NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Concentration camps in France

There have been internment camps and concentration camps in France before, during and after World War II. Beside the camps created during World War I to intern German, Austrian and Ottomans civilians prisoners, the Third Republic (1871-1940) opened various internment camps for the Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Following the prohibition of the French Communist Party (PCF) by the government of Edouard Daladier, they were used to detain communist political prisoners. The Third Republic also interned German anti-Nazis (mostly members of the German Communist Party, KPD). Then, after the July 10, 1940 vote of the full powers to Marshall Pétain and the proclamation of the "state of France" ("l'Etat français", aka "Vichy regime"), these camps were used to intern Jewish people, Gypsies, and various political prisoners (anti-fascists from all countries). Vichy opened up so many camps that it became a full economic sector, to the extent that historian Maurice Rajsfus may write: "The quick opening of new camps was creative of employements, and the Gendarmerie never ceased to hire during this period."^[1] Years before Rajsfus, Hannah Arendt wrote in The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) that the problem of refugees was the 20th century's most important problem. In any cases, most of these camps were closed after the Liberation, although such was not the case for all of them. Some remained in activity, and were used during the Algerian War (1954-62), in particular several in Paris, before and after the 1961 Paris massacre, and also to intern harkis (Algerians who had fought on the French side) after the March 19, 1962 Evian agreements. Finally, the camp of Bourg-Lastic in the Puy de Dôme, which was used during Vichy to intern Jews (among them, André Glucksmann) was used not only to intern harkis in the 1960s, but also Kurdish refugees from Iraq in the 1980s. A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Combatants Allied Powers Axis Powers Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military dead: 8,000,000 Civilian dead: 4,000,000 Total dead 12,000,000 World War II (abbreviated WWII), or the Second World War, was a worldwide conflict... Combatants Allied Powers: Russian Empire France British Empire Italy United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Commanders Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Robert Nivelle Herbert Henry Asquith Sir Douglas Haig Sir John Jellicoe Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Woodrow... In times of armed conflict a civilian is any person who is not a combatant. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La TroisiÃ¨me RÃ©publique, sometimes written as La IIIe RÃ©publique) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union International Brigades Spanish Nationalists With the support of: Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Commanders Manuel AzaÃ±a Francisco Largo Caballero Juan NegrÃn Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola Casualties 500,000 â€“ 1,000,000 The Spanish Civil War, which... This does not cite its references or sources. ... French politician Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (June 18, 1884 - October 10, 1970) was a French politician, and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War. ... A political prisoner is someone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, because their ideas or image are deemed by a government to either challenge or threaten the authority of the state. ... Advertisement of the German Communist Party, Those who take nothing from the rich can give nothing to the poor. ... Philippe PÃ©tain Marshal Henri Philippe PÃ©tain (April 24, 1856 â€“ July 23, 1951), generally known as Philippe PÃ©tain or Marshal PÃ©tain, was a French soldier and Head of State of Vichy France, a Nazi puppet state, from 1940 to 1944. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Tzigane redirects here; for the composition by Maurice Ravel, see Tzigane (Ravel). ... Anti-Fascism is a belief and practice of opposing all forms of Fascism. ... A gendarmerie (pronounced ) is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. ... Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 â€“ December 4, 1975) was a Jewish-German (later American) political theorist. ... The Origins of Totalitarianism is a book by Hannah Arendt, dedicated to her husband Heinrich BlÃ¼cher. ... The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. ... The Paris massacre of 1961 was an incident in Paris, France, in which on October 17 the French police attacked an unarmed demonstration of Algerians, who demanded independence for their homeland from French colonial rule. ... Harki (from the Arabic Haraka: movement) was the generic term for Muslim Algerians serving as auxiliaries with the French Army, during the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962. ... Building of the Conseil GÃ©nÃ©ral of the Puy-de-DÃ´me dÃ©partement, in Clermont-Ferrand Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Puy-de-DÃ´me Puy-de-DÃ´me is a dÃ©partement. ... AndrÃ© Glucksmann, French philosopher and writer. ... Kurdish may refer to: The Kurdish people The Kurdish language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

1 Before World War II
2 During the Second War and the Vichy regime
- 2.1 Non-exhaustive list of 49 camps during the war
- 2.2 Ilags
3 Others (Struthof and Colonial Empire)
4 The Liberation
5 After World War II
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 See also
9 External links

Before World War II

The first internment camps were opened during the First World War (1914-18), and were used to detain civilian prisoners (mainly German, Austrian and Ottomans). These prisoners were detained in Pontmain in the department of Mayenne. But the most famous internment camps before WWII were used to receive the Republican refugees during the Spanish Civil War. These were interned mostly in the Roussillon Province, although concentration camps were dispatched on all of the French territory, even in Britanny, in the north-west of France. These camps were located in: Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France, roughly analogous to British counties and are now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions. ... Mayenne is a dÃ©partement in northwest France named after the Mayenne River. ... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on Liberty and ruled by the people. ... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union International Brigades Spanish Nationalists With the support of: Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Commanders Manuel AzaÃ±a Francisco Largo Caballero Juan NegrÃn Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola Casualties 500,000 â€“ 1,000,000 The Spanish Civil War, which... Coat of arms of Roussillon - see also senyera Flag of Roussillon Mount CanigÃ³ (Canigou) (2785m), a Catalan landmark Roussillon (French: Roussillon, pronounced ; Catalan: RossellÃ³, pronounced ) is one of the historical counties of the former Principality of Catalonia, corresponding roughly to the present-day southern French dÃ©partement of PyrÃ©n... This is about the region in France; for other meanings of Brittany and Bretagne, see Brittany (disambiguation). ...

