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Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). ...
Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). ...
// Different languages use different symbols for the concatenation operator. ...
String functions are used in computer programming languages to manipulate a string or query information about a string (some do both). ...
An evaluation strategy (or reduction strategy) for a programming language is a set of (usually deterministic) rules for defining the evaluation of expressions under β-reduction. ...
The C and C++ programming languages are closely related, as C++ grew out of C and is many ways a superset of the latter. ...
// C and Pascal are often compared* to each other, sometimes heatedly, probably because the languages have similar times of origin, influences, and purposes, and so represent two philosophical approaches to a similar need. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
This is a comparison of the C# programming language with the Java programming language. ...
This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ...
Statements
Programming language statements typically have conventions for: A statement is the minimal unit of structuring in imperative programming languages. ...
- statement separators;
- statement terminators; and
- line continuation
A statement separator is used to demarcate boundaries between two separate statements. A statement terminator is used to demarcate the end of an individual statement. Line continuation is a convention in languages where the newline character could potentially be misinterpreted as a statement terminator. In such languages, it allows a single statement to span more than just one line. In computing, a newline is a special character or sequence of characters signifying the end of a line of text. ...
Statement terminators Semicolon terminated: Newline terminated: C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ...
C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose, high-level programming language with low-level facilities. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. ...
Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ...
PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic Web pages. ...
Screenshot of Atari BASIC, an early BASIC language for small computers. ...
GFA BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language, by Frank Ostrowski. ...
Visual Basic . ...
Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ...
Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ...
Python is a programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1990. ...
JavaScript is the name of Netscape Communications Corporations and now the Mozilla Foundations implementation of the ECMAScript standard, a scripting language based on the concept of prototype-based programming. ...
Statement separators Semicolon separated: 'Period separated: ALGOL (short for ALGOrithmic Language) is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in the mid 1950s which became the de facto standard way to report algorithms in print for almost the next 30 years. ...
Pascal is an imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ...
JavaScript is the name of Netscape Communications Corporations and now the Mozilla Foundations implementation of the ECMAScript standard, a scripting language based on the concept of prototype-based programming. ...
COBOL is a third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ...
Line continuation Backslash as last character of line Underscore as last character of line C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ...
C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose, high-level programming language with low-level facilities. ...
Python is an interpreted programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1990. ...
Ruby is a reflective, object-oriented programming language. ...
Some form of inline comment serves as line continuation Visual Basic (VB) is an event driven programming language and associated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model. ...
Character position The Turbo Assembler (TASM) mainly PC-targeted assembler package was Borlands offering in the x86 assembler programming tool market. ...
m4 is a macro processing language designed by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie. ...
- Fortran: A line is a continuation if a non-digit appears in column 6. A comment line cannot be continued.
- Cobol: String constants may be continued by not ending the original string in a PICTURE clause with ', then inserting a - in column 7 (same position as the * for comment is used.)
Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ...
COBOL is a third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ...
Blocks A block is a notation for a group of two or more statements, expressions or other units of code that are related in such a way as to comprise a whole. In a curly bracket programming language this is done with braces, while e.g. Pascal uses "begin" and "end". Ruby has a concept of a block which is destinct from its normal begin...end blocks. In Ruby a block is similar to an anonymous function which encloses the calling context (see Closure) and receives arguments from the function calling it. Curly brace or bracket programming languages are those which use balanced brackets ({ and }, also known as brace brackets or simply braces) to make blocks in their syntax or formal grammar, mainly due to being C-influenced. ...
In programming languages, a closure is a function that refers to free variables in its lexical context. ...
Comments Comments can be classified by: In computer programming, a comment is a programming language construct that provides a mechanism for embedding information in the source code that is (generally) ignored by compilers and interpreters but may be of use to people reading the program source, or other programming tools that process the source such as...
- style (inline/block)
- parse rules (ignored/interpolated/stored in memory)
- recursivity (nestable/non-nestable)
- uses (docstrings/throwaway comments/other)
In programming, a docstring is a comment included in source code to document the purpose of a piece of code. ...
