Complutense University of Madrid
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Motto:	"Libertas Perfundet Omnia Luce"
Established	May 20, 1293 as Estudio de Escuelas Generales de Alcalá; becomes Universidad Complutense in 1499 by Papal Bull
Type:	Public University
Endowment:	495.663.000 €
Rector:	Carlos Berzosa[1]
Staff:	9,731
Undergraduates:	61,598
Postgraduates:	29,653
Location	Madrid, Spain
Campus:	Urban, Ciudad Universitaria district and Somosaguas district
Student Associations:	99 Groups: ALTAVOZ,[2] Asociación Internacional de Sociología (AIS),[3] Asociación para la Defensa e Integración Universitaria (ADIU),[4] Estudiantes de Izquierdas,[5] Rosa que te quiero Rosa (RQTR),[6] Tuna[7]
Colors:
Nickname:	La Complu
Website:	[38]

The Complutense University of Madrid (Spanish: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, UCM) is one of the oldest universities in the world and the top public university in Spain. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighbouring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón. UCM can stand for: [UCM] Use Case Maps Unified Change Management , a layer built on top of Rational ClearCase; University of California, Merced Upper Convected Maxwell, a rhelogical model for polymer liquids This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... The date of establishment or date of founding of an institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point. ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 20 - King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Study of General Schools of Alcala The Minoresses (Franciscan nuns) are first introduced into England Births Deaths Categories: 1293 ... 1499 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Papal bull is a particular type of patent or charter issued by a pope. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... A financial endowment is a transfer of money or property donated to an institution, with the stipulation that it be invested, and the principal remain intact. ... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings, but all of them indicate someone who is in charge of something. ... This article is about work. ... In some educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelors degree. ... Degree ceremony at Cambridge. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... Cities with at least a million inhabitants in 2006 An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ... School colors are the colors chosen by a school to represent it on uniforms and other items of identification. ... The athletic nickname, or equivalently athletic moniker, of a university or college within the United States of America is the name officially adopted by that institution for at least the members of its athletic teams. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... Map of medieval European universities This is a list of the oldest extant universities in the world. ... This article is about the Spanish capital. ... Pozuelo de Alarcón is an over 75,000 inhabitants suburb near the city of Madrid, capital of Spain. ...

According to the annual university rankings conducted by El Mundo, the Complutense University ranks as the top public university in Spain^[8], with its Schools of Philosophy, Spanish Literature, History, Pharmacy, Optometry, Journalism, Psychology, and Sociology holding the top national rankings.^{[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]} The University is also a filial to the Spanish Royal Societies of Physics and Mathematics. El Mundo is the second largest newspaper in Spain, with a circulation of 350,297 copies (2003). ...

Early History

The Complutense University's origins lie in the Middle Ages, when King Sancho IV of Castile created the Studium Generale on May 20, 1293. In 1499, Pope Alexander VI granted the request of one of its former pupils, Cardinal Cisneros, to convert it into a full university; the Papal Bull renamed the institution Universitas Complutensis, after Complutum, which was the Latin name of Alcalá de Henares, where the University was originally located. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Statue of Sancho IV of Castile and León Sancho IV the Brave (1257/58 – April 25, 1295) was a king of Castile and León (1284 - 1295). ... is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 20 - King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Study of General Schools of Alcala The Minoresses (Franciscan nuns) are first introduced into England Births Deaths Categories: 1293 ... 1499 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), born Roderic Borja (Italian: Borgia), (reigned from 1492 to 1503), is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. ... Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros (1436 - November 8, 1517) was a Spanish cardinal and statesman. ... A Papal bull is a particular type of patent or charter issued by a pope. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Location Location of Alcalá Coordinates : 40º28’N , 3º22’W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Alcalá de Henares (Spanish) Spanish name Alcalá de Henares Founded Preromanian Postal code 28. ...

In the 1509-1510 school year, the Complutense University operated with five faculties: Arts and Philosophy, Theology, Canon Law, Philology and Medicine. The Arts is a broad subdivision of culture, comprised of many expressive disciplines. ... For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Canon law is the term used for... Philology, etymologically, is the love of words. It is most accurately defined as an affinity toward the learning of the backgrounds as well as the current usages of spoken or written methods of human communication. The commonality of studied languages is more important than their origin or age (that is... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ...

The University flourished in the 16th century, especially under the early benefaction of Cisneros who, as Archbishop of Toledo, was able to endow it richly. Cisneros attracted many of the world's foremost linguists and biblical scholars to Alcalá in order to produce the magnum opus of the University, the Biblia Políglota Complutense or Complutensian Polyglot Bible, published in five massive volumes (including a popular glossary volume) in 1517.^[17][18] The edition was one of the great works of philology of the Renaissance, comprising critical editions of all of the books of the Bible in their original Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic, as well as the authorized Latin Vulgate text. Cisneros borrowed or acquired most of the known Biblical manuscripts of his day for the project. The complexity of the typography alone ranks it among the greatest achievements of Spanish scholarship. Owing to unfortunate mishaps, most copies of the edition have not survived, but this singular achievement launched the Complutense into the company of the greatest universities of the world. For other uses, see Toledo (disambiguation). ... The Complutensian Polyglot Bible is the name given to the first printed polyglot of the entire Bible, planned and financed by Cardinal Cisneros (1436-1517). ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Aramaic is a group of Semitic languages with a 3,000-year history. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... The Vulgate Bible is an early 5th century version in Latin, partly revised and partly translated by Jerome on the orders of Pope Damasus I in 382. ...

In 1836 the university was moved to Madrid, with the name of Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid), and was located along the Calle San Bernardo in the very center of the city (some of the buildings still stand, and are in use as diverse government ministries).

The University at Ciudad Universitaria

Alfonso XIII
King of Spain

The University greatly expanded during the nineteenth century, and its accommodations in central Madrid proved to be increasingly inadequate. Besides the greater number of students, after its move from Alcalá the University had been based in a number of preexisting, government-acquired properties – mainly aristocratic mansions and royal châteaux from centuries past, abandoned by their owners for more contemporary lodgings. Though they were not without their charm, the ancient buildings were not precisely ideal as educational settings, and the early XXth century witnessed the students of the Central University attending philosophy lectures and anatomy lessons in elaborate spaces that had served as ballrooms and salons only a few decades prior. Moreover, the haphazard collection of buildings was hardly conducive to the bureaucratic functions of the University as a whole, given that very few of them were actually grouped near each other on the Calle San Bernardo, and, as such, a significant amount of time was lost just in undertaking the distance between the University properties strewn about the center of Madrid in the attendance of routine bureaucratic tasks. This is not to mention the significant inconvenience to students enrolled in faculties too large to fit in a single building, or those who decided to take on multiple studies (implying multiple travels, from one building to another, across the center of Madrid, potentially several times a day). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (438x640, 35 KB) From the Library of Congress [1] Probably in the public domain File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (438x640, 35 KB) From the Library of Congress [1] Probably in the public domain File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Alcalá is a Spanish placename originally from Arabic al-qalat, the castle. Alcalá, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Alcalá de Guadaira, Spain Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Puerta de Alcalá, a monument in Madrid Calle de Alcalá, one of the main streets of Madrid Alcala, Cagayan, a municipality in the Philippines Alcala...