Agde in the Hérault department (near Montpellier)
Argelès-sur-Mer, between Perpignan and the border
Camp Gurs in the Pyrénées-Atlantique, which received Spanish refugees following the defeat of the Spanish Republic. These were distinguished by the French state into Brigadists, gudaris (Basque nationalists) who had escaped from the siege of Santander, pilots, and farmers. The latter had trades that were in low demand, and the French government, in agreement with the Francoist government, incited them to return to Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in Irún. From there they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for purification according to the Law of Political Responsibilities.
Moisdon-la-Rivière and Juigné-des-Moutiers in Loire-Atlantique department (Britanny).^[2]
Rivesaltes, in the department of Roussillon, closed in 1942. The Jewish detainees were sent to Drancy internment camp, near Paris, the Gypsies to Saliers and the Spanish to Gurs.^[3]

To this six camps, one must add the camps for the German prisoners in 1939 (sometimes overlapping with the precedents), and those of the Colonial Empire, not well known in Europe. Agde is a commune of the Hérault département, in southern France. ... HÃ©rault is a dÃ©partement in the southwest of France named after the HÃ©rault River. ... Montpellier (Occitan MontpelhiÃ¨r) is a city in the south of France. ... ArgelÃ¨s-sur-Mer is a village and commune of the PyrÃ©nÃ©es-Orientales dÃ©partement, in southwestern France, near Perpignan. ... Perpignan (French: Perpignan; Catalan PerpinyÃ ) is a commune and the prÃ©fecture (administrative capital city) of the PyrÃ©nÃ©es-Orientales dÃ©partement in southern France. ... Camp Gurs was an internment and refugee camp constructed by the French government in 1939 in Southwest France after the fall of Catalonia at the end of the Spanish Civil War to control those who fled Spain out of fear of retaliation from Francisco Francos regime. ... Flag of the Second Spanish Republic The Second Spanish Republic (1931 â€“ 1939) was the second and last period in Spanish history in which the election of both the positions of Head of State and Head of government were in the hands of the people. ... Flag of the International Brigades. ... The Gernika oak is a symbol of Basque freedoms. ... Cantabria Population (2004) 183,799 inhabitants Area 34 kmÂ² Altitude 15 metres, at its peak Population density (2004) 5406 people/kmÂ² The port city of Santander is the capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain between Asturias (to the west) and the Basque... Dont confuse Irun with IruÃ±ea, the Basque name of Pamplona. ... Miranda de Ebro is an industrial city in the north-east of the province of Burgos in Spain on the border with the province of Ãlava and the autonomous community of La Rioja. ... Loire-Atlantique (formerly Loire-InfÃ©rieure) is a department on the west coast of France named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean. ... Rivesaltes (French: Rivesaltes, Catalan: Ribesaltes) is a commune of the PyrÃ©nÃ©es-Orientales dÃ©partement in southwestern France. ... Drancy deportation camp was an infamous temporary prison camp in the city of Drancy, north of Paris, France used to hold Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps. ... -1...

During the Second War and the Vichy regime

Further information: Vichy France

As soon as 1939, the existing camps were undiscriminately filled with German anti-Nazis (Communists, German Jews, etc.) or pro-Nazi Germans or also Nazi war prisoners. Following the 1940 defeat, and the July 10, 1940 vote of full powers to Marshall Pétain, who abolished the Republic on the following day and proclaimed the regime of the "French state" (aka Vichy regime), these camps would be filled with Jews, first with foreign Jews, then indifferently with foreign and French Jews. The Vichy government would progressively hand them up to the Gestapo, and they would all transit by Drancy internment camp, the last stop before concentration camps in the Third Reich and in Eastern Europe and the extermination camps. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Advertisement of the German Communist Party, Those who take nothing from the rich can give nothing to the poor. ... Combatants France United Kingdom Canada Czechoslovakia Poland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Germany Italy Commanders Maurice Gamelin, Maxime Weygand (French) Lord Gort (British Expeditionary Force) H.G. Winkelman (Dutch) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group A) Fedor von Bock (Army Group B) Wilhelm von Leeb (Army Group C) H.R.H. Umberto di... Philippe PÃ©tain Marshal Henri Philippe PÃ©tain (April 24, 1856 â€“ July 23, 1951), generally known as Philippe PÃ©tain or Marshal PÃ©tain, was a French soldier and Head of State of Vichy France, a Nazi puppet state, from 1940 to 1944. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La TroisiÃ¨me RÃ©publique, sometimes written as La IIIe RÃ©publique) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei; Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... Drancy deportation camp was an infamous temporary prison camp in the city of Drancy, north of Paris, France used to hold Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Regions of Europe as delineated by the United Nations (UN definition of Eastern Europe marked salmon): Northern Europe Western Europe Eastern Europe Southern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium... The Holocaust}} Extermination camps were the facilities constructed by Nazi Germany in World War II where the Nazis systematically killed millions of Jews as part of what was later deemed The Holocaust[1]. Bodies of those killed by the Nazis were usually either cremated or buried in mass graves. ...

