Esperantido is the term used within the Esperanto and constructed language communities to describe a language project based on or inspired by Esperanto. Esperantido originally referred to the language of that name, which later came to be known as Ido. The word Esperantido is derived from Esperanto plus the suffix -ido (a descendant). Thus Esperantido literally means "an offspring of Esperanto". Esperanto flag Esperanto is the most widely spoken constructed international language. ... An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose phonology, grammar and vocabulary are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture as with natural languages. ... Ido is a reformed version of the constructed language Esperanto. ...

Esperanto Reforms

A number of esperantidos have been created to address a number of perceived flaws or weaknesses of Esperanto, or of other esperantidos.

Ido, the foremost of these, sought to bring Esperanto into closer alignment with Western European expectations of an ideal language, based on familiarity with French, English, and Italian. Reforms included changing the spelling by removing non-Roman letters such as ĉ and re-introducing the k/q dichotomy; removing a couple of the more obscure phonemic contrasts (one of which, [x], has been effectively removed from standard Esperanto); ending the infinitives in -r and the plurals in -i like Italian; eliminating adjectival agreement, and removing the need for the accusative case by setting up a fixed default word order; reducing the amount of inherent gender in the vocabulary, providing a masculine suffix and a epicene third-person singular pronoun; replacing the pronouns and correlatives with forms more similar to the Romance languages; adding new roots where Esperanto uses the antonymic prefix mal-; replacing much of Esperanto's other regular derivation with separate roots, which are thought to be easier for Westerners to remember; and replacing much of the Germanic and Slavic vocabulary with Romance forms, such as navo for English-derived ŝipo. An example of an Ido Pater noster is given below. Ido is a reformed version of the constructed language Esperanto. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... ... The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages or New Latin Languages, are a subset of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Latin dialects spoken by the common people in what is known as Latin Europe (Italian/Portuguese/Spanish Europa latina, French Europe latine, Romanian Europa latină) as Vulgar... Antonyms, from the Greek anti (against) and onoma (name) are word pairs that are opposite in meaning, such as hot and cold, fat and thin, and up and down. ...

Praktika Esperanto was inspired by Ido, but had less sweeping goals: Making the verb endings (-as, -is, -os, -us) more easily differentiated in normal speech, removing non-Roman letters whenever practical; and adding new roots where Esperanto added mal- to another word.

Comunleng, however, was a more extreme reform than Ido. It introduced a major grammar overhaul, such as not requiring grammatical endings on non-inflected roots, and reduced the alphabet to 22 letters (including <, which was used as a letter that was pronounced like K but placed in the alphabet in the place where C normally is). Comunleng, or the common language, is a constructed language that was created in the year 2000. ...

Sen:esepera went in another direction. Not only was the morphology changed, but the phonology was also overhauled to make it more accessible. The consonantal phonemes are limited to fourteen found in 95% of natural languages, and the only allowed consonant clusters are nasal+plosive. (Thus the esepera in its name, from Esperanto "espera".) It was created to be taught to to those who are monolingual in one language with a restricted sound set. In linguistics, a consonant cluster is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ...

Most esperantidos attempt to bring the language closer to a particular ethnic language or region. One of the very few that instead aims to make it more universal is Bonjang, which takes much of its vocabulary from Malay, Tagalog, Mandarin, and Swahili. It is difficult to recognize that the language is even related to Esperanto. For example, The Malay language, also known locally as Bahasa Melayu, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people who are native to the Malay peninsula, southern Thailand, Singapore, central eastern Sumatra, the Riau islands, and parts of the coast of Borneo. ... Tagálog is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. ... This article is on all of the Northern Chinese dialects. ... Areas where swahili speakers are found This article is about the language. ...

Ya yotang ginzim umba vampun yo mungkeng kasum,

is, in Esperanto,

La kato granda ĉasas rapide la muson malgrandan,

(The large cat quickly chases the small mouse).

