, who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East-Indies. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Social Democratic Labour Party (in Dutch: Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij), a political party which existed between 1894 and 1945. ... The Communist party of the Netherlands (CPN, in Dutch Communistische Partij Nederland) was a communist party of the Netherlands. ...

In October 1915 ISDV started a publication in Dutch, Het Vrije Woord (The Free Word). The editor was Adolf Baars. The ISDV did not demand independence at the time of its formation. At this point ISDV has around 100 members, out of whom only three were Indonesian. However, it rapidly moved into a radical and anticapitalist direction. ISDV under Sneevliet became uncomfortable for the SDAP leadership in the Netherlands, who distanced themselves from the ISDV. In 1917 the reformist section of ISDV broke away, and formed their own Indies Social Democratic Party. In 1917 ISDV launched its first publication in Indonesian, Soeara Merdeka (The Freedom Voice). 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Reformism (also called revisionism or revisionist theory) is the belief that gradual changes in a society can ultimately change its fundamental structures. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ...

Sneevliet's ISDV saw the legacy of the October Revolution as the path to follow in Indonesia. The group made inroads amongst Dutch sailors and soldiers stationed in the colony. 'Red Guards' were formed, and within three months they numbered 3 000. In late 1917 soldier and sailors revolted in the major naval base of the archipelago, Surabaya, and formed soviets. The colonial authorities suppressed the Surabaya soviets and the ISDV. Dutch leaders of ISDV were sent back to the Netherlands, including Sneevliet. The leaders of the soldiers uprising were given sentences of 40 years imprisonment. “Red October” redirects here. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... Surabaya (formerly Soerabaja) is Indonesias second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. ... A soviet (Russian: , IPA: , council[1]) originally was a workers local council in late Imperial Russia. ...

ISDV continued working, albeit in a more clandestine manner. It launched another publication, Soeara Rakyat (The People's Voice). After the involuntary departure of several Dutch cadres, in combination with the work inside the Sarekat Islam, the membership had moved from Dutch majority to Indonesian majority. By 1919 it only had 25 Dutch members, out of a total of less than 400. Sarekat Islam, formerly Sarekat Dagang Islam, is an Indonesian organization. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

At the congress of ISDV in May 1920 in Semarang, it took the name Perserikatan Komunis di Hindia (PKH; Communist Association of the Indies). Semaun was the party chairman of at this point. PKH was the first Asian communist party to become a section of the Communist International. Henk Sneevliet represented the party at the second congress of the Communist International 1920. Semaun left Indonesia in December 1921, and Tan Malaka replaced him briefly as chairman before being deported to the Netherlands by the colonial authorities. 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Semarang is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia. ... Semaun (approx. ... The first edition of Communist International, journal of the Comintern published in Moscow and Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in May 1919. ... Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the pseudonym Maring (May 13, 1883 - April 13, 1942), was a Dutch Communist, who was active in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East-Indies. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Tan Malaka, portrait as published in his autobiography Tan Malaka (1896/1897–c. ...

In 1924 the name was changed once again, to Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, Communist Party of Indonesia). 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

In November 1926 the party lead revolts against the colonial rule in Western Java and Western Sumatra. PKI declared a republic. The revolt was brutally crushed by the colonial authorities. Thousands of people were killed and around 13 000 were arrested. 1308 persons, mainly cadres of the party, were sent to the Boven Digoel imprisonment camp in Irian Jaya.^[3] Several died while in captivity. Many non-communist political activists were also targeted by the colonial authorities, under the pretext of suppressing the communist rebellion. The party was outlawed by the Dutch East Indies government in 1927. The PKI went underground and Dutch, and later Japanese, surveillance ensured that it was never a disciplined or coherent organisation for the remainder of the pre-war period.^[4] Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... Map showing Papua province in Indonesia Papua is a province of Indonesia comprising part of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