The Third Republic and the Vichy regime would successively call these places "reception camps" ("camps d'accueil"), "internment camps" ("camps d'internement"), "sojourn camps" ("camps de séjour"), "guarded sojourn camps" ("camps de séjour surveillés"), "prisoner camps" ("camps de prisonniers"), etc. Another category was invented by Pétain's regime: the "transit camps" ("camps de transit"), referring by that the detainees were to be deported to Germany. Such "transit camps" include Drancy, Pithiviers, etc. Henri-Philippe PÃ©tain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph PÃ©tain (24 April 1856 â€“ 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe PÃ©tain or Marshal PÃ©tain, was a French general, later Head of State of Vichy France, from 1940 to 1944. ... Drancy deportation camp was an infamous temporary prison camp in the city of Drancy, north of Paris, France used to hold Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps. ... Pithiviers is a commune of the Loiret dÃ©partement, in France. ...

There were no extermination camps in France. However, the camp of Struthof, or Natzweiller-Struthof, in Alsace, which is the only concentration camp created by Nazis on French territory (annexed by the Third Reich) did include a gas chamber which was use to exterminate at least 86 detainees (mostly Jewish) in the aim of constituting a collection of preserved skelettons (as this mode of execution did no damage to the skeletons themselves) for the use of Nazi professor August Hirt. The Holocaust}} Extermination camps were the facilities constructed by Nazi Germany in World War II where the Nazis systematically killed millions of Jews as part of what was later deemed The Holocaust[1]. Bodies of those killed by the Nazis were usually either cremated or buried in mass graves. ... Location Administration Capital Strasbourg Regional President Adrien Zeller (UMP) (since 1996) DÃ©partements Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 kmÂ² Population (Ranked 14th) - January 1, 2005 est. ... // For other uses, see Gas chamber (disambiguation). ... August Hirt in an undated photograph SS-HauptsturmfÃ¼hrer August Hirt served as a chairman at the Reich University in Strasbourg. ...

