Complete knock down (CKD), is a complete kit needed to assemble a vehicle. It is a common practice among automakers, as well as bus and rail vehicle manufacturers, to sell knocked down kits to their foreign affiliates in order to avoid high import taxes and/or receive tax preferences for providing local employment. Automakers or automobile manufacturers are companies that design and manufacture automobiles. ... An articulated bus operated by the CTA in Chicago, Illinois, USA. A Go North East Bus parked in a lay-by in Tyne and Wear, England A bus is a large road vehicle intended to carry numerous persons in addition to the driver and sometimes a conductor. ... Railway tracks running through a railway station in North East England A railway yard in Portland, Oregon. ...

An incomplete kit is known as SKD or Semi Knocked Down. Both types of KDs are collectively referred to within the auto industry as KDX or Knocked-down export, while cars assembled in the country of origin and exported whole to the destination market are known as BUX, or Built-Up Export.

KD kit assembling plants are cheaper to maintain because there is hardly any modern robotic equipment and the working force is usually much less expensive in comparison to the home country, so they are perfect for low-volume production. The CKD concept allows firms in developing markets to gain expertise in a particular industry. At the same time, the CKD kit exporting company gains new markets that would otherwise be closed.

In most basic form, a car in KD kit lacks only the engine, battery and transmission, which are either supplied as parts for assembly (a "complete" kit) or obtained from 3rd parties (a "semi-complete" kit); wheels and all of the interiors are already installed on the head factory. To gain some extra tax preferences, the manufacturer needs to further localize the car, i.e. increase the share of parts produced by local manufacturers, such as tires, wheels, seats, headlights, windscreens and glass, batteries, interior plastics, etc. down to the engine and transmission. At some point, even the steel body could be pressed, welded, and painted locally; this effectively makes KD assembly only a couple of steps behind the full-scale production. An engine is something that produces some effect from a given input. ... For other uses, see battery (disambiguation). ... Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing as used in an automatic transmission. ...

Developing nations may pursue trade and economic policies that call for import substitution or local content regulations. Companies with CKD operations help the country substitute the finished products it imports with locally assembled substitutes. Import substitution industrialization (also called ISI) is a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a developing country should attempt to substitute products which it imports, mostly finished goods, with locally produced substitutes. ...

Examples

1962 Renault Rambler - a CKD of AMC's Rambler Classic

AMC Javelin assembled in Germany by Karmann

Mahindra & Mahindra Limited in India began its business in 1947 by assembling CKD Jeeps. Mahindra expanded their operations to include domestic manufacture of Jeep vehicles with a high level of local content under license from Kaiser Jeep Corporation and later American Motors (AMC). By 2005, Mahindra had become the largest producer of SUVs in India. Image File history File links 1962RenaultRamber. ... Image File history File links 1962RenaultRamber. ... Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing cars, vans, buses, tractors, and trucks. ... The Rambler Classic was an intermediate sized automobile that was built and sold by American Motors Corporation from 1961 to 1966. ... Image File history File links 1968-AMC-Javelin-by-Karmann. ... Image File history File links 1968-AMC-Javelin-by-Karmann. ... 1973 AMC Javelin AMX Pierre Cardin edition The AMC Javelin was a sporty coupe_type automobile in the pony car class built by American Motors Corporation between 1968 and 1974. ... Wilhelm Karmann GmbH in Osnabrück, Germany is an independent company in the motor vehicle industry. ... Mahindra & Mahindra Limited (M&M) is a major automaker in India. ... Jeep is an automobile marque (and registered trademark) of DaimlerChrysler. ... Logo used by AMC 1954-1969 Logo used by AMC and Jeep from 1970-1987. ... This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ...

Beginning in 1962, and continuing through 1967, AMC also sold CKD kits of its passenger cars to Renault. They were assembled in Renault's factory in Belgium and sold through its dealers in Algeria, Austria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The deal allowed AMC to sell its cars in new markets without a having to make a major Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The arrangement was good for the French automaker because its product range was lacking large cars and it needed to offer an "executive" model. The situation changed by 1977. It was now AMC that sought outside support for a new car in the sub-compact segment, which lead to the first of many agreements with Renault. Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing cars, vans, buses, tractors, and trucks. ... Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as a long-term investment by a foreign direct investor in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that in which the foreign direct investor is based. ... AMC Gremlin, the first American subcompact A subcompact car is an automobile in a vehicle size class smaller than a compact car but larger than a city car (and known as superminis in Europe). ...

