(3rd Flag of the Confederacy) (Confederate Seal)
Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator)
Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular)
Capital	Montgomery, Alabama (February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (April 3–April 10, 1865)
Largest city	New Orleans (February 4, 1861–May 1, 1862) (captured) Richmond (May 1, 1862–surrender)
Official language	English de facto nationwide French and Native American languages regionally Image File history File links Confederate_National_Flag_since_Mar_4_1865. ... Seal of the Confederate States of America, Public Domain File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The following flags were used by the Confederate States of America. ... Confederate Seal The Confederate Seal was the seal of the Confederate States of America. ... A motto is a phrase or a short list of words meant formally to describe the general motivation or intention of an entity, social group, or organization. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language. ... God is the deity believed by monotheists to be the supreme reality. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognzed either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... A rare music cover illustration, published by the composer, C. T. De Cœniél, in Richmond, Virginia. ... Sheet music cover, c. ... The Bonnie Blue Flag, also known as We Are a Band of Brothers, is an 1861 marching song associated with the Confederate States of America. ... Image File history File links CSAlocation. ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has an alternative meaning based on an alternative meaning of capital) is the principal city or town associated with its government. ... Montgomery skyline from the banks of the Alabama River Montgomery is the capital of the U.S. state of Alabama. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Flag Seal Nickname: River City Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra Location Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Virginia Independent City Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 62. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Danville is an independent city in Virginia, bounded by Pittsylvania County, Virginia and Caswell County, North Carolina. ... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Flag Seal Nickname: River City Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra Location Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Virginia Independent City Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 62. ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Native American languages are the indigenous languages of the Americas, spoken by Native Americans from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland. ...
Government President Vice President	Federal republic Jefferson Davis (D) Alexander Stephens (D)
Area  - Total  - % water	(excl. MO & KY) 1,995,392 km² 5.7%
Population  - 1860 Census  - Density	(excl. MO & KY) 9,103,332 (including 3,521,110 slaves) 4.6/km²
Independence   - Declared   - Recognized   - Dissolution	see Civil War none 1865
Currency	CSA dollar (only notes issued)

The Confederate States of America (also referred to as the Confederacy, Confederate States, and CSA) was the government formed by eleven southern states of the USA between 1861 and 1865. These eleven states declared their secession from the United States. The United States of America ("The Union") held that secession was illegal, and refused to recognize the Confederacy. The Federal Republic of Germany and its sixteen Bundesländer (federal states) A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. ... Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician, most famous for serving as the only President of the Confederate States, leading the Confederate States of America to defeat during the American Civil War, 1861-65. ... Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883) was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. ... Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. ... World map of the population density in 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... “The Civil War” is the most common term for this conflict; see Naming the American Civil War. ... Six Confederate notes The Confederate States of America currency was first issued into circulation in April, 1861, when the Confederacy was only two months old, and on the eve of the outbreak of the Civil War. ... Map of the division of the states during the Civil War. ...

The American Civil War broke out when Confederate batteries fired on the United States Army's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1861. No European powers officially recognized the CSA but British commercial interests sold it warships and operated blockade runners to help supply it. All but two major battles took place in Confederate territory, as the CSA military was slowly overwhelmed by the much larger Union forces and choked by a naval blockade. When Robert E. Lee and the other Confederate generals surrendered their armies in the spring of 1865, the CSA collapsed and slaves were freed. A difficult decade-long process of Reconstruction gave civil rights and the vote to the freedmen, and readmitted the states to Congress. “The Civil War” is the most common term for this conflict; see Naming the American Civil War. ... Fort Sumter, located in Charleston, South Carolina, harbor, was named after General Thomas Sumter. ... Nickname: The Holy City, The Palmetto City, Chucktown Motto: Aedes Mores Juraque Curat (She cares for her temples, customs, and rights) Location of Charleston in South Carolina. ... For the author of Inherit the Wind and other works, see Robert Edwin Lee. ... // Reconstruction was the period in United States history, 1865–1876 that resolved the issues of the American Civil War when both the Confederacy and its system of slavery were destroyed. ...

History

Main article: American Civil War

“The Civil War” is the most common term for this conflict; see Naming the American Civil War. ...

