NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Communist Party of Yugoslavia

The Communist Party of Yugoslavia (after 1952 the League of Communists of Yugoslavia) was the ruling party of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 until the 1991. The dominant figure in its history was Josip Broz Tito. SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... Serbo-Croatian (srpskohrvatski or hrvatskosrpski) is a name for a language of the Western group of the South Slavic languages. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... Serbo-Croatian (srpskohrvatski or hrvatskosrpski) is a name for a language of the Western group of the South Slavic languages. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... SKJ flag. ... The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state that existed from 1945 to 1992. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ...

Contents

1 Origins

2 Underground

3 Second World War

4 Rise to power

5 Dissidents

6 Crisis and dissolution

7 Remnants

8 See also

Origins

Before World War I the Slavic people in the Balkans were divided among four countries: Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro and (until 1912) the Ottoman Empire. Each country had their own social democratic party. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Serbia and Montenegro – Serbia – Kosovo and Metohia (UN administration) – Vojvodina – Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area – Total – % water 88,361 km² n/a Population – Total (2002) (without Kosovo) – Density 7. ... Serbia and Montenegro – Serbia – Kosovo and Metohia (UN administration) – Vojvodina – Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area – Total – % water 13,812 km² n/a Population – Total (2003) – Density 616,258 48. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ...

After the First World War, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created, and later renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia". Under the influence of the October Revolution in Russia, the different social-democratic parties united to create the "Socialist Workers Party of Yugoslavia (communists)" (Socijalistička radnička partija Jugoslavije (komunisti), SRPJ(k)), in 1919. The first party congress was held in Belgrade, with Filip Filipović presiding. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state which existed from December 1, 1918 to mid-April 1941. ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... A Party Congress is a general conference of a political party. ... Belgrade (Serbian, Београд, Beograd listen), is the capital (2003–) of Serbia and Montenegro and Yugoslavia (1918–2003). ...

The new party joined the Communist International and won seats in the first parliamentary elections becoming the third party in Serbia and electing its candidate as mayor of Belgrade. At the second party congress held in Vukovar in 1920 the party changed its name to the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, KPJ). The first edition of Communist International, journal of the Comintern published in Moscow and Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in May 1919. ... A mayor (from the Latin maīor, meaning larger,greater) is the politician who serves as chief executive official of some types of municipalities. ... Vukovar (Hungarian: Vukovár) is a city in Croatia, population 20,301 (2001). ... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ...

Unlike most parties in the Kingdom, the Communist Party was very revolutionary and supported many strikes and demonstrations. A turning point was to be a miners' strike in Husino near Tuzla, Bosnia. After one policeman and four miners were killed, the party was temporary prohibited. The ban became permanent in 1921. A revolution is a relatively sudden and absolutely drastic change. ... Tuzla city shield Tuzla is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Bosnia and Herzegovina (officially Bosna i Hercegovina, shortened to BiH, also in English variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Underground

Two underground conferences were held in Vienna in 1926 and Dresden in 1928. Althogh still playing an important role in the class struggle the number of party members declined. The persecution of the party culminated after 1929 when King Alexander of Yugoslavia prohibited all parties. Many key members of the Communist Party were killed including the leadership of the youth wing and party president Đuro Đaković. Underground as an adjective commonly refers to something that is either below the ground or outside of public consciousness. ... Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]) is the capital of Austria, and also one of Austrias nine federal states (Bundesland Wien). ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Brühls Terrace and the Frauenkirche Dresden [ˈdreːsdn̩] (Sorbian/Lusatian Drježdźany), the capital city of the German federal state of Saxony, is situated in a valley on the river Elbe. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a communist (that is, Marxist or anarchist) perspective. ... 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Aleksandar I Karađorđević King Alexander I of Yugoslavia - Serbian Kralj Aleksandar I Karađorđević, in Cyrillic Краљ Александар I Карађорђевић (Cetinje, Montenegro, 16 December 1888 - France, 9 October 1934) of the Royal House of Karadjordjevic was the first king of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1934) and before that king of...

Party members in exile in the Soviet Union came under scrutiny during Stalin's Great Purge — party president Milan Gorkić was executed. Under the pressure of persecution as well as the problems of having a multinational party, the Communists became highly fractionalised and almost disintegrated. Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... The Great Purge is the name given to campaigns of repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s which included a purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ...

Josip Broz (using the pseudonyms of "Walter" and "Tito") was able to unite the party after taking over the leadership in 1937. Under instructions from the Comintern, he reactivated the Party and started preparation for the fight against fascism. Josip Broz Tito (May 7, 1892 - May 4, 1980) was the ruler of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The first edition of Communist International, journal of the Comintern published in Moscow and Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in May 1919. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...

Second World War

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia quickly fell when attacked by Germany in 1941. The Communists organized the largest resistance movement in Europe under the leadership of the Yugoslav National Liberation Army and was able to use guerilla warfare with assistance from the British and Americans to establish liberated territories under its control. The Communist-led partisans enacted elements of socialist revolution in the territories they liberated and used propaganda to popularize their aims. At the end of the war the Partisans consisted of 800,000 soldiers under the leadership of 14,000 members of the Communist party. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Yugoslav partisans were the main anti-fascist resistance movement which fought against the occupation of Yugoslavia by Axis forces during World War II. The uniting force of the anti-fascist partisans on the territory was Peoples Liberation Army and Partisan detachments of Yugoslavia (NOV i POJ; Narodnooslobodilačka vojska... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from guerra meaning war) used to describe small combat groups. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ...