This curious situation changed in 1927 by the grace of His Majesty King Alfonso XIII. It was tradition in Spanish Kingdom that, upon the assumption of an important regal anniversary, the individual provinces and territories would make great shows of loyalty and affection towards the benign rulers by way of lavish and elaborate presents as a gesture of allegiance and affection towards the crown (donations of lands, construction of great monuments, and the gifting of enormous amounts of regional wares to the rulers). Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 - February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ...

To the surprise of many, however, Alfonso XIII declined the anticipated gifts commemorating the Silver Jubilee of his rule (having reached his majority in 1902), instead declaring that it was his dream that a new university should be built in Madrid, replacing the current, scattered, shabby institution with a fine center of learning, “a new Athens”, whereby the perfection of the educational process would be achieved and the lives of students improved, with complete intellectual, moral and physical formation. What’s more, he went on to declare that this should be the magnum opus of his reign, and that he would spend more upon this effort than he had previously ever invested on matters such as the battleships that had so recently played a part in the Moroccan Wars; this would be called, henceforth, la Ciudad Universitaria, or University City. A Silver Jubilee is a celebration held to mark a 25th anniversary. ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ...

It was such that on 7 May 1927, a royal decree called into existence the Junta Constructora de la Ciudad Universitaria, and Alfonso XIII officially ceded the royal lands in the proximity of the Palace of La Moncloa, which at the time constituted all of the land between the Royal Palace and the Palace of El Pardo, today comprising a vast swath of western Madrid and stretching well outside the city limits. is the 127th day of the year (128th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Palacio de la Moncloa, settled in Madrid, is the official residence for the Prime Minister of Spain since 1977, when Adolfo Suárez moved the residence from a palace situated in the centre of Madrid, at Paseo de la Castellana. ... Palacio Real de El Pardo is a Spanish royal palace near Madrid. ...

The Junta was composed of a number of academics, architects, juridical and financial consultants, and presided directly by the King, although it should be made clear that while this was a government-funded project, it was in no way controlled by the government, the academics firmly holding the reins and the official organisms of the state represented on the board only by the Minister of Education and the Mayor of Madrid; it was the King’s will that the University should be a project for the nation, but directed by the intellectual elite rather than it be compromised by the underhanded ways of politicians. It was for this reason that it was decided that the project should not be funded mainly by way of government funds, but rather via a special lottery, for which an enthusiastic and remarkably effective publicity campaign was organized; the lottery was so successful, in fact, that, combined with the generous donations of the ruling classes and numerous industries, the funds required for construction of the campus buildings were acquired by 1930. Meanwhile, the Weimar Republic and a number of South American nations graciously opted to donate the funds necessary to build the student residences for the University in a show of international intellectual solidarity. This is s list of mayors (alcaldes) of Madrid since 1900. ... Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen Germany during the Weimar period, with the Free State of Prussia (in blue) as the largest state Capital Berlin Language(s) German Government Republic President  - 1918-1925 Friedrich Ebert  - 1925-1933 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor  - 1919 Philipp Scheidemann(first)  - 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (last) Legislature...

Meanwhile, the Junta had decided that the new University of Madrid would require the innovative architecture befitting the “new Athens”; as such, a team of academics was sent out on an international expedition to visit the finest universities in Europe and North America, in order to combine the best of both continents and design the utopian academic setting. Mssr.’s López Otero, Cásares Gil, Dr. Simonena, Del Amo, and Julio Palácios, amongst others, set about a whirlwind tour which took them to 19 universities in the American northeast, as well as to Paris, Lyon, Oxford, Berlin, Hamburg, and numerous other European cities, all in an effort to discern the best possible building structure. The architectural tendencies of the era, however, ended up having a greater influence than the academic’s visit to Harvard, the University of Pennsylvania, La Sorbonne or the University of Berlin; while the final plans from this period are hardly recognizable to anyone familiar with the contemporary campus, the buildings from the era that managed to survive the design revisions, the Civil War and the Franco regime, betray the period’s fondness for the German Bauhaus movement. Indeed, the original buildings, exemplary amongst them the Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, are a paean to structural functionalism and the graceful utilitarianism of the 1920’s. This article is about the capital of France. ... This article is about the French city. ... This article is about the city of Oxford in England. ... This article is about the capital of Germany. ... This article is about the city in Germany. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... This article is about the private Ivy League university in Philadelphia. ... ... There is no institution called the University of Berlin, but there are four universities in Berlin, Germany: Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin) Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin) Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der... For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ... This article discusses utilitarian ethical theory. ...

It is of some irony that Alfonso XIII, who wished the new University to be the defining triumph of his reign, never got to see any of the buildings through to completion, much less inaugurate any of the classes. Deposed in 1931, he found himself exiled in Rome when, on 15 January 1933, Manuel Azaña, President of the Second Spanish Republic (and former professor, as well as graduate, of said University), officially inaugurated the first classes in the new University of Madrid campus in the mostly finished School of Philosophy. During the Second Spanish Republic the Schools of Philosophy, Pharmacy, Medicine, Odontology, Architecture, Agronomy, Chemistry and Physics Sciences would be completed, as well as the Clinical Hospital, the Del Amo Foundation, and the Velazquez House, which housed the School of Diplomacy. is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image:F manuel azana. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta...

Second Spanish Republic and Civil War

The first graduating class in the new campus was over 40% female students (a dramatic change from the traditional, male-dominated educational system which had until then been the norm in Spain). The last years of the Alfonsine monarchy and the early part of the Second Spanish Republic marked the “silver Age” of Spanish intellectualism, exemplified by the “Generation of '27”, a diverse group of intellectuals which included the poet Federico García Lorca, filmmaker Luis Buñuel, philologist Dámaso Alonso and philosopher Julián Marías, amongst others, many of whom were students of the University of Madrid. A “silver Age” of Spain, it was, indeed, the Golden Age of the Complutense, which at the time counted with one of the most distinguished staffs of its 800-year history, its professorship including luminaries such as José Ortega y Gasset, Julian Besteiro, and Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Its administration at the time also reads like a list of the who’s who of government, the administration being headed by alternating former and future presidents of the Spanish state. At the time, the University of Madrid’s School of Philosophy was widely considered to rival the University of Berlin for the position of being the best in Europe, if not the world. The Generation of 27 (Spanish Generación del 27) was an influential group of poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially out of a shared desire to experience and work with avant-garde forms of art and poetry. ... Federico García Lorca Federico García Lorca (June 5, 1898 – August 19, 1936) was a Spanish poet and dramatist, also remembered as a painter, pianist, and composer. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Dámaso Alonso (October 22, 1898 - January 25, 1990) was a Spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. ... José Ortega y Gasset (May 9, 1883 - October 18, 1955) was a Spanish philosopher. ... Julián Besteiro Fernández (September 21, 1870 - September 27, 1940) was a Spanish socialist politician and university professor. ... Santiago Ramón y Cajal Santiago Ramón y Cajal (May 1, 1852 – October 17, 1934) was a famous Spanish histologist, physician, and Nobel laureate. ...