Secession process Dec 1860-May 1861

Seven states seceded by March 1861:

• South Carolina (December 20, 1860),
• Mississippi (January 9, 1861),
• Florida (January 10, 1861),
• Alabama (January 11, 1861),
• Georgia (January 19, 1861),
• Louisiana (January 26, 1861),
• Texas (February 1, 1861).

After Lincoln called for troops four more states seceded: Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  Ranked 32nd  - Total 48,434 sq mi (125,443 km²)  - Width 170 miles (275 km)  - Length 340 miles (545 km)  - % water 3  - Latitude 30°13N to 35°N  - Longitude 88°7W to 91°41W Population  Ranked 31st... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ... January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English and French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans at last census; probably Baton Rouge since Hurricane Katrina Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article does not use inline citations to cite its references or sources. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

• Virginia (April 17, 1861),^[1]
• Arkansas (May 6, 1861),
• Tennessee (May 7, 1861).^[2]
• North Carolina (May 20, 1861)

Pro-Secession Factions in two states formed Confederate governments and seceded, though these states were also claimed by Union governments: This article does not cite its references or sources. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 560 miles (901 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 9. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

• Missouri (October 31, 1861 by the Neosho Legislature)
• Kentucky (November 20, 1861 by the Russellville Convention)

Following Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States in 1860 on a platform that opposed the extension of slavery, seven slave southern states chose to secede from the United States and declared that the Confederate States of America was formed on February 4, 1861. Jefferson Davis was selected as its first President on February 9 and inaugurated on February 18. Official language(s) None Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro area St. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Russellville Convention was a sovereignty convention held by secessionists on November 18 through 20, 1861 in Russellville, Kentucky after the state government formally declared neutrality in the American Civil War. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician, most famous for serving as the only President of the Confederate States, leading the Confederate States of America to defeat during the American Civil War, 1861-65. ... The President of the Confederate States was the Head of State of the short-lived republic of the Confederate States of America, which seceded from the United States. ... February 9 is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

In what later came to be known as the Cornerstone Speech C.S. Vice President Alexander Stephens, declared that the “cornerstone” of the new government "rest[ed] upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth."[1] By contrast, Confederate President Jefferson Davis made no explicit reference to slavery at all in his inaugural address[2]. However, in addition to the legal ordinances of secession adopted by each of the seceding states, the Deep South states of South Carolina[3], Mississippi[4], Georgia[5], and Texas[6] all issued declarations of causes, each of which identified the threat to slavery and slaveholders’ rights as a major cause of secession. The Cornerstone Speech was delivered by Confederate Vice President, Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia on March 21, 1861. ... Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883) was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. ... The Ordinance of Secession was the document drafted and ratified in 1860 and 1861 by the seceding states that officially declared their secession from the United States of America. ...

Texas joined the Confederate States of America on March 2 and then replaced its governor, Sam Houston, when he refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederate States of America. These seven states seceded¹ from the United States and took control of military/naval installations, ports, and custom houses within their boundaries, triggering the American Civil War. This article does not use inline citations to cite its references or sources. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... Sam Houston Samuel Houston (March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was a 19th century American statesman, politician and soldier. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... “The Civil War” is the most common term for this conflict; see Naming the American Civil War. ...

A month after the Confederate States of America was formed, on March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President of the United States. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called the secession "legally void". The legal issue of whether or not the Constitution was a binding contract has rarely been addressed by academics, and to this day is a hotly debated concept. He stated he had no intent to invade Southern states, but would use force to maintain possession of federal property and collection of various federal taxes, duties and imposts. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union. March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... An inauguration is a ceremony of formal investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power. ... The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, commonly known as the Articles of Confederation, was the first governing document of the United States of America. ...

On April 12, Confederate troops, following orders from the Secretary of War, fired upon the federal troops occupying Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, forcing their surrender. Following the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for all remaining states in the Union to send troops to recapture Sumter and other forts, defend the capital (Washington, D.C.), and preserve the Union. Most Northerners believed that a quick victory for the Union would crush the rebellion, and so Lincoln only called for volunteers for 90 days of duty. Lincoln's call for troops resulted in four more states voting to secede. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy for a total of 11. Once Virginia joined the Confederate States, the Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia. April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... Fort Sumter, located in Charleston, South Carolina, harbor, was named after General Thomas Sumter. ... Nickname: The Holy City, The Palmetto City, Chucktown Motto: Aedes Mores Juraque Curat (She cares for her temples, customs, and rights) Location of Charleston in South Carolina. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Robert Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Strength 85 soldiers 500 soldiers Casualties 2 dead, 5 injured 0 The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 12–13, 1861), a relatively minor military engagement at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, began... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 560 miles (901 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 9. ... Montgomery skyline from the banks of the Alabama River Montgomery is the capital of the U.S. state of Alabama. ... Flag Seal Nickname: River City Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra Location Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Virginia Independent City Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 62. ...