Inline comments Inline comments are generally those that use a newline character to indicate the end of a comment, and an arbitrary delimiter or sequence of tokens to indicate the beginning of a comment. In computing, a newline is a special character or sequence of characters signifying the end of a line of text. ...
Delimiters are marks which are used to seperate subfields of data. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Tokenizing. ...
Examples:
C ;; Fortran REM ;; Basic # ;; Perl, Python, Ruby, Windows PowerShell, PHP % ;; TeX, Prolog, MATLAB // ;; C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, PHP ' ;; Visual Basic, VBscript ! ;; Fortran, Basic Plus ; ;; Autoit, AutoHotkey, many assemblers -- ;; Euphoria, Haskell, SQL, ADA * ;; Cobol, many assemblers Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ...
COBOL is a third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ...
Block comments Block comments are generally those that use a delimiter to indicate the beginning of a comment, and another delimiter to indicate the end of a comment. In this context, whitespace and newline characters are not counted as delimiters. For information on the programming language Whitespace, see Whitespace programming language. ...
In computing, a newline is a special character or sequence of characters signifying the end of a line of text. ...
Examples:
/* */ ;; JavaScript, C, C++, Java, C#, PHP """ """ ;; Python[1] ''' ''' ;; Python[1] =begin =end ;; Ruby {- -} ;; Haskell (* *) ;; ML, Mathematica, Pascal { } ;; Pascal The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. ...
Unique variants Fortran: - The indentation of lines in FORTRAN 66/77 is significant; a whole-line comment in FORTRAN is introduced by any non-numeric character in column 1.
C is the traditional way to introduce a comment in FORTRAN. (Fortran 90 removed the need for the indentation rule and added traditional inline comments, using the ! character as the comment delimiter.) Perl: Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ...
- Block comments in Perl are considered part of the documentation, and are given the name Plain Old Documentation (POD). Technically, Perl does not have a convention for including block comments in source code, but POD is routinely used as a workaround.
Python: Plain Old Documentation, commonly abbreviated as POD, is a simple platform-independent documentation tool for the computer language Perl. ...
- The use of the triple-(double)quotes although sometimes used to comment-out lines of source, does not actually form a comment. The enclosed text becomes a string, usually a string statement. Python usually ignores a lone string as a statement (except when a string is the first statement in the body of a module, class or function; see docstring).
Ruby: In programming, a docstring is a comment included in source code to document the purpose of a piece of code. ...
- As with Python and Perl, Ruby has no specific block-comment syntax. However, like Perl, documentation blocks can be used as block comments as they are ignored by the interpreter.
Esoteric languages: An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang) is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke. ...
The program counter (also called the instruction pointer in some computers) is a register in a computer processor which indicates where the computer is in its instruction sequence. ...
Befunge is a stack-based, reflective, esoteric fungeoid programming language. ...
The brainfuck language is an esoteric programming language noted for its extreme minimalism. ...
Comment comparison There is a wide variety of syntax styles for declaring comments in source code. BlockComment in italics is used here to indicate block comment style. InlineComment in italics is used here to indicate inline comment style. - ActionScript:
/* BlockComment */// InlineComment - Ada, Eiffel, Euphoria, Lua, Occam, SPARK, ANSI SQL, ToolBook OpenScript, and VHDL:
- ALGOL 60:
- ALGOL 68:
¢ BlockComment ¢comment BlockComment commentco BlockComment co# BlockComment #£ BlockComment £ - AppleScript:
(* BlockComment *)-- InlineComment - Assembly language: (varies)
; InlineComment one example (most assembly languages use line comments only) - AWK, Bash, Bourne shell, C shell, Maple, Python, R, Tcl, and Windows PowerShell:
- BASIC (various dialects):
'InlineComment (not all dialects)REM InlineComment - C (K&R, ANSI/C89/C90), CHILL, CSS, PL/I, and REXX:
- C (C99), C++, C#, and JavaScript:
/* BlockComment */// InlineComment - Cobol:
* InlineComment when * is in column 7 - D:
/* BlockComment */// InlineComment/+ BlockComment +/ - Delphi (Object Pascal):
(* BlockComment *){ BlockComment }// InlineComment - DCL:
- Forth:
( BlockComment ) InlineComment - FORTRAN:
C InlineComment (any character, other than a number, in the first column, makes the entire line a comment) - Fortran 90:
! InlineComment (all characters on the line, after the exclamation mark, are comments) - HTML (see SGML below)
- Java:
/** BlockComment */ (Javadoc documentation comment)/* BlockComment */// InlineComment - Lisp and Scheme
#| BlockComment |#; InlineComment - Matlab:
% BlockComment;%{
Use this to comment out multiple lines without placing a "%" in front of every single one.