It was also during this time that the University enjoyed its greatest period in terms of visiting professors, serving as a safe haven to the Jewish intelligentsia of northern Europe fleeing the growing influence of anti-Semitic fascism. Unfortunately, those visitors, as well as many of the native professors, were forced to flee once again after the attempted coup led by Francisco Franco on 17 July 1936, which began the Spanish Civil War. The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... The notion of an intellectual elite as a distinguished social stratum can be traced far back in history. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the interests of the state. ... “Franco” redirects here. ... is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ...

Ciudad Universitaria,
que el buen pueblo levantó
para mostrar a sus hijos
fuentes de estudio y amor,
¿cómo les dirás mañana
lo que en tus aulas pasó?

Antonio Argaz, Muerte de Durruti (1936)

The campus served as one of the primary fronts during the Siege of Madrid during the Spanish Civil War;^[19] the International Brigades has its headquarters in the School of Philosophy, and its soldiers occupied all of the campus buildings,^[20] which were connected by a series of elaborate trenches. Ciudad Universitaria was literally the final bastion between Republican Madrid and Franco's troops; a small stream used to cross the area now occupied by the School of Communications, and a small wall which preceded it marked the border between occupied and free Spain. The Siege of Madrid was a three year siege of the Spanish capital Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. ... Not to be confused with the Spanish Civil War of 1820-1823. ... The three-pointed red star, symbol of the International Brigades The International Brigades were Republican military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries who traveled to Spain, to fight for the republic in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. ...

Throughout the course of the war the University campus witnessed some of the fiercest fighting of the conflict; the area was exposed to heavy artillery fire and bombardments, and even as the Nationalist troops began to make headway, the International Brigade forces held strong and literally fought from building to building, at times even from floor to floor of the campus, managing to hold out until the very last moments of the war. It was in the School of Pharmacy that one of the icons of the Civil War, the Catalan anarchist Buenaventura Durruti, would be killed (although at the hands of a companion whose machine gun went off by mistake - his death, however, would be attributed to a sniper's bullet "for reasons of morale and propaganda"). Large part of the original of the University's rich intellectual patrimony was lost forever; although most of the 500-year-old library of Francisco Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros, founder of the University, was able to be evacuated. Renaissance manuscripts, amongst many other priceless documents stored in the University archives and libraries, were used by troops loyal to the Second Spanish Republic to fortify on-campus bunkers against the persistent enemy gunfire^[21] and to keep fires burning for warmth. Some of the survivors of the war would later recall, with some amusement, how many times their lives had been saved by the greats of Spanish literature, the verbal ingenuity of Cervantes quite literally saving their lives by stopping bullets halfway through the sizeable girth of his Don Quixote, and stacks of the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española providing cover from deadly shrapnel. Wrote one member of the United States' Abraham Lincoln Brigade: The Catalans are an ethnic group or nationality whose homeland is Catalonia, or the Principality of Catalonia (Catalan: Catalunya, or Principat de Catalunya), which is a historical region in southern Europe, embracing a territory situated in the north-east of Spain and an adjoining portion of southern France. ... Buenaventura Durruti (July 14, 1896 in León—November 20, 1936, Madrid) was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the period leading up to and during the Spanish Civil War. ... Cisneros (sitting) directs the construction of the Hospital of the Charity. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... This article is about the fictional character and novel. ... The Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española or DRAE is the most authoritative dictionary of Castilian Spanish. ...

When we next came back to University City we were put into the Philosophy Building. We built barricades with volumes of Indian metaphysics and early nineteenth-century German philosophy; they were quite bullet-proof. (...) Life here was quiet, orderly. On clear mornings, about eleven o'clock, we were bombed. A few shells came over late in the afternoons; the rest of the time we sniped, read, talked, studied Spanish, or dug trenches. (...) We explored the library; in the great reading-room anti-tank guns stood on the tables; the valuable books and manuscripts had been taken away, but there was plenty to interest us. (...) On a cold morning I found De Quincey's Lake Poets and rolled myself up in a carpet and read voraciously; the day passed in a stupor, I was with Wordsworth and Coleridge, in another place, another time...

John Sommerfield, Volunteer in Spain (1937)

Forty Years of Civil Disobedience

At war's end in 1939, over 40% of the original campus was completely levelled, and all of the buildings showed significant damage. For a time the Francoist victors of the war considered leaving the area as it was, a virtual moonscape, as a testament to the glory of "the national movement" - the Falange. It was eventually decided, however, that the area should be restored and rehabilitated as a symbol of the new regime, albeit with some alterations - chief amongst them the new plans for a monumental main building with a Sistine Chapel-type interior, and a large church. While those two particular plans never came to fruition, the direct involvement of Franco in the rebuilding of the University meant that, though the original plans were largely followed, chapels were now incorporated into each of the buildings. Today, this creates a curiously contradictory situation, whereby one has certain buildings, such as the School of Philosophy, with streamlined architecture that epitomizes the liberal spirit of the 1920s and borrows heavily from Weimar Germany, and yet clumsily features a first-floor chapel which, fitted into a highly art-deco setting, seems more like a church in a Cole Porter musical rather than a place of serious spiritual reflection. Yoke and Arrows. ... The Sistine Chapel (Italian: ) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in the Vatican City. ...

Franco's influence on-campus was not limited to the imposition of his ultra-Catholic ideals. The staff was purged of all liberals and Republican sympathizers, and replaced with members of the Falangist movement. What's more, the University charters were altered to compel all students to reside either in government-sanctioned dormitories or personal family homes. The dormitories staffed with members of the falagist movement, the regime aspired to be able to control all aspects of the student's lives, molding them into devotees of the "nationalist movement". Moreover, there was an active attempt by the government to dominate the University from the very beginning. The original buildings, restored or rebuilt from 1940 until 1945, were all personally reinaugurated, with solemn mass and elaborate ritual, by "El Caudillo" himself; enormous plaques of marble (still visible today) were placed at the entrance of each of these buildings declaring that the institution had been rebuilt under Minister X under the generous and courageous leadership of Generalísimo Francisco Franco on such and such date of such and such year.

Although these buildings were rebuilt in their original, architecturally innovative style, Franco broke completely with the campus plans with the new buildings, and imposed his vision of an "Imperial" Madrid harkening back to the ultra-Catholic age of Philip II and the styles exemplified by the palatial monastery of El Escorial. Although a lack of funds fortunately prevented the entire campus from taking on the turreted look imposed by his regime upon other parts of Madrid (a clear example being the castle-like Ejercito del Aire building), this particular architectural style defined a few of the new buildings, including the José Antonio Dormitory, named after the founder of the fascist Falangist movement, José Antonio Primo de Rivera (since converted into one of the University's secretarial buildings and subsequently renamed). The campus also took on a more somber look immediately after the war, on account of Franco ordering that all the trees replanted on the campus of the cypress genus, trees traditionally planted in cemeteries in Spain, as a symbol of the "fallen martyrs of the national movement" (this situation was remedied over the last half-century, and the campus now actually features some of the most diverse flora of Madrid. Philip II (Spanish: ; Portuguese: ) (May 21, 1527 – September 13, 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England (as husband of Mary I) from 1554 to 1558, Lord of the Seventeen Provinces (holding various titles for the... // El Escorial, the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo El Real (also known as the Monasterio de El Escorial or simply El Escorial) is located about 45 kilometres (28 miles) northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid. ... For other people called Jose Rivera, see Jose Rivera José Antonio Primo de Rivera José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Marqués de Estella (April 24, 1903–November 20, 1936) was the son of general Miguel Primo de Rivera, who was dictator of Spain from 1923 until 1930. ... Species See text. ...