Non-exhaustive list of 49 camps during the war

Aincours, in Seine-et-Oise, is the first internment camp in the Northern Zone. It was opened on October 5, 1940, and quickly filled with members of the French Communist Party (PCF)^[4]
Les Alliers, near Angoulême, in Charente
Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans (Saline royale d'Arc-et-Senans) in the Doubs, used for Gypsies^[5]
Avrillé-les-Ponceaux in Indre-et-Loire, camp of the Morellerie for Gypsies
Le Barcarès in the Roussillon
Beaune-la-Rolande in the Loiret
Bourg-Lastic in the Puy de Dôme, a former military camp where Jews where detained (André Glucksmann was detained there during four years). The camp would be used after the war, for Harkis in the 1960s and Kurdish refugees from Iraq in the 1980s (see below).
Bram in the Aude (1939-1940)
Brens in the Tarn, near Gaillac (1939-1940)
Choiseul, in Chateaubriant in Brittany, in Loire-Atlantique (1941-1942)^[6]
Camp of Royallieu in Compiègne in Picardie (June 1941 to August 1944). It was used to intern the Jewish detainees arrested during the January 1943 Battle of Marseille. Robert Desnos (1900-1945) and famous French Resistant Jean Moulin (1899-1943) transited through this camp.
Coudrecieux in the Sarthe, used to intern Gypsies
Douadic in the Indre department
Drancy internment camp, created in 1939 by the Third Republic, under Edouard Daladier's government, to detain members of the PCF (Communist Party), which had been declared illegal following the German-Soviet Pact. The "French state" of Pétain would send there the Gendarmerie to guard the camp. It had three annexes in Paris: the Austerlitz camp, the Lévitan camp, and the Bassano camp.
Fort-Barraux in the department of Isère.^[7] It had already been used as a prison during the French Revolution; Antoine Barnave was imprisoned there.
Camp Gurs in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques), created in 1939 for the Spanish refugees. During the Phony War, the Third Republic used it to intern "indésirables" ("undesirables"), that is Germans who were found in France, without regard to ethnicity or political orientation, as foreign citizens of an enemy power. Among them stands out a significant number of German Jews who had fled the very Nazi regime; citizens of countries who were in the orbit of the Reich, like Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Fascist Italy, or Poland; French activists of the left (trade unionists, socialists, anarchists, and especially, communists), following the proscription of the PCF by Daladier after the German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact; the first of these arrived June 21, 1940, and the majority were relocated in other camps before the end of the year. In Gurs were also interned during this period: anti-militarists, representatives of the French extreme right who sympathized with the Nazi regime, ordinary prisoners evacuated from prisons in the north of the country ahead of the German advance, prisoners waiting trial for common crimes. Then, under Vichy, Camp Gurs was used to detain foreign Jews, German Jews deported by the SS from Germany, persons who had illegally crossed the border of the zone occupied by the Germans, Spaniards fleeing Francoist Spain, Spaniards coming from other camps that had been condemned for being inhabitable or due to their scarce contingent, stateless persons, people involved in prostitution, homosexuals, Gypsies and indigents.
Jargeau, near Orléans, used for the internment of Gypsies
Lalande in the Yonne,
Linas-Montlhéry in the Seine-et-Oise for Gypsies
Marolles in the Loir-et-Cher
Masseube in the Gers
Les Mazures in the Ardennes department, where a Judenlager was opened from July 1942 to January 1944
Mérignac in the Gironde. This is where Maurice Papon had Jews interned before going to Drancy. Among others, Robert Aron was detained there.
Meslay-du-Maine, in Mayenne department (1939-1940)
Camp des Milles near Aix-en-Provence in the Bouches-du-Rhône, which was the largest internment camp in the South-East of France. 2,500 Jews were deported from there following the August 1942 raids. Novelist Lion Feuchtwanger, Surrealist artists Hans Bellmer and Max Ernst were among the famous inmates detained in this concentration camp.^[8]
Montceau-les-Mines
Nexon in the Haute-Vienne
Noé - Mauzac in the Haute-Garonne
Montreuil-Bellay in the Maine-et-Loire, created to intern Gypsies
Les Tourelles in Paris
Pithiviers transit camp in Pithiviers. Jewish novelist Irène Némirovsky (1903-1942) was interned there.
Poitiers in the Vienne department to intern Gypsies
Port-Louis, in Morbihan, in the fort
Recebedou, in Haute-Garonne, in the suburbs of Toulouse^[9]
Camp of Rieucros in Lozère (the mathematician Alexander Grothendieck was interned there)
Rivesaltes, in the Pyrénées Orientales;^[10]
Fort of Romainville in the outskirts of Paris. The fort was invested in 1940 by the German military and transformed into a prison. From there, Resistants and hostages were directed to the camps. 3,900 women and 3,100 men were interned before being deported to Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, Buchenwald and Dachau. 152 persons were executed by firing-squad in the fort itself. A few evaded themselves, such as Pierre Georges, alias "Colonel Fabien." From his cell, Danièle Casanova motivated and encouraged her comrades to confront their torturers.^[11]
Rouille
Camp of Royalieu in Compiègne
Saint-Cyprien in the Roussillon. 90,000 Spanish refugees were interned there in March 1939, and it was officially closed on 19 December 1940 for "sanitary reasons", its occupants transferred to the Camp of Gurs.^[12]
Saint-Maurice-aux-Riches-Hommes in the Yonne, for Gypsies
Saint-Paul d'Eyjeaux in the Haute-Vienne
Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe. Located near Toulouse, this transit camp was set up after the beginning of the Phony War. It was to house "individuals representing a danger to national security" - mostly militant communists. In June 1940, with the first German attacks on the Soviet Union, people with Russian citizenship were interned there. Later, foreign Jews who had been living in hiding in the South of France and were rounded up in the summer of 1942 were also sent to the camp. The inmates, especially the communists, organized many cultural activities, a "little university," in which each one contributed their knowledge for the collective good. From the summer of 1942 to the closing of the camp in August 1944, most of its inmates were deported to the East, to Auschwitz and Buchenwald.^[13]
Saliers concentration camp near Arles in the Bouches-du-Rhône, interned Gypsies
Schirmeck in Alsace in the part not annexed by the Third Reich
Septfonds,
Thil in Meurthe-et-Moselle ;
Vernet in the Ariège which concentrated 12,000 Spanish refugees as soon as 1939. Was used after the war for the internment of the harkis.
Vittel in the Vosges department, where US or British citizens were interned
Voves in the Eure-et-Loir ;
Woippy in the department of Moselle, created in 1943.

