Reversi and Othello are names for a strategic boardgame which involves play by two parties on an eight-by-eight square grid with pieces that have two distinct sides. Pieces typically appear coin-like, with a light and a dark face. Reversi zebra This is a screenshot of a copyrighted computer game or video game. ... An abstract strategy game is a board game with perfect information, no chance, and (usually) two players. ... A board game is any game played with a premarked surface, with counters or pieces that are moved across the board. ...

Origins

The game derives from two different sources.

Reversi was originally invented around 1880 by two Englishmen, Lewis Waterman and John W. Mollett, and gained considerable popularity in England at the end of the 19th century. In 1898, the well-known German games publisher Ravensburger started producing the game as one of its first titles. Ravensburger Spieleverlag GmbH is a German game company. ...

The modern rule set, now universally accepted (except by those who know only the still-produced Ravensburger edition) originated in Japan as Othello in the 1970s. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...

Mattel produces Reversi equipment under the name Othello. Anjar Co licenses the registered trademark Othello from Tsukuda Original. Mattel Inc. ... Anjar may mean: Anjar, India, town and district of India Anjar, Lebanon, town in the Bekaa valley of Lebanon Anjar Company, toy and game licensing company This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Bass Red Triangle, was the first trademark registered in Britain in 1876. ...

Goro Hasegawa, who wrote How to win at Othello, popularised the game in Japan in 1975. 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

It took its name from the Shakespearean play Othello, the Moor of Venice. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Othello and Desdemona in Venice by Théodore Chassériau (1819–1856) Othello: The Moor of Venice is a tragedy by Shakespeare written around 1603. ...

Play

Each of the two sides corresponds to one player; they are referred to here as light and dark after the sides of Othello pieces, but "heads" and "tails" would identify them equally as well, so long as each marker has sufficiently distinctive sides.

Originally, Reversi did not have a defined starting position. Later it adopted Othello's rules, which state that the game begins with four markers placed in a square in the middle of the grid, two facing light-up, two pieces with the dark side up. The dark player makes the first move.

Starting position

Dark must place a piece with the dark side up on the board, in such a position that there exists at least one straight (horizontal, vertical, or diagonal) line between the new piece and another dark piece, with one or more contiguous light pieces between them. In the above situation, dark has the following options indicated by "ghost" pieces: Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ...

Where dark may play

After placing the piece, dark turns over (flips, captures) all light pieces lying on a straight line between the new piece and any anchoring dark pieces. All reversed pieces now show the dark side, and dark can use them in later moves -- unless light has reversed them back in the meantime. Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ...

If dark decided to put a piece in the topmost location (all choices are strategically equivalent at this time), one piece gets turned over, so that the board appears thus:

After dark play

Now light plays. This player operates under the same rules, with the roles reversed: light lays down a light piece, causing one or more dark pieces to flip. Possiblities at this time appear thus (indicated by "ghosts"): Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ...

Where light may play

Light takes the bottom left option and reverses one piece: Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ...

After light play

Players take alternate turns. If one player cannot make a valid move, play passes back to the other player. When neither player can move, the game ends. This occurs when the grid has filled up, or when one player has no more pieces on the board, or when neither player can legally place a piece in any of the remaining squares. The player with more pieces on the board at the end wins. Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_x. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_o. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Reversi_. ... Image File history File links Othello_zver_22. ... Image File history File links Chess_zhor_22. ...

Strategy

A beginner often looks for the move that will reverse the greatest possible number of pieces, trying for immediate numerical advantage. But this strategy is too shortsighted to work. In practice, the game pieces change color many times in the course of a game, so early numerical advantage is rarely an advantage, and is often a disadvantage because it reduces "mobility" for the majority player.

While it is possible to achieve complete dominance early and capture all the tiles, it is extremely unlikely. Instead of numerical advantage, the key elements of successful Othello strategy are corners, mobility, edge play, parity, endgame play, and looking ahead.

Corners

Corner positions, once played, remain immune to flipping for the rest of the game: thus a player can use a piece in a corner of the board to anchor groups of pieces (starting with the adjacent edges) permanently. So capturing a corner often proves an effective strategy when the opportunity arises. More generally, a piece is stable when, in all four directions, it is on a boundary, in a filled row, or next to a stable piece of the same color.