Despite their dedicated efforts, however, period events indicate that Franco was not successful in his attempts to dominate the minds and hearts of the University's students; despite the enormous political repression of the era, it is evident that even in those early years of the dictatorship and after a brutal Civil War, the infamously political students of the University of Madrid were already actively revolting against the government. Its buildings destroyed during the war, the University had been compelled to move back into the pre-Ciudad Universitaria mansions and châteaux; the students took advantage of their lodgings in the city center, and took the opportunity to hold lightning protests and rallies on the Gran Via and other main thoroughfares whenever possible. Seeking to avoid any potentially embarrassing or undermining displays of civil disobedience and revolt in the face of his newly-minted regime, Franco ordered that all efforts be devoted to finishing the University buildings with all due haste, in order to get the students back out into the then-distant Moncloa area and away from the city center as soon as possible. Even though the press of the era was too heavily censored to report on the matter, students from that time recall, with some glee, that the landmark accomplishment of Franco's University rebuilding efforts, the construction of the School of Law and the School of Philosophy in a mere 5 months, due not to the zeal on the part of the builders, but rather to the panic of the unshakeable dictatorship.

During the Franco Regime, the Complutense University was at the forefront of the resistance movements; the politically-active university students came to be ranked, along with the labour and nationalist movements, as one of the chief threats to the stability of the dictatorship. Consequently, members of the Secret Police were infiltrated into the classes in order to monitor the students, and the Falange Party was given the task of patrolling the grounds. The 1960s, in particular, saw some of the most polemic moments in the University's history. From 1963 until the late 1970s, members of both the local and government police were kept perpetually stationed on campus; officers on horseback were frequently ordered to charge the spontaneous anti-Franco protests that would form along the main university thoroughfares, and several times entire departments were shut down in response to confrontations between the authorities and the student body.^[22] During the 1970s, the School of Medicine^[23] was shut down entirely throughout an entire semester due to conflicts with the police, and on numerous occasions the police was actually reported to have staged charges within the actual buildings, although there was an unspoken rule of sanctuary, generally respected, by which the police refrained from actually entering classrooms to arrest suspected protesters.^[24] Yoke and Arrows. ...

During the later years of the Francoist regime, the new Somosaguas campus was specifically planned to accommodate the Schools of History and Political Science, respectively, in order to move the most politicized sectors of the University to the relatively isolated town in the outskirts of Madrid. To this day the Somosaguas Campus lies almost completely disconnected from the rest of the University, as well as the Metro lines - in terms of public transportation, it is accessible only by way of a twenty minute bus ride (however, the new light metro line will reach this campus before 2008).

On campus, one of the lasting symbols of this era is graffiti from the early 1950s that still dominates a portion of the School of Philosophy's rotunda:^[25] painted in chemicals used for photo developments (which also happen to be permanent and shine when exposed to sunlight), the message calls for freedom of expression in the University and freedom from the Falange Party, which at the time exercised its jurisdiction over the campus. Nicolás Sánchez-Albornoz & Manuel Lamana, the students who painted the message, would later be caught and sentenced to twenty years hard labour building the Valle de los Caídos, from which they would later stage a spectacular escape, as fictionalized in the 1998 film Los años bárbaros. Image:ValleCaidos. ...

The Complutense University would also be the site of intense, and often bloody, marches and protests during the politically-charged years of the post-Franco Transition period. The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. ...

In 1970 the University returned to its original name. When, later, the people of Alcalá de Henares decided to open a university within the old campus buildings in that city, they were obliged to name it Universidad de Alcalá de Henares to clearly separate it from the Complutense University. The University of Alcalá de Henares (Spanish: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares) is an institute of higher learning located in the city of Alcalá de Henares, to the east of Madrid in Spain. ...

The Complutense University today

The art deco, Second Spanish Republic-era School of Philosophy building is located in the Moncloa Campus, and also houses the School of Philology and Linguistics.

The Complutense University has played a major role in the political development of Spain since its founding. Its graduates have been members, at either Congressional or Ministerial level, in all of the governments of Spain since the Enlightenment, and their positions in the Second Spanish Republic and the post-Franco transition to democracy were particularly notable. The current first Deputy Prime Minister, María Teresa Fernández de la Vega, and the former President, José María Aznar, are both graduates of the university. The Complutense University has also played host to some of the most significant figures of the intellectual world, with a long tradition of visiting professors amongst which feature some of the greats of world academia (most notably, Albert Einstein). A significant part of the European intelligentsia flocked to its halls during the 1930s, when democratic Spain provided a refuge from the rising terrors of fascism; while the tradition of distinguished visiting professors somewhat diminished during the Franco years, the University has recovered its former splendour in the decades since, although it continues to employ very few non-Spanish academics. This last fact may explain its poor international profile. The contemporary Complutense University has nevertheless counted numerous Nobel Laureates not only amongst its graduates, but also amongst its faculty members over the years. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1825x2495, 913 KB) Summary School of Philosophy, Complutense University Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Complutense University of Madrid Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1825x2495, 913 KB) Summary School of Philosophy, Complutense University Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Complutense University of Madrid Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Asheville City Hall. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Palacio de la Moncloa, settled in Madrid, is the official residence for the Prime Minister of Spain since 1977, when Adolfo Suárez moved the residence from a palace situated in the centre of Madrid, at Paseo de la Castellana. ... The Enlightenment (French: ; German: ; Italian: ; Portuguese: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy — some classifications also include 17th century philosophy (usually called the Age of Reason). ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. ... poo ... María Teresa Fernández de la Vega in her office María Teresa Fernández de la Vega, Doctor of Law (born June 15, 1949) is a socialist Spanish politician, since April 18, 2004 the First Vice President and Minister of Presidency in the government of José Luis Rodr... The President of the Government of Spain (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno), sometimes known in English as the Prime Minister of Spain, is the Spanish head of government. ...   (born in Madrid on February 25, 1953) is a Spanish politician who served as Spanish prime minister from 1996 to 2004. ... “Einstein” redirects here. ... The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ...

Currently, the Complutense University is the largest university in Spain. During the 2004-2005 academic year the University recorded an enrollment of 91,598 students and employed a staff of 9,500, of which over 6000 are directly involved in teaching duties; the University operates on government subsidies, grants and enrollment funds, with a current annual budget of over 500,000,000 euros. The University currently offers nearly 80 possible majors, 230 individual degrees, and 221 doctorate programs. The University has over 30 libraries, with over 2 million works in print, a particularly rich archive of over 90,000 historical documents, and one of the most extensive film collections in Europe.