Seine-et-Oise was a département of France encompassing the western, northern, and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... AngoulÃªme is a town and commune in southwestern France, prÃ©fecture (capital city) of the Charente dÃ©partement. ... Charente is a dÃ©partement in central France named after the Charente River. ... The Saline Royale (Royal Saltworks) at Arc-et-Senans, in the forest of Chaux near BesanÃ§on, France is notable as an early Enlightenment architectural project to rationalize industrial buildings and processes according to a philosophical order. ... Doubs is a dÃ©partement in eastern France named after the Doubs River. ... Indre-et-Loire is a dÃ©partement in west-central France named after the Indre and the Loire rivers. ... Coat of arms of Roussillon - see also senyera Flag of Roussillon Mount CanigÃ³ (Canigou) (2785m), a Catalan landmark Roussillon (French: Roussillon, pronounced ; Catalan: RossellÃ³, pronounced ) is one of the historical counties of the former Principality of Catalonia, corresponding roughly to the present-day southern French dÃ©partement of PyrÃ©n... Loiret is a dÃ©partement in north-central France named after the Loiret River. ... Building of the Conseil GÃ©nÃ©ral of the Puy-de-DÃ´me dÃ©partement, in Clermont-Ferrand Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Puy-de-DÃ´me Puy-de-DÃ´me is a dÃ©partement. ... AndrÃ© Glucksmann, French philosopher and writer. ... Harki (from the Arabic Haraka: movement) was the generic term for Muslim Algerians serving as auxiliaries with the French Army, during the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962. ... Kurdish may refer to: The Kurdish people The Kurdish language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... // Early life In his early life Bram was a Bitch. ... Aude is a dÃ©partement in south-central France named after the Aude River. ... Brens is the name of several communes in France: Brens, in the Ain département Brens, in the Tarn département This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Tarn (disambiguation). ... Location in France Gaillac is a town and commune in the dÃ©partement of Tarn, in the south of France, some 50km north-east of Toulouse. ... Choiseul can refer to: Etienne Francois, Duke of Choiseul Choiseul, Haute-Marne, a commune in the Haute-Marne département in France Choiseul province, Solomon Islands, a province of the Solomon Islands Choiseul, Saint Lucia This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might... Ch teaubriant is a French commune, located in the Loire-Atlantique d partment, in the Pays de la Loire r gion. ... Brittany has an expansive coastline Flag of Brittany (Gwenn-ha-du) Historical province of Brittany rÃ©gion of Bretagne, see Bretagne. ... Loire-Atlantique (formerly Loire-InfÃ©rieure) is a department on the west coast of France named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean. ... CompiÃ¨gne is a commune in the Oise dÃ©partement of France, of which it is a sous-prÃ©fecture. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Amiens Regional President Claude Gewerc (PS) (since 2004) Departments Aisne Oise Somme Arrondissements 13 Cantons 129 Communes 2,292 Statistics Land area1 19,399 kmÂ² Population (Ranked 12th) - January 1, 2006 est. ... The Battle of Marseille took place in the Old Port of Marseille, under the Vichy regime, on 22, 23 and 24 January 1943. ... Robert Desnos (July 4, 1900 - June 8, 1945) was a French surrealist poet. ... An artists rendition of Jean Moulins most famous depiction, with a scarf (see below) Jean Moulin (June 20, 1899â€“July 8, 1943) was a high-profile member of the French Resistance during World War II. He is remembered today as an emblem of the Resistance because of his... The ChÃ¢teau de Boisclaireau, residence of the Gueroust family, Counts of Boisclaireau, in Sarthe. ... Indre is a dÃ©partement in the center of France named after the Indre River. ... Drancy deportation camp was an infamous temporary prison camp in the city of Drancy, north of Paris, France used to hold Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps. ... French politician Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (June 18, 1884 - October 10, 1970) was a French politician, and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War. ... A gendarmerie (pronounced ) is a military body charged with police duties among civilian populations. ... IsÃ¨re is a dÃ©partement in the east of France named after the IsÃ¨re River. ... i heart kate young The French Revolution was a period of major political and social change in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to... Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave (October 22, 1761â€”November 29, 1793), was a French politician, and, together with HonorÃ© Mirabeau, the most influential orators of the French Revolution. ... Camp Gurs was an internment and refugee camp constructed by the French government in 1939 in Southwest France after the fall of Catalonia at the end of the Spanish Civil War to control those who fled Spain out of fear of retaliation from Francisco Francos regime. ... PyrÃ©nÃ©es-Atlantiques (Gascon: PirenÃ¨us-Atlantics; Basque: Pirinio-Atlantiarrak or Pirinio-Atlantikoak) is a dÃ©partement in the southwest of France which takes its name from the Pyrenees mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. ... British Ministry of Home Security Poster of a type that was common during the Phony War The Phony War , or in Winston Churchills words the Twilight War, was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German... German Jews have lived in Germany for over 1700 years, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of anti-Semitic violence, culminating in the Holocaust and the near-destruction of the Jewish community in Germany and much of Europe. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Capital Prague Language(s) Czech, German Politcal structure Protectorate Reichsprotector - 1939-1941 Konstantin von Neurath - 1941-1942 Reinhard Heydrich (acting) - 1942-1943 Kurt Daluege (acting) Staatspresident - 1939-1945 Emil HÃ¡cha Historical era World War II - Occupation March 15, 1939 - Fall of Prague May 13, 1945 Currency Bohemian and Moravian... Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Leftism redirects here. ... ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Anarchism is a political philosophy or group of doctrines and attitudes centered on rejection of any form of compulsory government (cf. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Pacifism is opposition to the practice of war. ... History of Spain Series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History The Spanish Civil War officially ended... The term stateless can mean more than one thing: In law, a stateless person is a person without a state, in other words someone who is not a citizen or subject of any state. ... Jargeau is a commune of the Loiret dÃ©partement, in France. ... OrlÃ©ans Cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Cross, built from 1278 to 1329; after being pillaged by Huguenots in the 1560s, the Bourbon kings restored it in the 17th century. ... Lalande may refer to: Jérôme Lalande (1732-1807), French astronomer Lalande, a commune of the Yonne département, in France This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Yonne is a French dÃ©partement named after the Yonne River. ... Seine-et-Oise was a département of France encompassing the western, northern, and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris. ... There are commune names that begin with Marolles in France: Marolles, in the Calvados département Marolles, in the Loir-et-Cher département Marolles, in the Marne département Marolles, in the Oise département Related Marolles-en-Beauce, in the Essonne département Marolles-en-Brie, in the... Loir-et-Cher is a dÃ©partement in north-central France named after its two principal rivers. ... Gers is a dÃ©partement in the southwest of France named after the Gers River. ... The Ardennes (pronounced ar-DEN) (Dutch: Ardennen) is a region of extensive forests and rolling hill country, primarily in Belgium and Luxembourg, but stretching into France (lending its name to the Ardennes dÃ©partement and the Champagne-Ardenne rÃ©gion). ... MÃ©rignac is the name of several communes in France: MÃ©rignac, in the Charente dÃ©partement MÃ©rignac, in the Charente-Maritime dÃ©partement MÃ©rignac, in the Gironde dÃ©partement This is a disambiguation page â€” a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Gironde is a dÃ©partement in the southwest of France named after the Gironde Estuary. ... Maurice Papon (September 3, 1910 â€“ February 17, 2007) was a former official of the French Vichy government who collaborated with Nazi Germany in World War II and was in charge of the Paris police during the Paris massacre of 1961. ... Robert Aron (May 25, 1898 - April 19, 1975) was a French writer. ... Mayenne is a dÃ©partement in northwest France named after the Mayenne River. ... The Camp des Milles was a French concentration camp, opened in September 1939, in a former tile factory near the village of Les Milles, part of the commune of Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne). ... Aix (prounounced eks), or, to distinguish it from other cities built over hot springs, Aix-en-Provence is a city in southern France, some 30 km north of Marseille. ... Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne is a dÃ©partement in the south of France named after the mouth of the RhÃ´ne River. ... Lion Feuchtwanger (pseudonym: J.L. Wetcheek) (7 July 1884 - 21 December 1958) was a German-Jewish novelist who was imprisoned in a French internment camp in Les Milles and later escaped to Los Angeles with the help of his wife, Marta. ... Surrealism is an artistic movement and an aesthetic philosophy that aims for the liberation of the mind by emphasizing the critical and imaginative powers of the subconscious. ... La PoupÃ©e, by Hans Bellmer, currently located at the Centre Georges Pompidou, museum of modern art in Paris, France. ... Max Ernst Max Ernst (April 2, 1891 â€“ April 1, 1976) was a German Dadaist and surrealist artist. ... Montceau-les-Mines is a commune in the dÃ©partement of SaÃ´ne-et-Loire and the Bourgogne region of France. ... See Nexon Inc. ... Haute-Vienne is a French dÃ©partement named after the Vienne River. ... Mauzac is a minor grape variety mainly grown in the Gaillac region southeast of Bordeaux in France. ... Haute-Garonne is a département in the southwest of France named after the Garonne river. ... Montreuil-Bellay is a commune of the Maine-et-Loire dÃ©partement, in France. ... Maine-et-Loire is a dÃ©partement in west-central France. ... Pithiviers is a commune of the Loiret dÃ©partement, in France. ... IrÃ¨ne NÃ©mirovsky at the age of 25 IrÃ¨ne NÃ©mirovsky (born February 11, 1903, Kiev, died August 17, 1942, Auschwitz, Poland) was a Jewish novelist and biographer born in the Ukraine, who lived and worked in France. ... Location within France Poitiers (population 85,000) is a small city located in west central France. ... This article is about the French dÃ©partement. ... The arms of Port Louis Port Louis banking district, and the main avenue leading to the Government House (seen in the background) Port Louis (pronounced locally as paw-louee) is the capital of Mauritius. ... Morbihan is a dÃ©partement in the northwest of France named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. ... Haute-Garonne is a département in the southwest of France named after the Garonne river. ... New city flag (Occitan cross) Traditional coat of arms Motto: (Occitan: For Toulouse, always more) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Midi-PyrÃ©nÃ©es Department Haute-Garonne (31) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse Mayor Jean-Luc Moudenc (UMP) (since 2004) City Statistics... LozÃ¨re (in Occitan Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central. ... Alexander Grothendieck (Berlin, March 28, 1928) is one of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century. ... Rivesaltes (French: Rivesaltes, Catalan: Ribesaltes) is a commune of the PyrÃ©nÃ©es-Orientales dÃ©partement in southwestern France. ... PyrÃ©nÃ©es-Orientales (Eastern Pyrenees, Catalan: Pirineus Orientals) is a dÃ©partement of southern France adjacent to the northern Spanish frontier and the Mediterranean Sea. ... Romainville is a commune of the Seine-Saint-Denis dÃ©partement, in France. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ... View of the barracks at RavensbrÃ¼ck RavensbrÃ¼ck was a German concentration camp located 90 km north of Berlin. ... Slave laborers in the Buchenwald concentration camp (Elie Wiesel is second row, seventh from left). ... poo ... Among the two members of the French Communist party, who comitted the first assasinations on the brutal invading army of Hitler. ... Rouille is a type of sauce that consists of olive oil with bread or breadcrumbs with spices. ... Saint-Cyprien is the name or part of the name of several places. ... Yonne is a French dÃ©partement named after the Yonne River. ... Haute-Vienne is a French dÃ©partement named after the Vienne River. ... British Ministry of Home Security Poster of a type that was common during the Phony War The Phony War , or in Winston Churchills words the Twilight War, was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German... Coordinates Administration Country France Region Provence-Alpes-CÃ´te dAzur Department Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne (Subprefecture) Arrondissement Arles Canton Chief town of 2 cantons: Arles-Est and Arles-Ouest Intercommunality Agglomeration community of Arles-Crau-Camargue-Montagnette Mayor HervÃ© Schiavetti (PS) (2001-2008) Statistics Altitude 0 mâ€“57 m... Bouches-du-RhÃ´ne is a dÃ©partement in the south of France named after the mouth of the RhÃ´ne River. ... Schirmeck is a commune of the Bas-Rhin dÃ©partement, in France. ... Location Administration Capital Strasbourg Regional President Adrien Zeller (UMP) (since 1996) DÃ©partements Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 kmÂ² Population (Ranked 14th) - January 1, 2005 est. ... Meurthe-et-Moselle is a département in the northeast of France named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers. ... AriÃ¨ge is a dÃ©partement in southwestern France named after the AriÃ¨ge River. ... Vittel is a commune of the Vosges dÃ©partement, in France. ... Vosges is a French department, named after the Vosges mountain range. ... Eure-et-Loir is a French département, named after the Eure and Loir rivers. ... Moselle is a dÃ©partement in the northeast of France named after the Moselle River. ...