Kentucky was a border state during the American Civil War and, for a time, had two state governments, one supporting the Confederacy and one supporting the Union. The original government of Kentucky remained in the Union after a short-lived attempt at neutrality, but a rival faction from that state was accepted as a member of the Confederate States of America. A more complex situation surrounds the Missouri Secession, but, in any event, Missouri was also considered a member of the Confederate States of America. With Kentucky and Missouri, the number of Confederate states is thus sometimes considered to be 13. Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... In this map:  Union states  Union territories  The border states  Bleeding Kansas, the more contentious of the Kansas-Nebraska Act states stood in the path of the border states  The Confederacy  Confederate claimed and sometimes held territories The term border states refers to five slave states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland... Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... The Missouri Secession controversy refers to the disputed status of the state of Missouri during the American Civil War. ...

The five tribal governments of the Indian Territory—which became Oklahoma in 1907—also mainly supported the Confederacy. Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Territory in 1891 Indian Country redirects here. ... Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Area  Ranked 20th  - Total 69,960 sq mi (181,196 km²)  - Width 230 miles (370 km)  - Length 298 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ...

Confederate coin.

Citizens at Mesilla and Tucson in the southern part of New Mexico Territory formed a secession convention and voted to join the Confederacy on March 16, 1861 and appointed Lewis Owings as the new territorial Governor. In July, Mesilla appealed to Confederate troops in El Paso, Texas under Lt. Col. John Baylor for help in removing the Union army under Maj. Isaac Lynde that was stationed nearby. The Confederates under Baylor defeated Lynde at the Battle of Mesilla on July 27th. After the battle Baylor established a territorial government for the Confederate Arizona Territory and named himself Governor. In 1862 a New Mexico Campaign was launched under General Sibley to take the northern half of New Mexico. Confederates briefly occupied the territorial capital of Santa Fe but, defeated at Glorietta Pass in March, the Confederates retreated and never returned. Image File history File links Confederate_penny. ... Image File history File links Confederate_penny. ... The Battle of Mesilla was a Confederate victory outside of Mesilla, New Mexico on July 27, 1861. ... Territories in Arizona and New Mexico in 1863. ... The New Mexico Campaign was a military operation of the American Civil War in February-March 1862 in which the Confederate Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley invaded the northern New Mexico Territory in an attempt to gain control of the southwest, including the gold fields of Colorado and the ports... Portrait of Henry Hopkins Sibley by Mathew Brady, ca. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The City Different Location Location in the State of New Mexico Coordinates , Government Country State County United States New Mexico Santa Fe Founded 1607 Mayor David Coss Geographical characteristics Area     City 96. ... Battle of Glorieta Pass Conflict American Civil War Date March 26-28, 1862 Place Santa Fe County and San Miguel County, New Mexico Result Union victory The Battle of Glorieta Pass was the decisive battle of the New Mexico campaign fought during the American Civil War from March 26 - March...

The northernmost slave states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) were contested territory but the Union won control by 1862. In 1861, martial law was declared in Maryland (the state which borders the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C., on three sides) to block attempts at secession. Delaware, also a slave state, never considered secession, nor did the capital of the U.S., Washington, D.C.. In 1861, during the war, a unionist legislature in Wheeling, Virginia seceded from Virginia, claiming 48 counties, and joined the United States in 1863 as the state of West Virginia, with a constitution that gradually abolished slavery. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect (usually after a formal declaration) when a military authority takes control of the normal administration of justice. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,417 sq mi (32,160 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37°53N to 39°43N  - Longitude 75°4W to 79°33... Official language(s) None Capital Dover Largest city Wilmington Area  Ranked 49th  - Total 2,491 sq mi (6,452 km²)  - Width 30 miles (48 km)  - Length 100 miles (161 km)  - % water 21. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., with regard to the surrounding states of Maryland and Virginia. ... Downtown Wheeling Different architectural styles, from Mansard to Italianate, make up these townhouses in Wheeling. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Area  Ranked 41st  - Total 24,244 sq mi (62,809 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 240 miles (385 km)  - % water 0. ...