The Complutense University of Madrid is a member of the Europaeum. The Europaeum is a loose organisation of ten leading European universities. ...

The Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Navales (School of Naval Engineers) alludes to its field of study by incorporating a stylized lighthouse tower into the building.

Due to its long history in the capital, the Complutense University enjoys great support from Madrid-based institutions, at a local, national and international level. The School of Medicine operates the Hospital Clínico Universitario de San Carlos, as well as a number of other specialized clinics located on-campus, some of which are operated jointly with the Ministry of Health or perform specific research for the Ministry. The School of Medicine is not the only one with government involvement; indeed, despite past conflicts, the Complutense University shares a close bond with the Spanish government, as made evident by the fact that the presidential residence of La Moncloa and the Spanish Constitutional Court are both located directly on-campus (with the political center of the city at walking distance). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1635x2547, 723 KB) Summary Naval school, Complutense University Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Complutense University of Madrid Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1635x2547, 723 KB) Summary Naval school, Complutense University Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Complutense University of Madrid Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Palacio de la Moncloa, settled in Madrid, is the official residence for the Prime Minister of Spain since 1977, when Adolfo Suárez moved the residence from a palace situated in the centre of Madrid, at Paseo de la Castellana. ...

The School of Communications, meanwhile, enjoys equally good relations with the press (large part of its professors being former reporters, editors, or directors of major Spanish and international newspapers), and operates a state of the art television studio, from which TVE's political debate program, 59 Segundos, is broadcast live each week. Moreover, the School of Communications is known particularly for its role as one of the main pre-screening locales for the nation; indeed, all major Spanish film productions are screened first before an audience of Complutense students, with the main actors or production figures of the films attending a post-screening press conference. Most recently, Blanca Portillo, Carmen Maura, Lola Dueñas and Yohana Cobo pre-screened Pedro Almodóvar's Volver; past pre-screening visitors have included director Santiago Segura, actor Alejo Sauras, and writer E. Annie Proulx. Each year, the Madrid Círculo de Bellas Artes extends special invitations to the Complutense students during its series of annual conferences featuring prominent philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists. Likewise, all of the faculties have been able to benefit greatly by lectures given by some of the most illustrious figures in recent history, of all fields, from singer-songwriter / Catalan activist Joan Manuel Serrat to historian Ernst Gombrich, from writer Umberto Eco to communist politician Santiago Carrillo. Alejandro Amenábar wrote his first film, Tesis, while still attending the Complutense University. All the on-campus scenes in the film were shot in the School of Communications, which Amenábar himself had attended, and the building itself serves as major device in the plot. Amenábar dropped out of the Complutense in part due to his antagonistic relationship with one of his professors, who kept failing him; as revenge, Amenábar named one of the main villains in Tesis, Professor Castro, after his teacher. Castro still teaches at the University. TVE may stand for: Televisión Española Township and Village Enterprise This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Carmen Maura Carmen Maura is a Spanish actress. ... Perico Almodovar Pedro Almodóvar Caballero (pronounced ) (born September 24, 1949 in Calzada de Calatrava, Spain) is a Spanish film director, screenwriter and producer. ... Volver (Spanish: to return (specifically: to return to a place), (IPA pronunciation: )) is a 2006 Academy Award-nominated Spanish film by director Pedro Almodóvar. ... Santiago Segura Silva (born July 17, 1965) is a Spanish film actor, scriptwriter, producer and director. ... Edna Annie Proulx (pronounced ) (born August 22, 1935) is an American journalist and author. ... Joan Manuel Serrat i Teresa (born December 27, 1943 in Barcelona) is a Spanish singer-songwriter. ... Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich, OM, CBE (30 March 1909 – 3 November 2001) was an Austrian-born art historian, who spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom. ... Umberto Eco (born January 5, 1932) is an Italian medievalist, semiotician, philosopher and novelist, best known for his novel The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa) and his many essays. ... Santiago Carrillo Solares (born January 18, 1915), Spanish politician, was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) from 1960 to 1982. ... Alejandro Fernando Amenábar Cantos (born March 31, 1972 in Santiago, Chile) is a Spanish film director, widely considered one of the most important Spanish directors working today even though he has directed only four films. ... Tesis (Thesis) is a 1996 Spanish film. ...

Student Life and Extracurriculars

τά πάντα, the Philosophy Club (also responsible for the School of Philosophy's sport teams), advertises a series of group reading sessions of Marx's Das Kapital.

Pro-Republic graffiti outside the School of Law.

The Complutense University publishes a bi-monthly newspaper, the Gaceta Complutense,^[26] and also features a fully-operational radio station, Radio Complutense (107.5 FM),^[27][28] which broadcasts for 12 hours daily; both are run from the School of Communications.^[29] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1253 KB) UCM School of Philosophy. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1253 KB) UCM School of Philosophy. ... Marx is a common German surname. ... Das Kapital (Capital, in the English translation) is an extensive treatise on political economy written by Karl Marx in German. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2428x1582, 1162 KB) Summary Republican graffitti, Complutense University Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Complutense University of Madrid Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2428x1582, 1162 KB) Summary Republican graffitti, Complutense University Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Complutense University of Madrid Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added...

While the University has a select number of registered dormitories, these are located on the fringes of the campus, within border neighbourhoods, and therefore no students truly live on campus proper. Due to the costs, and the fact that university-affiliated lodging is not required, the majority of the Complutense's student live independently, either in non-affiliated dormitories or in actual apartments.

In modern times, the Complutense University's student body continues to be highly politicized, with an active student government which most recently called for a student strike to protest the Bologna process. All political parties have the right to on-campus representation, though there is a decided tilt towards leftist politics amongst the student body. Upon petition, student political groups can be granted actual offices within the University, some examples being En Construcción, the radical-leftist student organization with offices in the School of Communications, or Erre Que Te Erre (rqtr),^[30] the gay liberation front with offices in the School of Political Sciences on the Somosaguas Campus, notable for having been the first gay-rights group established in a Spanish university. In May 2006 the University hosted a celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic and advocating the abolition of the monarchy and declaration of the Third Spanish Republic.^[31] The purpose of the Bologna process (or Bologna accords) is to create the European higher education area by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe. ...

Separately from the political groups, the Complutense features a number of social and sports-related groups. The University counts on a strong Erasmus-support group and every school features a Tuna (traditional Spanish band), which compete in the nation-wide competitions. In terms of sports, aerobics, gym, yoga, swimming, tennis, diving, tai-chi, and numerous other courses are offered. In terms of team sports, the Complutense features male and female basketball, soccer, and volleyball divisions, as well as rugby. Chess, badminton, golf, judo, karate, squash, table-tennis, and archery teams also exist. Internal university games are held several times a year, with all of the different schools competing; the Complutense also participates in the regional university games, held each March at the Puerta del Hierro Stadium in Madrid, and the selected national competitions. All students, professors, staff-members, and family of staff-members have the right to be evaluated and attended to at the Complutense University Center for Sport and Fitness Medicine. Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 – July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ...