During the initial period of illegality PKI kept a somewhat lower profile, with much of its leadership imprisoned. In 1935 the PKI leader Musso returned from his exile in Moscow to reorganize PKI in underground conditions. His stay in Indonesia is however rather brief. The party now worked within various fronts, such as Gerindo and trade unions. In Holland PKI started working amongst Indonesian students within the nationalist organization Perhimpunan Indonesia, an organization which was soon to be under the control of PKI.^[5] 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Musso (1897 - October 31, 1948) was an Indonesian communist politician who was leader of the Indonesian Communist Party in the 1920s and again during the Madiun rebellion of 1948. ... Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: , Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ...

Post-war resurgence

The PKI re-emerged on the political scene after the Japanese surrender in 1945, and it actively took part in the struggle for independence from the Netherlands. Many armed units were under PKI control or influence. Although PKI militias played an important role in fighting against Dutch, President Sukarno was concerned the growing influence of PKI would eventually threaten his position. Moreover, the growth of PKI troubled the more right-wing sectors of the Indonesian polity as well as some foreign powers, especially the vigorously anti-communist United States. Thus the relationship between the PKI and other forces also fighting for independence was generally a difficult one. Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ...

In February 1948 PKI and leftist sectors of the Socialist Party of Indonesia (Partai Sosialis Indonesia) formed a joint front, People's Democratic Front. The front did not last, but the leftist section of PSI later merged with PKI. By this time the Pesindo militias were under the control of PKI. 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Socialist Party of Indonesia (Partai Socialis Indonesia), a political party founded by Sjahrir. ... Peoples Democratic Front (Front Democrasi Rakjat), a short-lived united front of leftists in Indonesia, founded in February 1948. ... Peoples Youth (in Bahasa Indonesia: Pemuda Rakyat) was the youth wing of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). ...

On August 11, 1948 Musso returned to Jakarta after twelve years in the Soviet Union. The PKI politburo was reconstructed, including Dipa Nusantara Aidit, M.H. Lukman and Njoto. is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta), formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ... Dipa Nusantara Aidit (July 30, 1923 - November 22, 1965) was a leader of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). ... M.H. Lukman was the First Deputy Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). ...

After signing the Renville Agreement in 1948, many of the Republican armed units returned from zones of conflict. This gave the Indonesian right-wing some confidence that they would be able to counter PKI militarily. Guerrilla units and militias under the influence of PKI were ordered to disband. In Madiun a group PKI militaries refused to go along with the disarmament were killed in September the same year. The killings sparked a violent uprising. This provided a pretext to clamp down on the PKI. It was claimed by army sources that PKI had announced the proclamation of the 'Soviet Republic of Indonesia' on September 18 with Musso as its president and Amir Sjarifuddin as its prime minister. At the same time PKI had denounced the uprising and appealed for calm. The uprising was suppressed by republican troops and PKI passed through yet another period of repression. On September 30 Madiun was taken over by republican troops of the Siliwangi division. Thousands of party cadres were killed and 36 000 were imprisoned. Amongst the executed were several leaders including Musso who was killed on October 31, allegedly while trying to escape from prison. Aidit and Lukman went into exile in the People's Republic of China. However, PKI was not banned and continued to function. The reconstruction of the party began in 1949. The Renville Agreement was a political accord concluded on January 17, 1948 by the Dutch administration and the Republic of Indonesia. ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... Madiun uprising is seen in Pramoedya Ananta Toers works Pramoedya Ananta Toer is probably the best known internationally of all Indonesian writers. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... Amir Sjarifuddin (1907-1948) was a left-wing politician, one of the Indonesian Republics first leaders. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Musso (1897 - October 31, 1948) was an Indonesian communist politician who was leader of the Indonesian Communist Party in the 1920s and again during the Madiun rebellion of 1948. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...