Attempts to secede from the Confederate States of America by some counties eastern Tennessee were held in check by Confederate declarations of martial law[7][8].

The surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia by General Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 is generally taken as the end of the Confederate States. President Davis was captured at Irwinville, Georgia on May 10 and the remaining Confederate armies surrendered by June 1865. The last Confederate flag was hauled down, on CSS Shenandoah on November 6, 1865. For the author of Inherit the Wind and other works, see Robert Edwin Lee. ... McLean house, April 1865. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The CSS Shenandoah, formerly Sea King, was an iron-framed, teak-planked, full-rigged vessel with auxiliary steam power, under Captain James Waddell, CSN, a North Carolinian with twenty years service in the Federal navy. ... November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Government and politics

Constitution

Jefferson Davis
President 1861-1865

The Confederate States Constitution provides much insight into the motivations for secession from the Union. While much of it was a word-for-word duplicate of the United States Constitution, it reflected a stronger philosophy of states' rights, curtailing the power of the central authority, and also contained explicit protection of the institution of slavery, though international slave trading was prohibited. The Confederate government was prohibited from instituting protective tariffs. The Confederate government was also prohibited from using revenues collected in one state for funding internal improvements in another state. The Confederates asked God's blessing ("invoking the favor of Almighty God.") Image File history File links Davis4-2. ... Image File history File links Davis4-2. ... Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician, most famous for serving as the only President of the Confederate States, leading the Confederate States of America to defeat during the American Civil War, 1861-65. ... The Confederate States Constitution The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was the supreme law of the Confederate States of America, as adopted on March 11, 1861 and in effect through the conclusion of the American Civil War. ... The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ... States rights refers to the idea that U.S. states possess certain rights and political powers in the politics of the United States and constitutional law. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The notion of internal improvements or public works is a concept in economics and politics. ...

At the drafting of the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, a few radical proposals such as allowing only slave states to join and the reinstatement of the Atlantic slave trade were turned down. The Constitution specifically did not include a provision allowing states to secede, since the southerners considered this to be a right intrinsic to a sovereign state which the United States Constitution had not required them to renounce, and thus including it as such would have weakened their original argument for secession.^{[citation needed]}

The President of the Confederate States of America was to be elected to a six-year term and could not be reelected. The only president was Jefferson Davis; the Confederate States of America was defeated by the federal government before he completed his term. One unique power granted to the Confederate president was the ability to subject a bill to a line item veto, a power held by some state governors. The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two thirds majorities that are required in the US Congress. Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician, most famous for serving as the only President of the Confederate States, leading the Confederate States of America to defeat during the American Civil War, 1861-65. ... In government, the line-item veto is the power of an executive to veto parts of a bill, usually budget appropriations. ... The Confederate Congress was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865. ... Congress in Joint Session. ...

Printed currency in the forms of bills and stamps was authorized and put into circulation, although by the individual states in the Confederacy's name. The government considered issuing Confederate coinage. Plans, dies and 4 "proofs" were created, but a lack of bullion prevented any public coinage.

Although the preamble refers to "each State acting in its sovereign and independent character", it also refers to the formation of a "permanent federal government". Also, although slavery was protected in the constitution, it also prohibited the importation of new slaves from outside the Confederate States of America (except from slaveholding states or territories of the United States).

Civil liberties

The Confederacy actively used the military to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States. They arrested at about the same rate as the U.S.A. did. Neely found 2,700 names of men arrested and estimated the full list was much longer. Neely concludes, "The Confederate citizen was not any freer than the Union citizen--and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military authorities. In fact, the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways less free than his Northern counterpart. For example, freedom to travel within the Confederate states was severely limited by a domestic passport system." [Neely 11, 16]