Mobility

An opponent playing with reasonable strategy will not so easily relinquish the corner or any other good moves. So to achieve these good moves, you must force your opponent to play moves which relinquish those good moves. The best way to achieve that involves reducing the number of moves available to your opponent. If you consistently restrict the number of legal moves your opponent can make, then sooner or later they will have to make an undesirable move. An ideal position involves having all your pieces in the center surrounded by your opponent's pieces. In such situations you can dictate what moves your opponent can make.

When moves seem equal with respect to what moves you will leave yourself and your opponent, playing a minimum piece strategy will tend to give you an advantage, because minimizing your discs will tend to leave fewer discs for your opponent to flip in subsequent moves of the game. One should not play the minimum disc strategy to an extreme, however, as this also can quickly lead to a lack of mobility.

Edges

While playing pieces to edges of the board may seem sound (because they cannot be flipped easily), this can often prove detrimental. Edge-pieces can anchor flips that influence moves to all regions of the board. Because of that, this can, sooner or later, poison later moves that you make by causing you to flip too many pieces and open up many moves for your opponent. However sometimes playing to an edge where your opponent cannot easily respond to will leave that opponent with significantly fewer available moves.

The square immediately diagonally adjacent to the corner (called the X-square), when played in the early or middle game, typically guarantees the loss of that corner. Playing to the edge squares adjacent to the corner can typically lead to tactical traps involving sacrificing one corner, or simply playing out the edge in a specific sequence.

In general you should avoid edge play in the early and middle game if possible, unless you can gain larger concessions in terms of mobility or a mass of unflippable pieces.

A good rule of thumb is to keep your pieces grouped together in the middle of the board, and minimize tangents formed by your own pieces. This strategy leads to the greatest mobility.

Parity

As play progresses, regions of the board will typically section themselves off where neither side can prevent the other from playing arbitrarily into those regions. By simply counting out the number of squares in a region, one can ascertain whether an odd or an even number of squares exist. In the case of an odd number of squares, by playing there first you can force your opponent to play first outside of that region. You achieve this by simply playing into that region at any time it has an odd number of squares available, and by not playing into it when it features an even number of squares. If you take into consideration certain squares in a region that seem very dangerous (like an X-square or an edge square that leads to an obvious trap) then you can either force your opponent to play elsewhere or to occupy one of these dangerous squares.

Look-ahead

As in any good strategy for chess or for checkers, a player should not consider only the current situation on the board. For each move you consider, you must consider possible responses from your opponent, then the subsequent responses you will make to those moves and so on. The aspects of the current position may not remain relevant a few moves hence. So when optimizing your mobility, gaining corners or anything else, you should consider how best to do this for the long term rather than just for the next move. Sometimes it takes two or three small moves to enable a large move. Chess is an abstract strategy board game for two players. ... starting position on a 10×10 draughts board Draughts, also known as checkers, is a group of mental sport board games between two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over the enemys pieces. ...

Endgame

For the endgame (the last 20 or so moves of the game) the strategies will typically change. Special techniques such as sweeping, gaining access, and the details of move-order can have a large impact on the outcome of the game. At these late stages of the game no hard-set rules exist. The experienced player will try to look ahead and get a feel for what will lead to the best final outcome.

Computer Othello

The best Othello computer programs can easily defeat the best humans. As early as 1980, the program The Moor beat the reigning world champion, and in 1997, Logistello defeated the human champion Takeshi Murakami 6:0. This dominance is not seen in games like chess, where the best computers are about equal to the best humans (although the Hydra machine may soon change that), or Go, where even average human players trounce the best computers. The southern part of The Moor, with the Bank of Scotland in sight. ... Logistello is a computer program that plays the game Othello, also known as Reversi. ... Chess is an abstract strategy board game for two players. ... Hydra is a brute force chess machine, designed by a team with Dr. Christian Chrilly Donninger, Ulf Lorenz, GM Christopher Lutz and Muhammad Nasir Ali. ... Go, also known as Wéiqí in Mandarin Chinese (Traditional Chinese: 圍棋; Simplified Chinese: 围棋), is a strategic, deterministic Chinese board game played by alternately placing stones on a grid. ...

Human beings cannot generally win against computer intelligence in Othello because computers can look ahead much further than humans can. Analysts have estimated the number of legal positions in Othello as at most 10²⁸, and it has a game-tree complexity of approximately 10⁵⁸. In game theory, game complexity is a measure of the complexity of a game. ...