Nothing besides %{ must appear on that line
%}
- Mediawiki:
- Pascal, Modula-2, Modula-3, Oberon, and ML:
- Perl and Ruby:
# InlineComment=begin
BlockComment
=end__END__
Comments after end of code - PHP:
# InlineComment// InlineComment/* BlockComment */ - PILOT:
- PL/SQL and TSQL:
/* BlockComment */-- InlineComment - REALbasic:
' InlineComment// InlineCommentrem InlineComment - SAS:
* BlockComment;/* BlockComment */ - Seed7:
(* BlockComment *)# InlineComment - SGML, including HTML:
- A comment declaration starts with
<!, followed by zero or more comments, followed by >. A comment starts and ends with --, and does not contain any occurrence of --. Valid examples are: <!-- BlockComment -- -- BlockComment -->,<!------ BlockComment -->, or<!>. - Smalltalk:
- Standard ML:
- TeX, LaTeX, PostScript, and Erlang:
- Texinfo:
@c InlineComment@comment InlineComment - TUTOR:
* BlockCommentcommand $$ BlockComment - Visual Basic:
'InlineCommentRem InlineComment - XML, including XHTML:
<!--BlockComment--> (comment must not contain -- and must not start or end with single -) ActionScript is name of a scripting language, based on ECMAScript, used in the development software, especially software which runs in the Adobe Flash Player. ...
Ada is a structured, statically typed imperative computer programming language designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull under contract by the US Navy during 1977–1983. ...
Eiffel is an ISO-standardized object-oriented programming language designed for extensibility, reusability, reliability and programmer productivity. ...
Euphoria is an interpreted programming language conceived and created by Robert Craig of Rapid Deployment Software. ...
In computing, the Lua (pronounced LOO-ah, or in IPA) programming language is a lightweight, reflective, imperative and procedural language, designed as a scripting language with extensible semantics as a primary goal. ...
Occam (from William of Ockham of Occams Razor fame) is a parallel programming language that builds on Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) and shares many of their features. ...
SPARK is a secure, formally-defined programming language designed to support the development of software used in applications where correct operation is vital either for reasons of safety or business integrity. ...
SQL (commonly expanded to Structured Query Language — see History for the terms derivation) is the most popular computer language used to create, retrieve, update and delete (see also: CRUD) data from relational database management systems. ...
VHDL, or VHSIC Hardware Description Language, is commonly used as a design-entry language for field-programmable gate arrays and application-specific integrated circuits in electronic design automation of digital circuits. ...
ALGOL (short for ALGOrithmic Language) is a programming language originally developed in the mid 1950s which became the de facto standard way to report algorithms in print for almost the next 30 years. ...
ALGOL 68 (short for ALGOrithmic Language 1968) is an imperative computer programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and a more rigorously defined syntax and semantics. ...
AppleScript is a scripting language devised by Apple, Inc. ...
An assembly language is a low-level language used in the writing of computer programs. ...
AWK is a general purpose computer language that is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams. ...
bash is a Unix shell written for the GNU Project. ...
The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7, and replaced the Thompson shell, whose executable file had the same name, sh. ...
The C shell (csh) is a Unix shell developed by Bill Joy for the BSD Unix system. ...
Maple 9. ...
Python is a programming language created by Guido van Rossum in 1990. ...
The R programming language, sometimes described as GNU S, is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. ...
Tcl (originally from Tool Command Language, but nonetheless conventionally rendered as Tcl rather than TCL; and pronounced like tickle) is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. ...
Windows PowerShell, previously Microsoft Shell or MSH (codenamed Monad) is an extensible command line interface (CLI) shell and scripting language product developed by Microsoft. ...