In 1950 the party started publishing again, with the main organs being Harian Rakyat and Bintang Merah. In the 1950s the PKI committed itself to a nationalist position under the leadership of Dipa Nusantara Aidit, supporting the anti-colonialist and anti-western policy of the Indonesian president Sukarno. Aidit and the section around him, including young leaders such as Sudisman, Lukman, Njoto and Sakirman, who took charge of the party in 1951. None were more than 30 years old at the time. Under Aidit PKI grew rapidly, from around 3-5 000 in 1950, to 165 000 members in 1954 to 1.5 million in 1959. [1] Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In August 1951 PKI led series of militant strikes, which werefollowed by clamp-downs in Medan and Jakarta. The PKI leadership went underground for a brief period. Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Medan is the capital city of North Sumatra province, Indonesia. ... Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta), formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ...

Before the election of 1955, PKI favoured Sukarno's plans for 'guided democracy' and was an active supporter of Sukarno.^[6] In the 1955 elections PKI came fourth with 16% of the votes. It won 39 seats (out of 257) and 80 out of 514 in the Constituent Assembly. Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ...

Opposition to the continued Dutch control over Irian Jaya was an issue often raised by PKI during the 1950s. Map showing Papua province in Indonesia Papua is a province of Indonesia comprising part of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands. ...

In July 1957 there was a grenade attack on the PKI office in Jakarta. In the same month PKI made advances in municipal elections. In September the same year the Islamist Masyumi publicly demanded that PKI should be banned.[2] Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta), formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. ...

On December 3 trade unions, largely under control of PKI, started seizing control Dutch-owned companies. These seizures paved way for the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises. The struggles against foreign capitalists gave the PKI the opportunity to profile itself as a national party. is the 337th day of the year (338th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers...

In February 1958 a coup attempt was made by pro-U.S. forces amongst the military and the political right-wing. The rebels, based in Sumatra and Sulawesi, proclaimed a Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia) on February 15. This so-called Revolutionary Government immediately began arresting thousands of PKI members in the areas under their control. PKI supported the efforts by Sukarno to quell the rebellion, including introduction of martial law. The rebellion was eventually defeated. Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 km²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... Location of Sulawesi Island (light green) among the various islands of Indonesia. ... The Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia/PRRI) is a rebellious movement led by army officers of the newly formed Indonesian Army. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In August 1959 there was an attempt on behalf of the military to prevent the holding of the PKI congress. However the congress was held as scheduled, and was addressed by Sukarno himself. In 1960 Sukarno launched the slogan Nasakom, an abbreviation of Nasionalisme (Nationalism), Agama (Religion), Komunisme (Communism). Thus the role of PKI as a junior partner in the Sukarno polity was institutionalized. The PKI welcomed the launching of the Nasakom concept, seeing it in terms of a multiclass united front. Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ...

Although PKI supported Sukarno, it did not lose its political autonomy. In March 1960 the PKI denounced the undemocratic handling of the budget by Sukarno. On July 8 Harian Rakyat carried an article critical of the government. The PKI leadership was arrested by the army, but later released on orders of Sukarno. 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

When idea of Malaysia was conceived, it was rejected by the PKI as well as the Communist Party of Malaya. Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) Known as the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) until the 1960s. ...

With growing popular support and a membership of about 3 million by 1965, the PKI was the strongest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China. The party had a firm base in various mass organizations, such as the All-Indonesian Central Labour Organisation (Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia), People's Youth (Pemuda Rakyat), Indonesian Women's Movement (Gerakan Wanita Indonesia), Peasants Front of Indonesia (Barisan Tani Indonesia), the League of People's Culture (Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat) and the Association of Scholars of Indonesia (Himpunan Sarjana Indonesia). Estimates claim that the total membership of the party and its frontal organizations might have at its peak organized a fifth of the Indonesian population. 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Peoples Youth (in Bahasa Indonesia: Pemuda Rakyat) was the youth wing of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). ... Gerwani (from Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, Indonesian Womens Movement) was an organization of communist women active in Indonesia in the 1950s and 1960s. ... Peasants Front of Indonesia (in Bahasa Indonesia: Barisan Tani Indonesia) was a peasant mass organization connected to the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). ...