In 1968, the independent German auto firm, Karmann began assembly of CKD kits of AMC's newly introduced Javelin for distribution in Europe. American Motors also provided right hand drive versions of their automobiles to markets such as Australia and South Africa. The components were shipped in containers to Australia from AMC's plants in Kenosha, Wisconsin, or Brampton, Ontario. Assembly was by Australian Motor Industries (AMI) in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Local content requirements were met by using Australian suppliers for the interiors (seats, carpeting, etc.) as well as for lights, heaters, and other components. Wilhelm Karmann GmbH in Osnabrück, Germany is an independent company in the motor vehicle industry. ... 1973 AMC Javelin AMX Pierre Cardin edition The AMC Javelin was a sporty coupe_type automobile in the pony car class built by American Motors Corporation between 1968 and 1974. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... This article concerns rules of the road regarding land vehicles; for sea-going vehicles, see International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. ... Nickname: K-town Keno Kenowhere Location of Kenosha within Wisconsin Coordinates: Country United States State Wisconsin Counties Kenosha Settled 1836 Government  - Mayor John M. Antaramian Population  - City 96,845  - Density  3,795. ... Nickname: Flower City Coordinates: Country Canada Province Ontario Region Peel Incorporation 1853 (village)   1873 (town)   1974 (city) Mayor Susan Fennell Governing Body Brampton City Council (click for members) MPs Navdeep Bains, Colleen Beaumier, Ruby Dhalla, Gurbax Malhi MPPs Vic Dhillon, Linda Jeffrey, Kuldip Kular Area    - City 266. ... AMI emblem attached on American Motors cars assembled during 1968-1978 Australian Motor Industries (AMI) was a corporation and an important participant in the automobile industry in Australia. ... Port Melbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ...

New Zealand developed a car assembly industry as a means of import substitution and providing local employment, despite the small size of the local market. Following economic reforms in the 1980s, including the lowering of import tariffs, the ability to import Australian-built vehicles duty-free under the CER agreement, many car companies ended assembly in New Zealand and switched to importing completely built up vehicles from Japan, Australia, or Europe. More significantly, the easing of import restrictions led to a large number of Japanese used imports, which were far cheaper than locally-assembled used cars, and continue to outnumber so-called 'NZ New' vehicles. The last companies to assemble CKD kits in New Zealand were Toyota, Nissan, Mitsubishi and Honda, which closed their plants in 1998, when the government announced plans to abolish import tariffs on cars. Import substitution industrialization (also called ISI) is a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a developing country should attempt to substitute products which it imports, mostly finished goods, with locally produced substitutes. ... The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... The term grey import refers to an item that has been imported into a country, legally, but without the agreement of the manufacturer. ... Toyota Motor Corporation ) is a Japanese multinational corporation and the worlds second largest[3] automaker making automobiles, trucks, buses and robots and providing financial services. ... Nissan Motor Co. ... Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ) is the fifth largest automaker in Japan and the thirteenth largest in the world by unit sales. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean [1]. // Coated in ice, power and telephone lines sag and often break, resulting in power outages. ...

More recent examples include the Ukraine, which has almost prohibitive import taxes on finished cars. AutoZAZ assembles CKD kits of some Lada, Opel, Mercedes-Benz and Daewoo cars. It went as far as adopting a version of Daewoo Lanos for full-scale production and equipping it with a domestic engine. In a similar approach, an (undisclosed?) Swedish company buys used busses, disassembles them and then exports to Ukraine as spare parts; then they are reassembled into full busses at the local plant. ZAZ or Zaporizhia Automobile Building Plant (Ukrainian: ЗАЗ, Запорізький автомобілебудівельний завод) is the main automobile-manufacturer of Ukraine, based in the south-eastern city of Zaporizhzhya. ... Lada logo Lada is the trademark of AutoVAZ, a Russian car manufacturer. ... This article is about the European car manufacturer. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... GM Daewoo Motors logo GM Daewoo Auto & Technology (GM Daewoo or GMDAT) was first established as National Motor in 1937 in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, South Korea. ... The Daewoo Lanos was a subcompact car designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and produced by Daewoo Motors from 1997 to 2005. ...

In Russia, the most known KD assembling facilities are owned by Avtotor company; it produces Hummer H2, BMW 3-series and BMW 5-series in Kaliningrad, and Renault Logan is built in Moscow on the facilities that once belonged to AZLK. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The BMW 3-Series is a line of compact sedans manufactured by BMW since May, 1975. ... The BMW 5-Series is a series of medium size automobiles manufactured by BMW in Germany. ... Government Russia District Subdivision Russia Northwestern Federal District Kaliningrad Oblast Mayor Yuri Savenko (2005) Geographical characteristics Area  - City 215. ... Logan is a low cost automobile produced by Renault and Dacia. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2007)    - Density 10,469,000   9684. ... AZLK (АЗЛК in Russian) is a Russian automobile factory (Moscow), the maker of the Moskvitch brand. ...

In South Carolina, DaimlerChrysler has a CKD assembly plant that manufactures Mercedes-Benz Sprinter vans for sale in the US and Canada at Dodge and Freightliner dealers. Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35... The Mercedes-Benz Sprinter is a tall delivery van, pickup truck and minibus built by DaimlerChrysler and sold under its Mercedes-Benz, Dodge, and Freightliner brands. ...