The Complutense Abroad

Besides an extensive series of accords permitting student/professor exchanges and study abroad opportunity with prestigious universities throughout the world, the Complutense University of Madrid currently operates four full-time institutions outside of Spain.^[32][33]

• Real Colegio Complutense de Harvard (Cambridge, Massachusetts):^[34] the RCC was founded as a joint cooperative institution to foster intellectual and scientific interaction between the Complutense University and Harvard University, with the support of HM King Juan Carlos I and HM Queen Sofia of Spain and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The RCC accord is the only one of its sort ever to have been approved by Harvard; the institution is directed jointly by the Rector of the Complutense University and the President of Harvard, with an academic council formed by 5 Complutense professors and 5 Harvard professors. It permits a large number of Complutense students to study at Harvard as Visiting Scholars, and permits a select number of students to attend doctoral school at the University under scholarships hosted by the Spanish Royal Family. Each year the institution hosts the RCC Fellows Lectures, a conference cycle during which the Visiting Scholars deliver lectures revealing the results of their investigations to an audience of Harvard students and professors.

• Collège des Hautes Études Européennes Miguel Servet (Paris, France):^[35] founded upon the initiative of the Club Européen des Recteurs, the Collège des Hautes Études Européennes Miguel Servet is a Franco-Iberian center of learning and research located within the La Sorbonne. Besides specialized degrees, it offers programs focused on jurisprudence and economy within the European Union, a double-major program in Franco-Iberian law, and the Diplôme de Formation Européenne, which is operates under the auspices of the European Union and UNESCO. It was awarded a status of 'centre d'excellence', and in 1995 it opened chapters in Italy, Portugal, and South America.

• Cátedra Complutense en la Universidad de Karlova (Prague, Czech Republic):^[36] Full campus in operation, offering bachelor and doctoral degrees in partnership with Charles University (Univerzita Karlova v Praze) in Prague.

• Cátedra Dubcek (Bratislava, Slovakia):^[37] Full campus in operation, offering bachelor and doctoral degrees in partnership with Comenius University in Bratislava.

Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Middlesex Settled 1630 Incorporated 1636 Government  - Type Mayor-City Council  - Mayor Kenneth Reeves (D) Area  - City  7. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Harvard redirects here. ... King Juan Carlos I His Majesty King Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón), styled HM The King (born January 5, 1938), is the reigning King of Spain. ... Queen Sofia of Spain Queen Sofía (Sophia Margarita Victoria Frederika), born Princess Sofia of Greece and Denmark is the Queen Consort of King Juan Carlos I of Spain. ... State nickname: Bay State Other U.S. States Capital Boston Largest city Boston Governor Mitt Romney Official languages English Area 27,360 km² (44th)  - Land 20,317 km²  - Water 7,043 km² (25. ... The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... Prague (Praha in Czech) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. ... The Charles University of Prague (also simply University of Prague; Czech: Univerzita Karlova; Latin: Universitas Carolina) is the oldest and most prestigious Czech university and among the oldest universities in Europe, being founded in 1340s (for the exact year, see below). ... Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia and the countrys largest city, with a population of some 430,000. ... The Comenius University (Slovak: Univerzita Komenského), with most faculties located in Bratislava, is the largest university in Slovakia. ...

Famous alumni

Government

Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

HM Juan Carlos I, King of Spain

José Ortega y Gasset

Severo Ochoa

Pre-XXth Century Image File history File links Download high resolution version (514x795, 34 KB) Summary Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (514x795, 34 KB) Summary Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos. ... Jovellanos painted by Goya Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (5 January 1744 - 27 November 1811), Spanish statesman and author, was born at Gijón in Asturias, Spain. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 566 pixelsFull resolution (2121 × 1500 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 566 pixelsFull resolution (2121 × 1500 pixel, file size: 1. ... Juan Carlos I (baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; born January 5, 1938, Rome, Italy) is the reigning King of Spain. ... Coat of Arms of the King of Spain King of Spain redirects here. ... Image File history File links 180px-JoseOrtegayGasset. ... Image File history File links 180px-JoseOrtegayGasset. ... José Ortega y Gasset (May 9, 1883 - October 18, 1955) was a Spanish philosopher. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1354x2195, 620 KB) Severo Ochoa Statue, Complutense University File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Complutense University of Madrid Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1354x2195, 620 KB) Severo Ochoa Statue, Complutense University File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Complutense University of Madrid Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from... Severo Ochoa Statue outside the School of Medicine of the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM). ...

• Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos - Prime Minister of Spain, theorist behind the Constitution of 1812, essayist
• Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso - President of the First Spanish Republic
• Emilio Castelar y Ripoll - Journalist, Essayist, Minister during the First Spanish Republic
• José Rizal - National Hero of the Philippines
• José Canalejas - Prime Minister during the Alfonsine monarchy, head of the Liberal Party; assassinated by an anarchist in 1912.
• Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres, Conde de Romanones - Prime Minister 17 times under reign of Alfonso XIII; last Head of Government of the Alfonsine monarchy prior to the Second Spanish Republic.

II Spanish Republic Jovellanos painted by Goya Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (5 January 1744 - 27 November 1811), Spanish statesman and author, was born at Gijón in Asturias, Spain. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Nicolás Salmerón y Alfonso (April 10, 1838 - September 21, 1908), Spanish statesman, was born at Alhama la Seca in the province of Almería. ... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (1832-1899) was a Spanish republican, and a president of the First Spanish Republic. ... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... For places, institutions and objects named after this person, see Rizal (disambiguation). ... José Canalejas y Méndez, Spanish statesman José Canalejas y Méndez (July 31, 1854 – November 12, 1912) was a Spanish politician, born in Ferrol. ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... Alfonso XIII of Spain (May 17, 1886 - February 28, 1941), King of Spain, posthumous son of Alfonso XII of Spain, was proclaimed King at his birth. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta...

• Manuel Azaña - Head of State & President of Spain at various points throughout the Second Spanish Republic
• Juan Negrín López - Last President of the Second Spanish Republic
• Gregorio Marañón y Posadillo - Minister during the Second Spanish Republic, Political Reformer
• Julián Besteiro Fernández - Socialist Politician, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
• Clara Campoamor - Feminist Politician, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
• Victoria Kent Siano - Essayist, Feminist Politician, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
• Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña - Historian, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
• Fernando de los Ríos Urruti - Anarchist Politician during the Second Spanish Republic

Transition and Contemporary Administrations Image:F manuel azana. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Juan Negrín Lopez (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, February 3, 1887 - Paris, November 12, 1956) was a Spanish republican political figure during the Spanish Civil War. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Julián Besteiro Fernández (September 21, 1870 - September 27, 1940) was a Spanish socialist politician and university professor. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta...