In March 1962 PKI joined the government. PKI leaders Aidit and Njoto were named advisory ministers. In April PKI held its party congress. In 1963 the governments of Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines engaged in discussions on territorial disputes and the possibility of a Maphilindo Confederation, an idea launched by the Philippine president Macapagal. The PKI rejected the ideas of Maphilindo and Malaysian federation. PKI militants crossed over into Malaysia and engaged in combat against British and Australian forces there. Some groups reached Malaya, to join the struggle there. However, most of them werecaptured on arrival. Most of the PKI combat units were active in border regions of Borneo. Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Maphilindo (for Malaya, the Philippines, and Indonesia) was to be a nonpolitical confederation uniting the Malay peoples. ... Macapagal is the name of two presidents of the Philippines: Diosdado Macapagal, 9th president of the Philippines Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, 14th president of the Philippines There is also the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport and Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard in the Philippines. ... Map of Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (Malay: Semenanjung Malaysia) is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula, and shares a land border with Thailand in the north. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kalimantan. ...

In January 1964 PKI started confiscating British properties owned by British companies in Indonesia. 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ...

Liquidation

See also Overthrow of Sukarno

The growing influence of the PKI concerned the United States and other anti-communist western powers, and Sukarno's constant balancing act between the PKI, the military, nationalist factions, and Islamic groups was threatened by the PKI's rise. The overthrow of Sukarno and the violence that followed it was a conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1966 between forces loyal to then-President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and forces loyal to a right-wing military faction led by General Abdul Haris Nasution and Maj. ...

At the same time the political and economic situation turned ever more volatile. Inflation sky-rocketed and living conditions for ordinary people worsened. In December 1964 Chaerul Saleh of the Murba Party (formed by former PKI leader Tan Malaka) claimed that PKI waspreparing a coup d'état. The PKI demanded a ban on the Murba Party, which was enforced by Sukarno in early 1965. 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... Tan Malaka, portrait as published in his autobiography Tan Malaka (1896/1897–c. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ...

In the context of Konfrontasi with Malaysia, the PKI called for 'arming the people'. Large sectors of the army were opposed to this. Sukarno remained officially non-committal. In July around 2000 PKI members started military training near Halim Air Force Base. Notably the concept of 'arming the people' had won support amongst the Air Force and the Navy.

On September 8 PKI demonstrators initiated a two-day siege of the US Consulate in Surabaya. On September 14 Aidit addressed a PKI rally, urging members to be vigilant to things to come. September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On September 30 Pemuda Rakyat and Gerwani, both PKI-associated organizations, held a mass rally in Jakarta against the inflation crisis. Later in the night, six of Indonesia's top generals were killed and thrown down a well, and the PKI was blamed for instigating a supposed coup attempt. The events and supposed coup plotters of that night are referred to as "G30S", an abbreviation of "Gerakan 30 September" (30 September Movement). Concrete evidence linking the PKI to the generals' assassinations is limited^{[citation needed]}, leading to speculation that their involvement was very limited or even that Suharto organized the events and scapegoated the communists.[3] The PKI was subsequently severely repressed, as General Suharto forced Sukarno aside and consolidated influence over the military and the country. is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Gerwani (from Gerakan Wanita Indonesia, Indonesian Womens Movement) was an organization of communist women active in Indonesia in the 1950s and 1960s. ... Haji Mohammad Soeharto (born June 8, 1921), more commonly referred to as simply Soeharto (Suharto in the English-speaking world), is a former Indonesian military and political leader. ...