Ilags

Further information: Ilag

Ilag (for Internierunslager) were internment camps established by the German Army to hold Allied civilians, caught in areas that were occupied by the Germans. They included United States citizens caught in Europe by surprise when war was declared in December 1941 and citizens of the British Commonwealth caught in areas engulfed by the Blitzkrieg. Ilag is an abbreviation of the German word Internierunslager. ... The German Army (German: Heer, [IPA: heÉ] ) is the land component of the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence Forces) of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Commonwealth of Nations (CN), usually known as The Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, the majority of which are former colonies of the United Kingdom. ... The defining characteristic of what is commonly known as Blitzkrieg is that it is a highly mobile form of mechanized warfare. ...

Besançon in the Doubs (in the Vauban barracks). Also called Frontstalag 142, it was actually an Ilag (Internierunslager): internment camps established by the German Army to hold Allied civilians, caught in areas that were occupied by the Germans. They included US citizens caught in Europe by surprise when war was declared in December 1941 and citizens of the British Commonwealth caught in areas engulfed by the Blitzkrieg. At the end of 1940, 2,400 women, mostly British, were interned in the Vauban barracks and another 500 old and sick in the St. Jacques hospital close by. In early 1941 many of them were released, the rest were transferred to Vittel.
Saint-Denis, near Paris. Located in the barracks, the camp was opened June 1940 and existed until liberated by the United States Army in August 1944. Part of the grounds were surrounded by barbed wire to provide open space for exercise. In early 1942 there were more than 1,000 male British internees in the camp. The meager food rations were augmented by the International Red Cross packages, so that overall their diet was satisfactory. Life was tolerable because there was a good library and recreation was provided by sports activities and theater^[14]
Vittel. Aka Frontstalag 121, located in requisitioned hotels in this spa near Epinal in the Department Vosges. Most of the British families and single women were transferred here from St.Denis and Besançon. In early 1942 women over 60, men over 75 and children under 16 were released. The overall population was thus reduced to about 2,400. The inmates included a number of North-American families and women.

City flag City coat of arms Motto: Utinam (Latin: If God wills) Citadel Vauban of BesanÃ§on Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Franche-ComtÃ© Department Doubs (25) Intercommunality Grand BesanÃ§on Mayor Jean-Louis Fousseret (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land areaÂ¹ 65. ... SÃ©bastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban (May 15, 1633 - March 30, 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a Marshal of France and the foremost military engineer of his age, famed for his skill in both designing fortifications and in breaking through them. ... Ilag is an abbreviation of the German word Internierunslager. ... The German Army (German: Heer, [IPA: heÉ] ) is the land component of the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence Forces) of the Federal Republic of Germany. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The defining characteristic of what is commonly known as Blitzkrieg is that it is a highly mobile form of mechanized warfare. ... Vittel is a commune of the Vosges dÃ©partement, in France. ... Saint Denis can refer to: a Christian saint: see Denis Seine-Saint-Denis a département of France Several communes in France: Saint-Denis,in the Aude département Saint-Denis, in the Gard département Saint-Denis, in the Seine-Saint-Denis département, home of Saint Denis Basilica... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is the worlds largest group of humanitarian non-governmental organizations, often known simply as the Red Cross, after its original symbol. ... Vittel is a commune of the Vosges dÃ©partement, in France. ... Spa is a town in Belgium, and the term Spa is associated with water treatment which is also known as balneotherapy, spa towns or resorts offering such treatment, or the medication or equipment for such treatment. ... Épinal is a commune of northeastern France, préfecture (capital) of the Vosges département. ... Vosges is a French department, named after the Vosges mountain range. ...

Others (Struthof and Colonial Empire)

The Nazis also opened Struthof in Alsace (in the part annexed by the Reich). Although not an internment camp, the Winter Velodrome was used during the July 1942 Vel'd'hiv raid. It was also used during the Algerian War (see below). VÃ©lodrome dhiver (Winter Velodrome; shortened to VeldHiv) was a sports facility in Paris. ... The Rafle du VeldHiv (short in French for the VÃ©lodrome dhivers raid) is the name of the July 16, 1942 raid during which Vichy French police forces arrested 12,884 Jews â€” including 4,051 children which the Gestapo had not asked for â€” 5,802 women... The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. ...