One of the more interesting esperantidos, grammatically, is Universal. It adds a schwa to break up consonant clusters, marks the accusative case with a nasal vowel, uses partial reduplication for the plural (tablo "table", tatablo "tables"), and inversion for antonyms (mega "big", gema "little"; donu "give", nodu "receive"; tela "far", leta "near"). The plural and antonyms are reminiscent of the musical language Solresol. Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, is repeated. ... Antonyms, from the Greek anti (against) and onoma (name) are word pairs that are opposite in meaning, such as hot and cold, fat and thin, and up and down. ... Solresol is an artificial language, devised by a Frenchman, Jean François Sudre, beginning in 1817. ...

While most esperantidos aim to simplify Esperanto, Poliespo ("polysynthetic Esperanto") makes it considerably more complex. Besides the polysynthetic morphology, it incorporates much of the phonology and vocabulary of the Cherokee language. It has fourteen vowels, six of them nasalized, and three tones. This article has been translated, and needs attention from someone approaching dual fluency. ... Polysynthetic languages are highly synthetic languages, i. ... Cherokee is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people. ... A nasal vowel is a vowel that produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through the mouth and the nose. ... This article or section uses Ruby annotation. ...

Esperanto specializations

There are various projects to adapt Esperanto to specialized uses. Esperanto de DLT is one; it was created to be an interlanguage of machine translation. Distributed Language Translation (DLT) was a project to develop a machine translation system for twelve European languages. ... It has been suggested that Linguistic rules based methods be merged into this article or section. ...

Baza is a proposal to limit Esperanto to a vocabulary of only some 400 words, much as Basic English sought limited English to 850 words, as an interlanguage between the various esperantidos. Baza is a town in the province of Granada in southern Spain, in the autonomous region of Andalusia. ... Basic English is a simplified English language with a small number of words created by Charles Kay Ogden and described in his book Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar (1930). ...

Esperant'

There are also extensions of Esperanto which are created for amusement.

One such style, called Esperant’, is rumoured to have been started in a chat room, but it is never seen. Like other Idos, information on the idiom is rare although some aspects of it's elision are adopted by some esperantist in day-to-day convosations. These feature os Esperant' do not go against standard Esperanto grammatical forms and are widely understood, but others are less logical and make communication slow and disjointed.

Sentense structure

• Subject - 'O' ending is removed. Knabo goes to knab'.
• Plural - 'Oj' ending is removed and replaced with the suffix 'aro' (collection), which changes to ar'. Knaboj goes to knabar'.
• Adjectives - 'A' or 'aj' endings removed and adjectives are combined with the noun they describe. Bela knabino goes to belknabin'.
• Direct object - '-n' ending is removed and 'je' is placed before the word.
• Verbs - Verbal ending removed and used as a action-noun with 'o' ending, which is also removed.
  • The verbal ending if moved to the preposition in the sentence with then acts as a verb. If there is no verb in the sentence 'jen' behold is used.

Example: Boys love the pretty girl.
Esperanto Knaboj amas la belan knabinon.
Esperant' Jenas am' de knabar' je la belknabin'.
Literally Behold the love of boys to the pretty-girl.

An example of an Esperant’ Pater noster is given below.

Personal Esperantidos

Finally, there are projects designed to give Esperanto greater variety, such as "dialects" or pseudo-historical forms, usually for literary purposes. Two of the more notable are Popido and Arcaicam Esperantom, both created by Manuel Halvelik. Popido, or "Popular Idiom", is intended to be a substandard "dialect" of Esperanto, that, for example, does away with much of Esperanto's inflectional system. Arcaicam Esperantom is a ficticious "archaic" version of Esperanto that "retains" a more complex inflectional system (dative and genitive cases in -d and -es, verbal inflections for person and number, etc.), as well as orthographic digraphs ph, tz, etc., hard c for [k], and the letters q, y, w. Arcaicam Esperantom is a constructed language created to act as a fictional Old Esperanto, in the vein of languages such as Old English. ... Digraph has several meanings: Directed graph, or digraph Digraph (orthography) Digraph (computing) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Samples of Ido, Esperant', Arcaicam Esperantom, and Popido

The Esperanto Pater noster, compared to the Ido, Esperant’, Arcaicam Esperantom and <omunleng versions, follow. A phrase in Popido is listed below. The Lords Prayer (sometimes known by its first two Latin words as the Pater Noster, in Greek as the , or the English equivalent Our Father) is probably the best-known prayer in Christianity. ...