On October 2 the Halim base was captured by the army. The Harian Rakyat issue carried an article in support of the G30S coup, but speculation later arose concerning whether it actually represented the opinions of PKI. Otherwise the official line of PKI at the time was that the G30S was an internal affair within the armed forces. October 2 is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On October 6 the Sukarno's cabinet held its first meeting since September 30. PKI ministers attend. A resolution denouncing G30S was passed. Njoto was arrested directly after the meeting. October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ...

A massive manifestation was held in Jakarta two days later, demanding a ban on the PKI. The main office of PKI was burned down. On October 13 the Islamic organization Ansor held anti-PKI rallies across Java. On October 18 around a hundred PKI were killed by Ansor. The systematic extermination of the party had begun. October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Between 300,000 and one million Indonesians were killed in the mass-killings that followed.^[7] [4] Lists of suspected communists were supplied to the Indonesian military by the CIA. A CIA study of the events in Indonesia assessed that "In terms of the numbers killed the anti-PKI massacres in Indonesia rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century..." ^[8]. The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ...

It must also be noted that the CIA was not the only party to the issue, and there was also British involvement in the events.

Time Magazine presented the following account on December 17, 1966 : "Communists, red sympathisers and their families are being massacred by the thousands. Backlands army units are reported to have executed thousands of communists after interrogation in remote jails. Armed with wide-bladed knives called parangs, Moslem bands crept at night into the homes of communists, killing entire families and burying their bodies in shallow graves." (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ...

"The murder campaign became so brazen in parts of rural East Java, that Moslem bands placed the heads of victims on poles and paraded them through villages. The killings have been on such a scale that the disposal of the corpses has created a serious sanitation problem in East Java and Northern Sumatra where the humid air bears the reek of decaying flesh. Travellers from those areas tell of small rivers and streams that have been literally clogged with bodies."

Amongst the worst affected areas was the island of Bali, where PKI had grown rapidly prior to the crackdown. On November 11 clashes erupted between the PKI and PNI, ending in massacres of PKI accused members and sympathizers. Whereas much of the anti-PKI pogroms in the rest of the country were carried out by Islamic political organizations in the name of jihad, the killings in Bali were done in the name of Hinduism. Bali stood out as the only place in the country where local soldiers in some way intervened to lessen the slaughter. Bali is an Indonesian island located at , the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. ... November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... Indonesian National Party (Partai Nasional Indonesia/PNI) is the oldest political party in Indonesia, established on 4 July 1927. ... Hinduism (known as in modern Indian languages) is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ...

On November 22, Aidit was captured and killed. November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In December the military proclaimed that Aceh had been cleared of communists. Simultaneously, Special Military Courts were set up to try jailed PKI members. On March 12, the party was formally banned by Suharto, and The pro-PKI trade union SOBSI was banned in April. Aceh (IPA pronunciation: , pronounced approximately Ah-Cèh, but with [e], not [ei] at the end) is a special territory (daerah istimewa) of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year (72nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Some of these tumultuous events were fictionalized in the popular novel and film The Year of Living Dangerously (1982). The Year of Living Dangerously is a novel by Christopher Koch, which was made into a film in 1982, directed by Peter Weir and written by Koch, Weir, and David Williamson. ...

Post-1965 developments

In spite of initial sporadic resistance, PKI stood paralysed after the 1965-1966 killings. In September 1966 the remnants of the party politburo issued a statement of self-criticism, criticizing the previous cooperation with the Sukarno regime. Year 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. ...

After the killings of Aidit and Njoto, Sudisman took over party leadership. In 1967 he was sentenced to death. 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...