In the colonial empire, Vichy created in Algeria and in Morocco labour camps ("camps de travail") for Jews in: A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in forced labor. ...

Abadla, Algeria
Ain el Ourak
Bechar, Algeria
Berguent
Bogari
Bouarfa
Djefa
Kenadsa
Meridja
Missour, Morocco
Tendrara

...

The Liberation

Camps were also used during the Liberation to intern German prisoners. In Rennes, after Patton's army freed the city on August 4, 1940, about 50,000 German prisoners had to be kept in 4 camps in a city of 100,000 inhabitants at the time. Some medieval houses, such as these at Champ-Jacquet, can still be found in the center of Rennes. ...

After World War II

Internment camps were used during the Algerian War (1954-62), generally under the name of "camps de regroupement" ("grouping camps"). Furthermore, camps used under Vichy were opened again, in Paris, in particular before and after the 1961 Paris massacre. Among other places, the Winter Velodrome was used by the Prefecture of police, directed by Maurice Papon (who died in 2007, after having served three years of prison for crimes against humanity) to intern Algerians (then "French citizens", although their status was restricted) during the 1961 Paris massacre. Internment camps were also used to intern the harkis (Algerians who fought on the French Army's side) after the March 19, 1962 Evian agreements which put an official end to the war. Finally, at least one, Bourg-Lastic in the Puy de Dôme, used to intern Jews (among them, André Glucksmann) was used not only to intern harkis in the 1960s, but also Kurdish refugees from Iraq in the 1980s. The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. ... The Paris massacre of 1961 was an incident in Paris, France, in which on October 17 the French police attacked an unarmed demonstration of Algerians, who demanded independence for their homeland from French colonial rule. ... VÃ©lodrome dhiver (Winter Velodrome; shortened to VeldHiv) was a sports facility in Paris. ... The Préfet de Police is an official of the Government of France who supervises police and emergency services to Paris and the surrounding eight departments of Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, Seine-et-Marne, Val-de-Marne, Essonne, Yvelines and Val dOise, and has other security duties... Maurice Papon (September 3, 1910 â€“ February 17, 2007) was a former official of the French Vichy government who collaborated with Nazi Germany in World War II and was in charge of the Paris police during the Paris massacre of 1961. ... The Paris massacre of 1961 was an incident in Paris, France, in which on October 17 the French police attacked an unarmed demonstration of Algerians, who demanded independence for their homeland from French colonial rule. ... Harki (from the Arabic Haraka: movement) was the generic term for Muslim Algerians serving as auxiliaries with the French Army, during the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962. ... Building of the Conseil GÃ©nÃ©ral of the Puy-de-DÃ´me dÃ©partement, in Clermont-Ferrand Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Puy-de-DÃ´me Puy-de-DÃ´me is a dÃ©partement. ... AndrÃ© Glucksmann, French philosopher and writer. ... Kurdish may refer to: The Kurdish people The Kurdish language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

References

^ Maurice Rajsfus, Drancy, un camp de concentration très ordinaire, Cherche Midi éditeur (2005).
^ Moisdon-la-Rivière - Les Espagnols Internés à Moisdon-la-Rivière and Le Camp de La Forge in Moisdon-la-Rivière
^ CAMP DE RIVESALTES
^ Aincourt, camp d’internement et centre de tri
^ Saline royale d'Arc et Senans (25) - L'internement des Tsiganes
^ CAMP DE CHATEAUBRIANT
^ Le Centre de séjour surveillé de Fort-Barraux
^ Listes des internés du camp des Milles 1941
^ Liste des internés transférés à Drancy
^ Liste des internés transférés à DSrancy
^ Source site de Mémoire et espoir de la Résistance
^ Liste des internés transférés à Gurs
^ Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe Camp (note confusion about dates concerning the Phony War) (English)
^ New Zealand report p.146

Bibliography

La SNCF sous l'Occupation allemande, Institut du temps présent, CNRS, 1996
Maurice Rajsfus, Drancy, un camp de concentration très ordinaire, 1941-1944, Le Cherche-midi éditeur, 2005, ISBN 2862744352
Madeleine Steinberg, « Les camps de Besançon et de Vittel », dans Le Monde Juif, n°137, janvier-mars 1990
Thomas Fontaine, Les oubliés de Romainville. Un camp allemand en France (1940-1944), Taillandier, 2005

The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) is one of the most prominent scientific research institutions in France. ... Drancy deportation camp was an infamous temporary prison camp in the city of Drancy, north of Paris, France used to hold Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Utinam (Latin: If God wills) Citadel Vauban of BesanÃ§on Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Franche-ComtÃ© Department Doubs (25) Intercommunality Grand BesanÃ§on Mayor Jean-Louis Fousseret (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land areaÂ¹ 65. ... Vittel is a commune of the Vosges dÃ©partement, in France. ...

External links

Camps en France
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Category: Concentration camps in France

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