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ...
C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. ...
In computing, CHILL, (an acronym for CCITT High Level Language), refers to a procedural programming language mainly used for telecommunications applications. ...
In computing, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup language. ...
PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced pee el one) is an imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications. ...
REXX (REstructured eXtended eXecutor) is an interpreted programming language which was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language which was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read. ...
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of C Programming The C programming language (often, just C) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use on the Unix operating system. ...
C++ (pronounced see plus plus, IPA: ) is a general-purpose, high-level programming language with low-level facilities. ...
The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...
JavaScript is the name of Netscape Communications Corporations and now the Mozilla Foundations implementation of the ECMAScript standard, a scripting language based on the concept of prototype-based programming. ...
COBOL is a third-generation programming language, and one of the oldest programming languages still in active use. ...
D is an object-oriented, imperative system programming language designed by Walter Bright of Digital Mars as a re-engineering of C/C++. He has done this by re-designing many C++ features, and borrowing ideas from other programming languages. ...
Delphi is the primary programming language of Borland Delphi. ...
DCL is the standard Command line interface (CLI) adopted by most of the operating systems that were sold by the former Digital Equipment Corporation (which has since been acquired by Hewlett-Packard). ...
Forth is a programming language and programming environment, initially developed by Charles H. Moore at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the early 1970s. ...
Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ...
Fortran (also FORTRAN) is a statically typed, compiled, programming language originally developed in the 1950s and still heavily used for scientific computing and numerical computation half a century later. ...
HTML, short for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. ...
Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. ...
Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ...
The Scheme programming language is a functional programming language and a dialect of Lisp. ...
MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and programming language. ...
MediaWiki is a wiki software package licensed under the GNU General Public License. ...
Pascal is an imperative computer programming language, developed in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a language particularly suitable for structured programming. ...
Modula-2 is a computer programming language invented by Niklaus Wirth at ETH around 1978, as a successor to Modula, another language by him. ...
Modula-3 is a now little-used programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2. ...
Oberon is a programming language created in the late 1980s by Professor Niklaus Wirth (creator of the Pascal, Modula and Modula-2 programming languages) and his associates at ETHZ in Switzerland. ...
ML is a general-purpose functional programming language developed by Robin Milner and others in the late 1970s at Edinburgh University, whose syntax is inspired by ISWIM. Historically, ML stands for metalanguage as it was conceived to develop proof tactics in the LCF theorem prover (the language of which ML...
Perl is a dynamic programming language created by Larry Wall and first released in 1987. ...
Ruby is a reflective, dynamic, object-oriented programming language. ...
PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic Web pages. ...
Look up pilot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is Oracle Corporations proprietary server-based procedural extension to the SQL database language. ...
Transact-SQL (TSQL) is an enhanced version of the SQL relational database language. ...
REALbasic (RB) is an object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language developed and commercially marketed by REAL Software, Inc in Austin, Texas for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and Linux. ...
The SAS System, originally Statistical Analysis System, is an integrated system of software products provided by SAS Institute that enables the programmer to perform: data entry, retrieval, management, and mining report writing and graphics statistical and mathematical analysis business planning, forecasting, and decision support operations research and project management quality...
The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is a metalanguage in which one can define markup languages for documents. ...
HTML, short for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for the creation of web pages. ...
Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. ...
Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. ...
TeX (IPA: as in Greek, often in English; written with a lowercase e in imitation of the logo) is a typesetting system created by Donald Knuth. ...
The LaTeX logo, typeset with LaTeX LATEX, written as LaTeX in plain text, is a document markup language and document preparation system for the TeX typesetting program. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Erlang is a general-purpose concurrent programming language and runtime system. ...
GNU Texinfo is a free computer program for generating documentation in multiple formats from a single source file. ...
The TUTOR programming language is a language developed for use on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign around 1965. ...
Visual Basic (VB) is an event driven programming language and associated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model. ...
The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a W3C-recommended general-purpose markup language that supports a wide variety of applications. ...
The Extensible HyperText Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but a stricter syntax. ...
References - ^ a b More precisely, the quoted text forms a string literal.
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