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A completion refers to the process of making a well ready for production (or injection). This principally involves preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications, running in the production tubing and its associated jewellery and perforating and stimulating as required. Sometimes, the process of running in and cementing the casing is also included. An oil well is seen in Texas. ...
Casing is a metal tube used during drilling an oil well in combination with cement to sequentially stabilize recently drilled formation. ...
Lower completion This refers to the portion of the well in the production zone. Depending on the conditions of the reservoir, the type of lower completion may vary. An oil reservoir, petroleum system or petroleum reservoir is often thought of as being an underground lake of oil, but it is actually composed of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock formations. ...
Barefoot completion This type is the most basic, but rare in these days of more precise and technologically advanced work. It involves leaving the portion of the drilled well in the production zone empty. This effectively removes any control of flow of fluids from the formation, including the ability to hold back sand in unconsolidated formations.
Open hole completion This type of completion leaves the production zone clear of any casing and liner. Instead, sand is controlled through the use of gravel packs or sandscreens. Gravel packs are piles of gravel laid outside the well bore to allow the flow of reservoir fluids while blocking sand. Sandscreens and slotted metal linings, which do a similar purpose. Gravel packs are more difficult to run, but sandscreens are more easily damaged. Casing is a metal tube used during drilling an oil well in combination with cement to sequentially stabilize recently drilled formation. ...
These techniques are commonly used on unconsolidated formations to prevent sand production.
Cased hole completion This involves running casing or a liner down through the production zone. Connection between the well bore and the formation is made by perforating. Because perforations can be precisely positioned and blocked off, this type of completion affords the most control of fluid flow. As such it is the most common form of completion. Casing is a metal tube used during drilling an oil well in combination with cement to sequentially stabilize recently drilled formation. ...
A perforation in the context of oil wells, refers to a hole punched in the casing or liner of an oil well to connect it to the reservoir. ...
Completion components The upper completion refers to all components from the bottom of the production tubing upwards. Proper design of this "completion string" is essential to ensure the well can flow properly given the reservoir conditions and to permit any operations as are deemed necessary for enhancing production and safety. An oil well is seen in Texas. ...
An oil reservoir, petroleum system or petroleum reservoir is often thought of as being an underground lake of oil, but it is actually composed of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock formations. ...
Xmas tree -
This is the main assembly of valves that controls flow from the well to the process plant (or the other way round for injectors) and allows access for chemical squeezes and well interventions. In petroleum and natural gas extraction, a christmas tree is an assembly of valves, spools and fittings for an oil well, named for its resemblance to a decorated tree. ...
An oil well is seen in Texas. ...
A well intervention, or well work, is an activity involving maintenance, modification, repair or completion of an oil or gas well. ...
Tubing hanger -
This is the component, which sits on top of the wellhead and serves as the main support for the production tubing. Drilling The system of spools, valves and assorted adapters that provide pressure control of a production gas or oil well. ...
Production tubing -
Production tubing is the main conduit for transporting hydrocarbons from the reservoir to surface (or injection material the other way). It runs from the tubing hanger at the top of the wellhead down to a point generally just above the top of the production zone. An oil reservoir, petroleum system or petroleum reservoir is often thought of as being an underground lake of oil, but it is actually composed of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock formations. ...
Drilling The system of spools, valves and assorted adapters that provide pressure control of a production gas or oil well. ...
Downhole safety valve -
This component is intended as a last resort method of protecting the surface from the uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons. It is a one way valve, which allows fluids to flow down, but not up, when closed. It is placed as far below the surface as is deemed safe from any possible surface disturbance including cratering caused by the wipeout of the platform.
Side pocket mandrel This is a cavity in the tubing, which can contain gas lift valves. Gas lift is one of a number of processes used to artificially lift oil or water from wells where there is insufficient reservoir pressure to produce the well. ...
Electrical submersible pump -
This device is used for artificial lift to help provide energy to drive hydrocarbons to surface if reservoir pressure is insufficient. A submersible pump is a pump which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Landing nipple This is a receptacle to receive wireline tools. It is also a useful marker for depths in the well, which can be difficult to accurately determine. The term wireline usually refers to a cabling technology used by operators of oil and gas wells to lower equipment into the well for the purposes of a well intervention. ...
Sliding side door Also known as a sliding sleeve, this is a hydraulically actuated device, which can open to allow communication between the tubing and the 'A' annulus. It is less common today due to lack of reliability. The annulus of an oil well is the void between the drill string and the formation being drilled. ...
Production packer -
The packer isolates the annulus between the tubing and the inner casing and the foot of the well. This is to stop reservoir fluids from flowing up the full length of the casing and damaging it. It is generally placed close to the foot of the tubing, shortly above the production zone. Casing is a metal tube used during drilling an oil well in combination with cement to sequentially stabilize recently drilled formation. ...
An oil reservoir, petroleum system or petroleum reservoir is often thought of as being an underground lake of oil, but it is actually composed of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock formations. ...
Downhole gauges These are devices intended to allow continuous monitoring of bottom hole conditions.
Perforated joint This is a length of tubing with holes punched into it. If used, it will normally be positioned below the packer and will offer an alternative entry path for reservoir fluids into the tubing in case the shoe becomes blocked, for example, by a stuck perforation gun. A perforation in the context of oil wells, refers to a hole punched in the casing or liner of an oil well to connect it to the reservoir. ...
Wireline entry guide This component is often installed at the end of the tubing (the shoe). It is intended to make pulling out wireline tools easier by offering a guiding surface for the toolstring to re-enter the tubing without getting caught on the side of the shoe.
Perforating and stimulating In cased hole completions (the majority of wells), once the completion string is in place, the final stage is to make a connection between the wellbore and the formation. This is done by running perforation guns to blast holes in the casing or liner to make a connection. A perforation in the context of oil wells, refers to a hole punched in the casing or liner of an oil well to connect it to the reservoir. ...
Casing is a metal tube used during drilling an oil well in combination with cement to sequentially stabilize recently drilled formation. ...
Sometimes once the well is fully completed, further stimulation is necessary to achieve the planned productivity. There are a number of stimulation techniques. An oil well is seen in Texas. ...
Acidising This involves the injection of chemicals to eat away at any skin damage, "cleaning up" the formation, thereby improving the flow of reservoir fluids. An oil reservoir, petroleum system or petroleum reservoir is often thought of as being an underground lake of oil, but it is actually composed of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock formations. ...
Fracturing This means attempting to extend the perforation tunnels deeper into the formation increasing the surface area for formation fluids to flow into the well as well as extending past any possible damage Bear the wellbore. This may be done by either injecting chemicals at high pressure (hydraulic fracturing), injecting fluids laced with ball bearing type material (proppant fracturing) or using explosives to generate a high speed gas flow (propellent stimulation). A perforation in the context of oil wells, refers to a hole punched in the casing or liner of an oil well to connect it to the reservoir. ...
An oil well is seen in Texas. ...
Nitrogen circulation Sometimes, productivity may be hampered due to the residue of completion fluids, heavy brines, in the wellbore. This is particularly a problem in gas wells. In these cases, coiled tubing may be using to pump nitrogen into the bottom of the hole to circulate out the brine. Brine is water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. ...
Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide. ...
An oil well is seen in Texas. ...
Coiled tubing refers to metal piping, normally 1 to 2 in diameter, used for interventions in oil and gas wells, which comes spooled on a large drum. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ...
Brine is water saturated or nearly saturated with salt. ...
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