Rise to power

The other parties formed before the war were unable to reestablish themselves as credible forces. Eight of them entered the coalition with the Communists and founded the People's Front of Yugoslavia (Narodna fronta Jugoslavije), while the Democratic Party of Milan Grol tried to boycott the first post-war elections of 1945. Peoples Front can refer to: Peoples Front (Canada) Peoples Front (Georgia) Peoples Front (Singapore) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The elections were held more in the form of a referendum: the People's Front candidate list received 91% of the vote while the option of "no list" won 9%. Yugoslavia became a republic and the other parties disappeared. The People's Front (later called the Socialist Association of Working People of Yugoslavia, Socijalistički Savez Radnog Naroda Jugoslavije) remained open to those who did not consider themselves to be communists, such as members of the clergy. A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people that dont base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. ...

In 1948, the party held its fifth Congress. The meeting was held shortly after Stalin accused Tito of being a nationalist and moving to the right branding his heresy Titoism. This resulted in a break with the Soviet Union known as the Informbiro period and experiments with decentralization and other departures from the Soviet model of a Communist state. Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... Titoism is a term for policies and practices based on the principle that in each country, the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by the conditions of that particular country, rather than by a pattern set in another country. ... Informbiro (also the Informbiro period or the Time of the Informbiro) was a period 1948-1955 in the history of Yugoslavia characterized by conflict and schism with the Soviet Union. ... This article is about one-party states ruled by Communist Parties. ...

Under the influence of reformers such as Milovan Đilas, Yugoslavia experimented with ideas of workers self-management where workers influenced the policies of the factories in which they worked and shared a portion of any surplus revenue. This resulted in a change in the party's role in society from holding a monopoly of power to being an idelogical leader. As a result, the party name was changed to the Communist League of Yugoslavia (Savez komunista Jugoslavije, SKJ) in 1952 during its seventh Congress. Milovan Đilas Milovan Đilas (1911-1995) was a Communist politician and theorist in Yugoslavia. ...

Dissidents

The Communists had a number of dissidents within its ranks at various periods:

From 1948 to 1953 during the conflict with Stalin, cf. Informbiro, a number of party members were accused of being pro-Moscow and jailed at Goli Otok
In 1954, Milovan Đilas was expelled from the party due to his criticisms and his proposals for a multi-party system with a decentralized economy.
Aleksandar Ranković argued for a highly centralized system more akin to the Soviet model and was expelled from the party in the early 1960s.
In the course of the so-called Croatian spring of 1971, some of the Croatian party members were disciplined due to accusations of liberalism and nationalism, along with Serbian communists accused of liberalism. Many of their ideas were ultimately adopted in the new 1974 Yugoslav constitution.
In the early 1980s some members such as Vojislav Šešelj turned to an extreme form of nationalism which ended up overtaking the movement under Slobodan Milošević.

1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Informbiro (also the Informbiro period or the Time of the Informbiro) was a period 1948-1955 in the history of Yugoslavia characterized by conflict and schism with the Soviet Union. ... Categories: Croatian geography stubs | Islands of Croatia | Prisons and detention centres | Yugoslavia ... 1954 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Milovan Đilas Milovan Đilas (1911-1995) was a Communist politician and theorist in Yugoslavia. ... Ranković, Tito and Đilas Aleksandar Leka Ranković (1909-1982) was a leading Yugoslav Communist of Serbian origin. ... The Croatian Spring (Hrvatsko proljeće) was a political movement from the early 1970s that called for greater rights for Croatia which was then part of Yugoslavia. ... 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and its predecessor, Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) was developed after the World War II as follows: Constitution of FLRY, adopted on January 31, 1946 Constitutional Law of the FLRY, adopted on January 13, 1953 Constitution of SFRY, adopted... 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Vojislav Šešelj (born October 11, 1954 in Sarajevo) is a Serbian politician, the president of the Serbian Radical Party during the 1990s. ... Slobodan Milošević. ...

Crisis and dissolution

After Tito's death in 1980 the party adopted a collective leadership model with the occupant of the top position rotating annually. The party's influence declined and the party moved to a federal structure giving more power to party branches in Yugoslavia's constituent republics. Party membership continued to grow reaching two million in the mid-1980s but membership was considered less presitgious than in the past. 1980 is a leap year starting on Tuesday. ...

Slobodan Milosevic became president of the Communist League of Serbia in 1987 and combined Serbian nationalism with opposition to liberal reforms. The growing rift between the branches of the Communist Party and between the republics of Yugoslavia led to the effective dissolution of the Communist League of Yugoslavia at its 14th Congress held in 1991 with rifts between Serbian and Slovenian Communists leading to the breakup of the party into different parties for each republic. The Communist associations in most republics later changed their names to Socialist or Social-Democratic parties. The Socialist Party of Serbia (Serbian: Socijalisticka partija Srbije) is a political party in Serbia. ... 1987 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Remnants

There were several attempts to reactivate the Communist League of Yugoslavia. One prostalinist group, called New Communist Party of Yugoslavia (NKPJ) claimed to continue in the tradition of the original Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), but not of the "Titoist" Communist League of Yugoslavia (SKJ). Another attempt to revive the party was the Comunist Leagues - Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), which was mainly a soldiers' party, and later joined the Yugoslav United Left (JUL). There is also another minor party calling itself the Communist League of Yugoslavia, which organised what it claimed to be the party's 15th and 16th congresses, the latter in 1994 claiming that it continues the tradition of SKJ but they are weak and have lacked the resources to organize a 17th Congress. A Norwegian soldier (a Corporal, armed with an MP-5) A soldier is a person who has enlisted with, or has been conscripted into, the armed forces of a sovereign country and has undergone training and received equipment to defend that country or its interests. ... 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ...

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