Some cadres of PKI, including the youth leader Sukatno, had taken refuge in Blitar, Eastern Java, following the crackdown on the party. Amongst the leaders present in Blitar were the youth leader Sukatno, the deputy chairman of SOBSI, Ruslan Widjayasastra and Professor Iskandar Subekti, assistant to Aidit. Blitar was an underdeveloped area were PKI had a strong support amongst the peasantry. The military was unaware that PKI had been able to consolidate itself in Blitar. But in March 1968 violence erupted in Blitar, as local peasants attacked leaders and cadres of Nahdatul Ulama, as a revenge for the role NU had played in anticommunist persecutions. Around 60 NU cadres were killed. It is however unlikely that the killings of NU cadres in Blitar had been conducted on the orders of PKI. Anyhow, the military was made aware of the PKI enclave, and crushed it. Sukatno, Ruslan and Iskandar Subekti were captured and sentenced to death. Blitar is a city (kota) and Regency of East Java, Indonesia. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1968 Gregorian calendar. ... The Nahdatul Ulama, known as Nahdlatul Ulama or NU, is a traditionalist conservative Sunni Islam group in Indonesia. ...

Some party cadres were temporarily outside Indonesia at the time of the September 30 events. Notably a sizeable delegation had travelled to China to participate in the anniversary celebrations of the Chinese Revolution. Others had left Indonesia to pursue studies in Eastern Europe. In exile a party apparatus continued to function. It was, however, largely isolated from political developments inside Indonesia. In Java, some villages that were known to be refuges for members or suspected sympathisers were identified by authorities and were kept under careful watch for a considerable time. The Chinese Revolution may refer to: The Xinhai Revolution of 1911-1912, which led to the founding of the Republic of China, also known as the Republican Revolution. ...

As of 2004, former PKI members remain blacklisted from many occupations including government jobs. During his presidency Abdurrahman Wahid invited former PKI exiles to return to Indonesia in 1999, and proposed removing restrictions on open discussion of the communist ideology. In arguing for the removal of the ban, Wahid cited Indonesia's original 1945 constitution, which did not prohibit or even specifically mention communism. Wahid's proposal was vigorously opposed by some sectors of Indonesia society, especially conservative Islamic groups. In an April 2000 protest, a group called the Indonesian Islamic Front rallied ten thousand people in Jakarta against Wahid's proposal. The Army did not immediately reject the proposal, but promised a "comprehensive and meticulous study" of the idea.^[9] 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Abdurrahman Wahid (also known as Gus Dur) (born August 4, 1940) was the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001, and founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

References

1. ^ Thirdworldtraveler.com
2. ^ marxist.com
3. ^ Independant-Bangladesh.com
4. ^ Reid, Anthony (1973). The Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1950. Melbourne: Longman Pty Ltd, p.83. ISBN 0-582-71046-4. 
5. ^ marxist.org
6. ^ Indonesians Go to the Polls: The Parties and their Stand on Constitutional Issues by Harold F. Gosnell. In Midwest Journal of Political Science May, 1958. p. 189
7. ^ Robert Cribb, ed., The Indonesian killings of 1965-1966: studies from Java and Bali (Clayton, Vic.: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash Papers on Southeast Asia no 21, 1990).
8. ^ Kahin, George McT. and Kahin, Audrey R. Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia. New York: The New Press, 1995.
9. ^ Asian News Digest (2000) 1(18):279 and 1(19):295-296.

External links

• People of Indonesia, Unite and Fight to Overthrow the Fascist Regime
• Defence speech given by Sudisman in 1967
• Shadow Play - Information regarding the 1965 coup and subsequent persecution of the PKI.
• The First Period of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI): 1914-1926

Further reading

• Jochen Hippler, Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid, Amr Hamzawy: Krieg, Repression, Terrorismus. Politische Gewalt und Zivilisation in westlichen und muslimischen Gesellschaften. ifa, Stuttgart 2006, S. 55-58 (Review)
• J.L. Holzgrefe / Robert O. Keohane: Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas. Cambridge (2003). ISBN 052152928X, S. 47
• Mark Levene u. Penny Roberts: The Massacre in History. (1999). ISBN 1571819355, S. 247-251
• Robert Cribb, 'The Indonesian Marxist tradition', in C.P. Mackerras and N.J. Knight, eds, Marxism in Asia (London: Croom Helm, 1985), pp. 251-272.