It should then be obvious that <omunleng has no relationship at all with Esperanto.

Sample of Popido

redonu al tu vir si pistol

which in standard Esperanto would be,

redonu al tiu viro sian pistolon

(give that man back his gun)

See also

Esperanto grammar

Esperanto orthography

Esperanto pronunciation

Esperanto phonology

History of Esperanto

Proto-Esperanto

Esperantido

Ido

Arcaicam Esperantom

	Esperanto
Language:	Grammar | Phonology | Pronunciation | Orthography | Vocabulary Esperanto is a constructed auxiliary language with an agglutinative morphology, no grammatical gender, and simple verbal and nominal inflections. ... Sm Esperanto is written in a Latin alphabet of twenty-eight letters, upper and lower case. ... Below is a list of all of the letters in the Esperanto alphabet and how to pronounce them transliterated into English and SAMPA. a: ah, [a] b: b, [b] c: ts [ts] ĉ: ch, [tS] d: d, [d] e: eh, [e] f: f, [f] g: hard g (as in go... Main article: Esperanto Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Timeline of Esperanto 1859: Lazar Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, is born in Białystok, Russia (now Poland). ... Proto-Esperanto (or pra-Esperanto in the language itself) is the modern term for any of the stages in the evolution of L. L. Zamenhofs language project, prior to the publication of his Unua Libro in 1887. ... Ido is a reformed version of the constructed language Esperanto. ... Arcaicam Esperantom is a constructed language created to act as a fictional Old Esperanto, in the vein of languages such as Old English. ... Image File history File links Verda Stelo en pravajn proporciojn. ... Esperanto is a constructed auxiliary language with an agglutinative morphology, no grammatical gender, and simple verbal and nominal inflections. ... Main article: Esperanto Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... Below is a list of all of the letters in the Esperanto alphabet and how to pronounce them transliterated into English and SAMPA. a: ah, [a] b: b, [b] c: ts [ts] ĉ: ch, [tS] d: d, [d] e: eh, [e] f: f, [f] g: hard g (as in go... Sm Esperanto is written in a Latin alphabet of twenty-eight letters, upper and lower case. ... The word base of Esperanto was originally defined by Lingvo internacia, published by Zamenhof in 1887. ...
History:	Zamenhof | Proto-Esperanto | Declaration of Boulogne | Esperantido Timeline of Esperanto 1859: Lazar Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, is born in Białystok, Russia (now Poland). ... Dr. Ludovic Lazarus (Ludwik Lejzer) Zamenhof (December 15, 1859–April 14, 1917) was a Russian-Jewish ophthalmologist, philologist, and Zionist, and the initiator of Esperanto, the most widely spoken planned language to date. ... Proto-Esperanto (or pra-Esperanto in the language itself) is the modern term for any of the stages in the evolution of L. L. Zamenhofs language project, prior to the publication of his Unua Libro in 1887. ... The Declaration of Boulogne (Bulonja Deklaracio) was a document written by L. L. Zamenhof and endorsed by the attendees of the first world congress of Esperanto in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France in 1905. ...
Culture:	Films | Flag | La Espero | Literature | Music | Zamenhof Day The language Esperanto is often used to access an international culture. ... // Feature films There are two feature films known to have been shot exclusively in the constructed language Esperanto. ... The Esperanto flag (or verda stelo, literally green star) is composed of a green background with a white square in the upper lefthand corner, which in turn contains a green star. ... La Espero (the hope) is a poem written by L. L. Zamenhof (1859-1917), the initiator of the Esperanto language. ... Since Esperanto is the largest planned language, there are over 25,000 books in Esperanto and the largest Esperanto book service at the World Esperanto Association sells over 4,000 books. ... Main article: Esperanto Music in a variety of styles is written, recorded, and performed in Esperanto, a planned language used for international communication. ... December 15 (Zamenhof Day, Zamenhofa Festo) is the birthday of L. L. Zamenhof, the initiator of Esperanto. ...
	Criticism