• HM Juan Carlos I of Spain-King instrumental in the democratization process
• Adolfo Suárez - first democratically elected Prime Minister after the Franco regime
• Américo Castro Quesada - Politician
• José María Aznar - Former President of the Spanish Government (1996–2004)
• Javier Solana - European Union foreign policy chief and former NATO Secretary General
• Esperanza Aguirre - Current regional President of Madrid
• María Teresa Fernández de la Vega - Current Vice President of the Spanish Government (2004—)
• Alan Garcia- President of Peru 1985-1990 and 2006-2011 periods

Juan Carlos I (baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; born January 5, 1938, Rome, Italy) is the reigning King of Spain. ... Adolfo Suárez González, Duke of Suárez (born September 25, 1932) was Spains first democratically elected prime minister after the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco. ...   (born in Madrid on February 25, 1953) is a Spanish politician who served as Spanish prime minister from 1996 to 2004. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Javier Solana Madariaga (born July 14, 1942 in Madrid, Spain) is the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Secretary-General of both the Council of the European Union (EU) and the Western European Union (WEU). ... This article is about the military alliance. ... Esperanza Aguirre Gil de Biedma (March 3, 1952, Madrid), Spanish politician, is the President of the autonomous community of Madrid since 2003. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. ... María Teresa Fernández de la Vega in her office María Teresa Fernández de la Vega, Doctor of Law (born June 15, 1949) is a socialist Spanish politician, since April 18, 2004 the First Vice President and Minister of Presidency in the government of José Luis Rodr... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Alan Garc rez (born May 23, 1949 in Lima) was President of Peru from 1985 to 1990. ... List of presidents of Peru : The Independence War 1821-1822: José de San Martín 1822-1823: José de La Mar 1823: Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano 1823: José de la Riva Agüero 1823-1824: José Bernardo de Tagle 1824-1826: Simón Bolívar 1826-1827: Andrés... This article is about the year. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2011 (MMXI) will be a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Journalism & Literature

• Francisco de Quevedo - Classical Writer
• Antonio de Nebrija - Writer
• Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio - Spanish Playwright
• Fermín Caballero - Early Journalist / Publisher, Congressional Deputy
• José Echegaray y Eizaguirre - Writer,Nobel Prize in Literature (1904)
• Miguel de Unamuno - Writer, Member of the Generación del '98 literary movement, Neo-Humanist Philosopher
• Antonio Machado - Poet, Member of the Generación del '98 literary movement
• Pío Baroja - Writer, Member of the Generación del '98 literary movement
• Jacinto Benavente - Playwright, Nobel Prize in Literature (1904)
• Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín - Writer
• Federico García Lorca - Poet, Playwright
• Dámaso Alonso y Fernández de las Redondas - Writer, Poet, Philologist, Member of the Generación del '27 literary movement, Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient
• Gerardo Diego - Writer, Poet, Member of the Spanish Royal Academy, Member of the Generación del '27 literary movement, Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient
• Francisco Ayala - Writer, Nobel Prize for Literature Candidate, Principe de Asturias Award for Literature, Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient
• Concepción Arenal - Journalist, Essayist, Political Figure
• Vicente Aleixandre - Writer, Poet, Nobel Prize in Literature (1970)
• Camilo José Cela - Writer, Poet, Nobel Prize in Literature (1989), Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient, Member of the Generación del '50 literary movement
• José Rodríguez Carracido - Writer, Chemist
• Ramiro Ledesma Ramos - Writer, Politician
• Mario Vargas Llosa - Peruvian writer, Principe de Asturias Award for Literature, Miguel de Cervantes Prize Recipient
• María Zambrano Writer, Philosopher
• Enrique Tierno Galván - Writer, Politician
• Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano - Former reporter for TVE, current Princess of Asturias

Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Villegas (September 17, 1580 – September 8, 1645) was a Spanish writer during the . ... Statue of Antonio de Nebrija, outside of the Biblioteca Nacional de España, in Madrid. ... Lope de Vega (also Félix Lope de Vega Carpio or Lope Félix de Vega Carpio) (25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright and poet. ... José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (1832- 1916) was Spanish mathematician, statesman, and the leading Spanish dramatist of the last quarter of the 19th century. ... Nobel Prize in Literature medal. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Don Miguel de Unamuno Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (September 29, 1864–December 31, 1936) was an essayist, novelist, poet, playwright and philosopher from Spain. ... // Background The Generation of 98 (also called Generation of 1898 or, in Spanish, Generación del 98 or Generación de 1898) was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898). ... // Antonio Machado y Ruiz (July 26, 1875 – February 22, 1939) was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of 98. ... // Background The Generation of 98 (also called Generation of 1898 or, in Spanish, Generación del 98 or Generación de 1898) was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898). ... Pío Baroja y Nessi (December 28, 1872, San Sebastián–October 30, 1956, Madrid) was a Spanish writer, one of the key novelists of the Generation of 98. ... // Background The Generation of 98 (also called Generation of 1898 or, in Spanish, Generación del 98 or Generación de 1898) was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898). ... Jacinto Benavente Jacinto Benavente y Martínez (August 12, 1866 – July 14, 1954), awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1922, was one of the foremost Spanish dramatists of the 20th century. ... Nobel Prize in Literature medal. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín (Ourense, 7 September 1938) Galician writer and poet is widely considered the highest representative of contemporary Galician literature. ... Federico García Lorca Federico García Lorca (June 5, 1898 – August 19, 1936) was a Spanish poet and dramatist, also remembered as a painter, pianist, and composer. ... Dámaso Alonso (October 22, 1898 - January 25, 1990) was a Spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. ... The Generation of 27 (Spanish Generación del 27) was an influential group of poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially out of a shared desire to experience and work with avant-garde forms of art and poetry. ... Premio Miguel de Cervantes (the Miguel de Cervantes Prize) is awarded annually to honour the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language. ... Statue of Gerardo Diego in Santander Gerardo Diego (3 October 1896 – 8 July 1987) was a Spanish poet and member of the Generation of 27. ... The Real Academia Española (Spanish for Royal Spanish Academy; often RAE) is the institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. ... The Generation of 27 (Spanish Generación del 27) was an influential group of poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially out of a shared desire to experience and work with avant-garde forms of art and poetry. ... Premio Miguel de Cervantes (the Miguel de Cervantes Prize) is awarded annually to honour the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language. ... Francisco Ayala may refer to: Francisco Ayala (novelist) Francisco J. Ayala, Spanish-American biologist and philosopher. ... The Nobel Prize in literature is awarded annually to an author from any country who has produced the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency. The work in this case generally refers to an authors work as a whole, not to any individual work, though individual works are sometimes... The Prince of Asturias Awards (Spanish: Premios Príncipe de Asturias, Asturian: Premios Príncipe dAsturies) is a series of annual prizes given in Spain by the Fundación Príncipe de Asturias to individuals, entities, organizations or others from around the world who make notable achievements in the... Premio Miguel de Cervantes (the Miguel de Cervantes Prize) is awarded annually to honour the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language. ... Concepción Arenal (born in El Ferrol in the 19th Century) excelled in literature, and was the first woman ever to go to university in Spain. ... Vicente Aleixandre Vicente Pío Marcelino Cirilo Aleixandre y Merlo (April 26, 1898 – December 14, 1984) Spanish poet, born in Sevilla. ... Nobel Prize in Literature medal. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Spanish writer Camilo José Cela Don Camilo José Cela Trulock, Marquis of Iria Flavia (es: Don Camilo José Cela Trulock, marqués de Iria Flavia) (May 11, 1916 – January 17, 2002) was an influential Spanish writer and member of the Generation of 50. ... Nobel Prize in Literature medal. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Premio Miguel de Cervantes (the Miguel de Cervantes Prize) is awarded annually to honour the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language. ... Ramiro Ledesma Ramos (May 23, 1905, Alfaraz de Sayago, Zamora—October 29, 1936, Aravaca, Madrid) was a Spanish national syndicalist-fascist politician, essayist, and journalist. ... Mario Vargas Llosa in his youth. ... The Prince of Asturias Awards (Spanish: Premios Príncipe de Asturias, Asturian: Premios Príncipe dAsturies) is a series of annual prizes given in Spain by the Fundación Príncipe de Asturias to individuals, entities, organizations or others from around the world who make notable achievements in the... Premio Miguel de Cervantes (the Miguel de Cervantes Prize) is awarded annually to honour the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language. ... María Zambrano (April 22, 1904, Málaga – February 6, 1991) was a Spanish essayist and philosopher. ... Letizia, The Princess of Asturias (born Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano September 15, 1972, Oviedo, Spain) is the wife of Felipe, The Prince of Asturias, the heir apparent to the Spanish throne. ... TVE may stand for: Televisión Española Township and Village Enterprise This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Anthem: Asturias, patria querida Capital Oviedo Official language(s) Spanish; Asturian has special status Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th  10,604 km²  2. ...