Mathematically, Othello still remains unsolved– that is we don't know the result of the game with perfect play on both sides. However, analysis of thousands of high-quality games (most of them computer-generated) gives growing evidence that on the standard 8-by-8 board, perfect play on both sides results in a draw. A two-player game can be solved on several levels. ... In game theory, perfect play is the behavior or strategy of a player which leads to the best possible outcome for that player. ... In game theory, perfect play is the behavior or strategy of a player which leads to the best possible outcome for that player. ...

When generalizing the game to play on an n-by-n board, the problem of determining if the first player has a winning move in a given position is PSPACE-complete. On 4-by-4 and 6-by-6 boards under the perfect play the second player wins. In computational complexity theory, a generalized game is a game that has been generalized so that it can be played on a board of any size. ... In complexity theory, PSPACE-complete is a complexity class. ...

Othello engines may use Bitboards. A bitboard is a data structure commonly used in computer systems that play boardgames. ...

Game trivia

• Since at least 1977 an annual Othello World Championship has taken place. Each country can send a maximum of 3 players. As of 2005, each country can send an additional female player.
• Othello has its greatest following in Japan.
• Good computer players far out-perform any human player.
• Advertising for the Mattel version of the game included the tagline "A minute to learn, a lifetime to master."

Othello World Championship

For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... Monte Carlo is a very wealthy section of the city-state of Monaco known for its casino, gambling, beaches, glamour, and sightings of famous people. ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Largest city Albany New York City Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 27th 141,205 km² 455 km 530 km 13. ... Carol Jacobs (born New York City) is a former American othello player. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,553,873 almost 4,300,000 1. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... This article is about the British city. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Map showing the location of Brussels in Belgium Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, pronounced ; French: Bruxelles, pronounced in Belgian French and often by non-Belgian speakers of French; German: Brüssel) is the capital of Belgium, the French Community of... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Old town in Stockholm from the air is the capital of Sweden, located on the south east coast of Sweden. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city, with the skyscrapers of La Défense business district 3 miles behind. ... Imre Leader is a British mathematician and professor at the University of Cambridge. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Melbourne is the state capital and largest city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-largest city in Australia, with a population of approximately 3. ... This article is about the year. ... Athens (Greek: Αθήνα, Athína (IPA: )) is the capital of Greece and one of the most famous cities in the world, named after goddess Athena. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tokyo ) , literally eastern capital, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and includes the highly urbanized central area formerly known as the city of Tokyo which is the heart of the Greater Tokyo Area. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese -dialect of Lombard-: Milán) is the main city of northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed region in Italy. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... This article is about the year. ... The Old town in Stockholm from the air is the capital of Sweden, located on the south east coast of Sweden. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... Barcelona is the capital city of Catalonia, an autonomous community in Spain. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... This article is about the year 2000. ... Copenhagen ( (help· info) IPA: ) is the capital of Denmark, and the name of the municipality (Danish, kommune) in which it resides. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... For the Cusco album, see 2002 (album). ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates Website www. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... See also: Reykjavík, Manitoba in Canada Reykjavík is the capital of Iceland, its largest city and the worlds northernmost capital. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mito (水戸市; -shi) is the capital of Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. ...

Literature

• Othello: Brief and Basic, An introduction to strategy and tactics for the game of Othello, Ted Landau, 1987
• Othello: A Minute to Learn - A Lifetime to Master, Brian Rose, 2005
• Reversi WikiBook

External links

• The Othello Wiki Book Project
• The Othello Guide
• Othello Blog
• Othello Gateway
• OthBase: Othello Games Database Manager
• Gunnar Andersson's Othello Page - download WZebra, one of the strongest freeware Othello programs; also contains general information and advice for creating Othello computer opponents.

Origins

• A History of Othello
• Manual by Ravensburger (In german)
• Pictures of the 19th century reversi boards

Computer Programs

• An Othello program lets you play with computer. Written in Ada for Linux/UNIX.

Play online

• Railthello: Play online othello against AI, keeps records of games
• Play Online Reversi
• Play turnbased Othello at YourturnMyturn.com
• Othello to play online against live opponents
• A collection of Othello/Reversi games online
• Play online Reversi at HigherGames
• Ajax Multiplayer Reversi at pitStreet Extra-light Reversi, with the possibility to view the replay of all matches.

National Organisations

• Australian Othello Federation
• British Othello Federation
• Czech Othello Federation
• Danish Othello Assosiation
• French Othello Federation
• Hong Kong Othello Association
• Italian Othello Federation
• Malaysia Othello Association
• Norwegian Othello Association
• U.S. Othello Association