Capital

Virginia State House
Served as Confederate Capitol

The capital of the Confederate States of America was Montgomery, Alabama from February 4, 1861 until May 29, 1861. Richmond, Virginia was named the new capital on May 6, 1861. Shortly before the end of the war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate further south. Little came of these plans before Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House. Danville, Virginia served as the last capital of the Confederate States of America, from April 3 to April 10, 1865. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Virginia State Capitol Building at Richmond, Virginia Virginia State Capitol is a building in Richmond, the city which is the third State Capital of Virginia. ... Montgomery skyline from the banks of the Alabama River Montgomery is the capital of the U.S. state of Alabama. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Flag Seal Nickname: River City Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra Location Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Virginia Independent City Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 62. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... McLean house, April 1865. ... Danville is an independent city in Virginia, bounded by Pittsylvania County, Virginia and Caswell County, North Carolina. ... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

International diplomacy

During its existence, the Confederate government conducted negotiations with several European powers. James M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria, and John Slidell to Paris as minister to Napoleon III, and although both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials, they failed entirely to secure official recognition for the Confederacy, in large part because of the British and French desire to avoid war with the United States. Britain nearly went to war with the United States during the Trent Affair (which had seen Mason and Slidell seized from a British liner by an American warship on their way to London from the Bahamas), and began preparations to offer mediation along with France. Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert helped calm the situation and prevent a war. James M. Mason James Murray Mason (November 3, 1798 - April 28, 1871) was a United States Representative and United States Senator from Virginia. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 January 1877, until her death in 1901. ... John Slidell John Slidell (1793 – 1871) was born in New York City. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Département Paris (75) Région ÃŽle-de-France Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (PS) City (commune) Characteristics Land Area 86. ... Napoléon III, Emperor of the French (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was President of France from 1849 to 1852, and then Emperor of the French under the name Napoléon III from 1852 to 1870. ... Diplomatic recognition is the act in which a states government is formally recognized by another state as being legitimate. ... The Trent Affair, also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War. ... Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (in full Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel) (26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ...

One recorded diplomatic event involved Ernst Raven a citizen of Texas who was appointed before the war as a consul of Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Texas. Confederate Secretary of State Judah Benjamin reported to the Confederate Congress that "Ernst Raven, esq.,...was appointed consul for the State of Texas by his highness the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and who applied to this government for an exequatur on the 30th of July 1861"[9] Historian Eugene Berwanger claims that the appointment did not convey diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy, though his only cited source is Benjamin's report, which makes no mention of the recognition issue.[10] It is believed by no historian but only by a couple amateurs that the appointment constituted de facto recognition. The Confederacy never claimed any recognition by any country. Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1818-1893) was the second sovereign duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ... Ernst Raven was a diplomat for the German Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ... Capitals Coburg and Gotha Head of State Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (German: Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in Germany, in the present-day states of Bavaria... Exequatur, the letter patent, issued by a Foreign Office and signed by a sovereign, which guarantees to a foreign-consul the rights and privileges of his office, and ensures his recognition in the state in which he is appointed to exercise them. ... Diplomatic recognition is the act in which a states government is formally recognized by another state as being legitimate. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without...

Throughout the early years of the war, both British foreign secretary Lord Russell and Napoleon III, and, to a lesser extent, the British prime minister Lord Palmerston, were interested in the idea of recognition of the Confederacy, or at least of offering a mediation. Other figures in both governments, and particularly a strong anti-slavery faction in Palmerston's ministry, were much less sympathetic to the idea. Recognition was considered following the Second Battle of Manassas when the British government were preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, combined with internal opposition, caused the governments to back away. John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792–28 May 1878), known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was a British Whig and Liberal politician who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. ... Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (October 20, 1784 - October 18, 1865) was a British Prime Minister and Liberal politician. ... Second Battle of Bull Run Conflict American Civil War Date August 28–30, 1862 Place Prince William County Result Confederate victory The Second Battle of Manassas, known as the Second Battle of Bull Run in the North, was a battle during the American Civil War. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee Strength 87,000 45,000 Casualties 12,401 (2,108 killed, 9,540 wounded, 753 captured/missing) 10,316 (1,546 killed, 7,752 wounded, 1,018 captured/missing) The Battle of Antietam (also... The Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential order in 1863 that freed most (but not all) of the slaves in the United States. ...