Philosophy

• Tomás de Villanueva - Roman Catholic Saint, Archbishop of Valencia, Theologian
• Domingo de Soto - Philosopher, Theologian, Theorist at the Council of Trent
• Antonio de Nebrija - Renaissance Humanist
• María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda - First woman to earn a doctorate in Spain, Philosopher
• José Ortega y Gasset - Neo-Humanist Philosopher, Founder of Racio-Vitalism, Writer, Journalist, Deputy during the Second Spanish Republic
• Julián Marías - Philosopher
• Raimon Panikkar - Philosopher, Theologian, Scholar of Comparative Philosophy of Religion
• Xavier Zubiri Apalategui - Philosopher, Philologist
• José Gaos y González Pola - Neo-Humanist Philosopher
• Jose Luis López Aranguren - Philosopher
• Fernando Savater - Philosopher

Location Coordinates : 39°29′ N 0°22′ W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name València (Catalan) Spanish name Valencia Founded 137 BC Postal code 46000-46080 Website http://www. ... Domingo de Soto was a Dominican priest and theologian born 1494, Segovia, Spain and died 1560 in Salamanca. ... The Council of Trent is the Nineteenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Statue of Antonio de Nebrija, outside of the Biblioteca Nacional de España, in Madrid. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... See also the specific life stance known as Humanism For the Renaissance liberal arts movement, see Renaissance humanism Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities... José Ortega y Gasset (May 9, 1883 - October 18, 1955) was a Spanish philosopher. ... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President  - 1931–1936 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1936–1939 Manuel Azaña Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936–1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Raimon Panikkar (born Raimundo Pániker Alemany on November 3, 1918 in Barcelona, Catalonia) is one of the most prestigious proponents of interreligious dialogue. ... Xavier Zubiri (1889–1983) was a Spanish philosopher noted for his intellectual rigor. ... José Gaos (* 1900 in Gijón, Spain – 1969 in Mexico) was a Spanish-born philosopher who obtained political asylum in Mexico during the Spanish Civil War. ... Fernando Savater is a Spanish philosopher, born in San Sebastián in 1947. ...

History

• Francisco Giner de los Ríos - Historian
• Ambrosio de Morales - Historian
• Juan de Mariana - Historian, Political Theorist
• Manuel Colmeiro Penido - Economist, Historian, Jurist
• José Amador de los Ríos - Historian
• Ramón Menéndez Pidal - Historian

Francisco Giner de los Ríos (born October 10, 1839 in Ronda, Spain; died February 17, 1915 in Madrid) was a philosopher, educator and one of the most influential Spanish intellectuals at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20ieth century. ... Juan de Mariana Juan de Mariana, (1536, Talavera - February 17th 1624, Madrid), was a Spanish historian. ... Ramón Menéndez Pidal (March 13, 1869 - November 14, 1968) was a Spanish philologist and historian. ...

Medicine

• José Rizal - National Hero of the Philippines
• Santiago Ramón y Cajal - Nobel Prize in Medicine (1906)
• Severo Ochoa - Nobel Prize in Medicine (1959)
• Florestán Aguilar - Medical Pioneer
• Carlos Jiménez Díaz - Medical Pioneer

For places, institutions and objects named after this person, see Rizal (disambiguation). ... Santiago Ramón y Cajal Santiago Ramón y Cajal (May 1, 1852 – October 17, 1934) was a famous Spanish histologist, physician, and Nobel laureate. ... Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Severo Ochoa Statue outside the School of Medicine of the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM). ... Emil Adolf von Behring was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of diphtheria. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Maths and Sciences

• Blas Cabrera y Felipe - Physicist
• Enrique Moles Ormella - Physicist
• Juan Manuel Rodríguez Parrondo - Physicist
• Julio Rey Pastor - Mathematician
• Miguel Catalán Sañudo - Scientist
• Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba - Politician
• Sixto Ríos- Mathematician/Statistician

Blas Cabrera y Felipe (b. ... J. M. R. Parrondo, also Juan Manuel Rodríguez Parrondo, (b. ... Alfredo Pérez Rub-Al-Kaaba (born 1951 in Solares,Cantabria, Spain) is the present Interior minister within the present Spanish government, the PSOE. He obtained his doctorate in the chemistry faculty of the Complutense University in Madrid, where he went on to become professor. ...

Film

• Santiago Segura - Actor, Filmmaker
• Luis Buñuel - Surrealist Filmmaker
• Alejandro Amenábar - Oscar-winning Filmmaker (did not graduate)

Santiago Segura Silva (born July 17, 1965) is a Spanish film actor, scriptwriter, producer and director. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Alejandro Fernando Amenábar Cantos (born March 31, 1972 in Santiago, Chile) is a Spanish film director, widely considered one of the most important Spanish directors working today even though he has directed only four films. ... Academy Award The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are the most prominent and most watched film awards ceremony in the world. ...

Other

• Emilio García Gómez - International authority on Arab culture
• Chema Madoz - Photographer
• J.B.L. Reyes - Filipino jurist

Emilio García Gómez (1905 – 31 May 1995) was a Spanish Arabist, literary historian and critic, whose talent as a poet enriched his many translations from Arabic. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ... Jose B.L. Reyes (August 19, 1902 – December 27, 1994) was a noted Filipino jurist who served as Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court from 1954 until 1972. ... A jurist is a professional who studies, develops, applies or otherwise deals with the law. ...

Notes

“PDF” redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to... “PDF” redirects here. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Complutense University of Madrid

• Official site
• Universidad Complutense de Madrid for foreign students on iAgora - Reviews by former Erasmus and other international students in Madrid on iAgora.
• International Association of Universities

Coordinates: 40°26′57″N, 3°43′41″W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...