NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Compact Disc Digital Audio

Red Book is the standard for audio CDs (Compact Disc Digital Audio system, or CDDA). It is named after one of a set of color-bound books that contain the technical specifications for all CD and CD-ROM formats. Standardization, in the context related to technologies and industries, is the process of establishing a technical standard among competing entities in a market, where this will bring benefits without hurting competition. ... Sound is a disturbance of mechanical energy that propagates through matter as a longitudinal wave. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Rainbow Books are a collection of standards defining the allowed formats of Compact Discs. ... The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ... Look up format in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The first edition of the Red Book was released in June 1980 by Philips and Sony; it was adopted by the Digital Audio Disc Committee and ratified as IEC 908. The standard is not freely available and must be licensed from Philips. At the time of writing, the cost per the relevant Philips order form (document no. 28/10/04-3122 783 0027 2) is US$5,000. As of 2006, the IEC 908 document is now known as IEC 60908 and is also available as a PDF download for $210 [1]. 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Philips HQ in Amsterdam Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics N.V.), usually known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is one of the largest electronics companies in the world. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international standards organization dealing with electrical, electronic and related technologies. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Technical details

The Red Book specifies the physical parameters and properties of the CD, the optical "stylus" parameters, deviations and error rate, modulation system and error correction, and subcode channels and graphics. Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM) is an encoding technique used by CDs and MiniDiscs. ... In the Compact Disc system, error correction and detection is provided by Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code. ...

It also specifies the form of digital audio encoding (2-channel signed 16-bit PCM sampled at 44100 Hz). Digital audio comprises audio signals stored in a digital format. ... Signedness is a property of an integer number used by a compiler to indicate if variables of a numeric type are capable of storing both positive and negative numbers, or just positive. ... Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a modulation technique. ... The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the SI unit of frequency. ...

Bit rate = 44100 samples/s × 16 bit/sample × 2 channels = 1411.2 kbit/s (more than 10 MB per minute)

On the disc, the data are stored in sectors of 2352 bytes each, read at 75 sectors/s. Onto this is added the overhead of EFM, CIRC, L2 ECC, and so on, but these are not typically exposed to the application reading the disc.

By comparison, the bit rate of a "1x" data CD is defined as 2048 bytes/sector × 75 sectors/s = exactly 150 KiB/s = about 8.8 MB per minute. According to the International Electrotechnical Commission a kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage. ...

Copy protection

Recently, some major recording publishers have begun to sell CDs that violate the Red Book standard for the purposes of copy prevention, using systems like Copy Control, or extra features such as DualDisc, which features a CD-layer and a DVD-layer. The CD-layer is much thinner, 0.9 mm, than required by the Red Book, which stipulates 1.2 mm. Philips and many other companies have warned them that including the Compact Disc Digital Audio logo on such non-conforming discs may constitute trademark infringement; either in anticipation or in response, the long-familiar logo is no longer to be seen on recent copy-protected CDs, as well as stickers and warnings that the CD is not standard and may not play in all CD players. Copy prevention, also known as copy protection, is any technical measure designed to prevent duplication of information. ... Copy control logo Copy Control is the name of a copy protection system used on recent EMI digital audio disc releases in some regions. ... DualDisc is a type of double-sided optical disc developed by EMI Music, Universal Music Group, Sony/BMG Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and 5. ... CD may stand for: Compact Disc Canadian Forces Decoration Cash Dispenser (at least used in Japan) CD LPMud Driver Centrum-Demokraterne (Centre Democrats of Denmark) Certificate of Deposit ÄŒeskÃ© DrÃ¡hy (Czech Railways) Chad (NATO country code) Chalmers DatorfÃ¶rening (computer club of the Chalmers University of Technology) a 1960s... DVD (commonly Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... A trademark or trade mark[1] is a distinctive sign of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities. ...

See also

XCP-Aurora Extended Copy Protection (XCP) is a software package developed by the British company First 4 Internet and sold as a copy protection or digital rights management (DRM) scheme for compact discs. ... The 2005 Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal was a public scandal dealing with Sony BMG Music Entertainments surreptitious distribution of rootkit software on audio compact discs. ... Digital Rights Management (often abbreviated to DRM) is any of several technologies used by publishers to control access to digital data (such as software, music, movies) and hardware, handling usage restrictions associated with a specific instance of a digital work. ... Compact disc recordings contain two channels of 44. ...

External links

Categories: Rainbow Books | Audio storage | IEC standards | 1980 works The Rainbow Books are a collection of standards defining the allowed formats of Compact Discs. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rainbow Books. ... The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a rewritable optical disc format. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Rainbow Books. ... Video CD (aka VCD, VideoCD, View CD, Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video on a Compact Disc. ... The Blue Book or Enhanced Music CD specification describes the Enhanced Music CD disc format. ... Enhanced CD is a certification mark of the Recording Industry Association of America for various technologies that combine audio and computer data for use in both compact disc and CD-ROM players. ... A CD+G (also known as CD+Graphics) is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. ... Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitising and storing photos in a CD. Launched in 1992, the disks were designed to hold nearly 100 high quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. ... The Philips Green Book specifies the standard for interactive, multimedia compact discs designed for CD-i players[1]. This compact disc format is unusual, because it hides the initial tracks which contains the software and data files used by the CD-i players. ... CD-i or Compact Disc Interactive is the name of an interactive multimedia CD player developed and marketed by Royal Philips Electronics N.V. CD-i also refers to the multimedia Compact Disc standard utilized by the CD-i console, also known as Green Book, which was co-developed by... Double Density Compact Disc (DDCD) is a compact disc-based optical disc technology developed by Sony. ... Super Audio CD (SACD) is a read-only optical audio disc aimed at providing much higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the compact disc. ...

Contents

Copy protection

See also

External links