In November 1863 Confederate diplomat A. Dudley Mann met Pope Pius IX and received a letter addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America.” Mann, in his dispatch to Richmond, interpreted the letter as "a positive recognition of our Government" and some have viewed it as a de facto recognition of the C.S.A. Confederate Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin, however, interpreted it as "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition.[11] For the remainder of the war confederate diplomats continued meeting with Cardinal Antonelli, the Vatican Secretary of State. In 1864 Catholic Bishop Patrick N. Lynch of Charleston travelled to the Vatican with an authorization from Jefferson Davis to represent the Confederacy before the Holy See. Ambrose Dudley Mann (April 26, 1801 - 1889) was an American diplomat, who also took part in diplomatic missions for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. ... Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), was Pope for a record pontificate (not counting the Apostle St. ... Judah P. Benjamin Judah Philip Benjamin (August 6, 1811–May 6, 1884) was a British-American politician and lawyer, who served as a representative in the Louisiana State Legislature, as U.S. Senator for Louisiana, in three successive cabinet posts in the government of the Confederate States of America, and... Cardinal Antonelli may refer to: Giacomo Antonelli Ennio Cardinal Antonelli This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Patrick Lynch - Catholic bishop of Charleston, South Carolina during the American Civil War. ...

Throughout the war, most European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition. In its place, they applied international law principles that recognized the Union and Confederate sides as belligerents. Canada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders and some state governments in northern Mexico negotiated regional agreements to cover trade on the Texas border. A belligerent is an individual, group, country or other entity which acts in an aggressive or hostile manner, such as engaging in combat. ...

Relations with U.S.A.

For the four years of its existence, the Confederate States of America asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. The United States government, by contrast, asserted that the southern states were provinces in rebellion and refused any formal recognition of their status. Thus the U.S. Secretary of State William Seward issued formal instructions to Charles Francis Adams, the new minister to Great Britain: Willam H. Seward William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801–October 10, 1872) was United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. ... Several notable persons have been named Charles Adams: Charles Adams is an adult male age 30 living in Philadelphia. ...

You will indulge in no expressions of harshness or disrespect, or even impatience concerning the seceding States, their agents, or their people. But you will, on the contrary, all the while remember that those States are now, as they always heretofore have been, and, notwithstanding their temporary self-delusion, they must always continue to be, equal and honored members of this Federal Union, and that their citizens throughout all political misunderstandings and alienations, still are and always must be our kindred and countrymen."^[3]

However, if the British seem inclined to recognize the Confederacy, or even waver in that regard, they were to be sharply warned --with a strong hint of war:

[if Britain is] tolerating the application of the so-called seceding States, or wavering about it, you will not leave them to suppose for a moment that they can grant that application and remain friends with the United States. You may even assure them promptly, in that case, that if they determine to recognize, they may at the same time prepare to enter into alliance with the enemies of this republic."^[4]

The Confederate Congress responded to the hostilities by formally declaring war on the United States in May 1861--calling it "The War between the Confederate States of America and the United States of America." The Union government never declared war but conducted its war efforts under a proclamation of blockade and rebellion by President Lincoln. Mid-war negotiations between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the laws of war governed military relationships. The Union blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865, during the American Civil War, in which the United States Navy maintained a massive effort on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the Confederate States of America designed to prevent the passage of trade goods, supplies, and arms... The two parts of the laws of war: Law concerning acceptable practices while engaged in war, like the Geneva Conventions, is called Jus in bello; while law concerning allowable justifications for armed force is called Jus ad bellum. ...

Four years after the war, in 1869, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Texas v. White that secession was unconstitutional and legally null. The court's opinion was authored by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, the former Treasury Secretary under Lincoln, and attacked by ex-Confederates. Jefferson Davis, former president of the Confederacy, and Alexander Stephens, its former vice-president, both penned arguments in favor of secession's legality, most notably Davis' The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ... Texas v. ... In law, void means of no legal effect. ... Salmon Portland Chase (January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as Senator from Ohio, Governor of Ohio, as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln, and Chief Justice of the United States. ... The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the finance minister of the Federal Government of the United States. ... Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883) was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. ... Bold textthe rise & fall of the confederate goverment was wrote by jeff davis when he was 70 years of age, it was not a big hit then for the south at the time was poor & the north was rich but didnt like the book for he & the south had a...

Confederate flags

Main article: Flags of the Confederate States of America

1st National "Stars and Bars" The following flags were used by the Confederate States of America. ... Image File history File links CSA_FLAG_4. ...

2nd National "Stainless Banner" Image File history File links Confederate_National_Flag_since_Mai_1_1863_to_Mar_4_1865. ...

Naval Jack Image File history File links Conf_Navy_Jack_(light_blue). ...

Battle Flag "Southern Cross" Image File history File links Battle_flag_of_the_US_Confederacy. ...

The official flag of the Confederate States of America, and the one actually called the "Stars and Bars", has seven stars, for the seven states that initially formed the Confederacy. This flag was sometimes hard to distinguish from the Union flag under battle conditions, so the Confederate battle flag, the "Southern Cross", became the one more commonly used in military operations. The Southern Cross has 13 stars, adding the four states that joined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter, and the two divided states of Kentucky and Missouri. As a result of its depiction in 20th century popular media, the "Southern Cross" is a flag commonly associated with the Confederacy today. The actual "Southern Cross" is a square-shaped flag, but the more commonly seen rectangular flag is actually the flag of the First Tennessee Army, also known as the Naval Jack because it was first used by the Confederate Navy. National flag and ensign. ...

Political leaders of the Confederacy

Executive

The President of the Confederate States was the Head of State of the short-lived republic of the Confederate States of America which seceded from the United States. ... Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician, most famous for serving as the only President of the Confederate States, leading the Confederate States of America to defeat during the American Civil War, 1861-65. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... The Vice President of Jefferson Davis was Alexander Stephens. ... Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883) was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... Postbellum photograph of Robert A. Toombs. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter (April 21, 1809–July 18, 1887), American statesman, was born in Essex County, Virginia. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 22 is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... William M. Browne (July 7, 1827 - April 28, 1883) was a prominent Confederate politician. ... In law, when someone is said to be acting in a position it can mean one of three things. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Judah P. Benjamin Judah Philip Benjamin (August 6, 1811–May 6, 1884) was a British-American politician and lawyer, who served as a representative in the Louisiana State Legislature, as U.S. Senator for Louisiana, in three successive cabinet posts in the government of the Confederate States of America, and... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the finance minister of the Federal Government of the United States. ... Christopher Gustavus Memminger (January 9, 1803–March 7, 1888) was a prominent Confederate political leader. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... This article belongs in one or more categories. ... July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... John Henninger Reagan (October 8, 1818 - March 6, 1905), was an Nineteenth Century Texan Democratic politician and postmaster general of the Confederacy. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... The Secretary of War was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. ... Image:Walder, Leroy Pope 1. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Judah P. Benjamin Judah Philip Benjamin (August 6, 1811–May 6, 1884) was a British-American politician and lawyer, who served as a representative in the Louisiana State Legislature, as U.S. Senator for Louisiana, in three successive cabinet posts in the government of the Confederate States of America, and... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in Leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... George Wythe Randolph (March 10, 1818–April 3, 1867), the Secretary of War for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, was born in Charlottesville, Virginia at Monticello to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in Leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Gustavus Woodson Smith (November 30, 1821 – June 24, 1896), more commonly known as G.W. Smith, was a career U.S. Army officer who fought in the Mexican War, a civil engineer, and a major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... In law, when someone is said to be acting in a position it can mean one of three things. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... James Seddon James Alexander SeddonBorn 9/1/1988 James seddon is a pupil at sutton high and isnt a very good one. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... February 5 is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... John C. Breckinridge This article is about the politician and Confederate General. ... February 6 is the 37th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... Flag of the United States Secretary of the Navy. ... Stephen Russell Mallory (c. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... A Postmaster General is the national politician in charge of the postal system of a country. ... John Henninger Reagan (October 8, 1818 - March 6, 1905), was an Nineteenth Century Texan Democratic politician and postmaster general of the Confederacy. ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 10 is the 130th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (131st in leap years). ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ... Judah P. Benjamin Judah Philip Benjamin (August 6, 1811–May 6, 1884) was a British-American politician and lawyer, who served as a representative in the Louisiana State Legislature, as U.S. Senator for Louisiana, in three successive cabinet posts in the government of the Confederate States of America, and... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Wade Keyes was a prominent Confederate politician. ... In law, when someone is said to be acting in a position it can mean one of three things. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Categories: Stub | 1810 births | 1872 deaths | Governors of North Carolina | United States Senators ... November 21 is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Hill Watts (January 3, 1819–September 16, 1892) was the Democratic Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama from 1863 to 1865, during the Civil War. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... Wade Keyes was a prominent Confederate politician. ... In law, when someone is said to be acting in a position it can mean one of three things. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... George Davis (born March 1, 1820; died February 23, 1896) was a U.S.-Confederate political figure and the last Confederate Attorney General 1864-1865. ... January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... April 24 is the 114th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (115th in leap years). ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

Legislative

Main article: Confederate Congress

The legislative branch of the Confederate States of America was the Confederate Congress. Like the United States Congress, the Confederate Congress consisted of two houses: the Confederate Senate, whose membership included two senators from each state (and chosen by the state legislature), and the Confederate House of Representatives, with members popularly elected by residents of the individual states. Speakers of the Provisional Congress The Confederate Congress was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865. ... The Confederate Congress was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865. ... Seal of the Congress. ... The Confederate Congress was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865. ... The Confederate Congress was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865. ...

• Robert Woodward Barnwell of South Carolina - February 4, 1861
• Howell Cobb, Sr. of Georgia - February 4, 1861-February 17, 1862
• Thomas Stanhope Bocock of Virginia - February 18, 1862-March 18, 1865

Presidents pro tempore Robert W. Barnwell Robert Woodward Barnwell (1801-1882) was an American planter, lawyer, and educator from South Carolina who served as a Senator in both the United States Senate and that of the Confederate States of America. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Howell Cobb (September 7, 1815–October 9, 1868) was an American political figure. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Thomas Stanhope Bocock (Buckingham Court House, Buckingham (now Appomattox) County, Virginia]] May 18, 1815-August 5, 1891) was a Confederate and US politicans. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ...

• Howell Cobb, Sr. of Georgia
• Robert Woodward Barnwell of South Carolina
• Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell of Mississippi
• Thomas Stanhope Bocock of Virginia

Tribal Representatives to Confederate Congress Howell Cobb (September 7, 1815–October 9, 1868) was an American political figure. ... Robert W. Barnwell Robert Woodward Barnwell (1801-1882) was an American planter, lawyer, and educator from South Carolina who served as a Senator in both the United States Senate and that of the Confederate States of America. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12... Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell (March 2, 1830 - January 10, 1917) was a prominent Confederate politician. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  Ranked 32nd  - Total 48,434 sq mi (125,443 km²)  - Width 170 miles (275 km)  - Length 340 miles (545 km)  - % water 3  - Latitude 30°13N to 35°N  - Longitude 88°7W to 91°41W Population  Ranked 31st... Thomas Stanhope Bocock (Buckingham Court House, Buckingham (now Appomattox) County, Virginia]] May 18, 1815-August 5, 1891) was a Confederate and US politicans. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

• Elias Cornelius Boudinot 1862-65 - Cherokee
• Burton Allen Holder 1864-1865 Chickasaw
• Robert McDonald Jones 1863-65 - Choctaw

Elias Cornelius Boudinot (1835-1890) was a delegate to the Arkansas secession convention, a colonel in the Confederate States Army, and a representative in the Confederate Congress. ... For other uses, see Cherokee (disambiguation). ... The Chickasaws are a Native American people of the United States, originally from present-day Mississippi, now mostly living in Oklahoma. ... The Choctaws, or Chatas, are a Native American people originally from the southeast United States (Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) of the Muskoghean linguistic group. ...

Sessions of the Confederate Congress

• Provisional Confederate Congress
• First Confederate Congress
• Second Confederate Congress

The Provisional Confederate Congress was the body which drafted the Confederate Constitution, elected Jefferson Davis President of the Confederacy, and designed the first Confederate flag. ... The First Confederate Congress was the first regular session of the legislature of the Confederate States of America. ... The Second Confederate Congress was the second and last regular session of the legislature of the Confederate States of America. ...

Judicial

A Judicial branch of the government was outlined in the C.S. Constitution but the would-be "Supreme Court of the Confederate States" was never created or seated because of the ongoing war.[12] Some Confederate district courts were, however, established within some of the individual states of the Confederate States of America; namely, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia (and possibly others). At the end of the war, U.S. district courts resumed jurisdiction.[13] The Confederate States Constitution The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was the supreme law of the Confederate States of America, as adopted on March 11, 1861 and in effect through the conclusion of the American Civil War. ...

The state and local courts generally continued to operate as they had been, simply recognizing the CSA, rather than the USA, as the national government.[14]

Supreme Court - not established

District Court

• Asa Biggs 1861-1865
• John White Brockenbrough 1861
• Alexander Mosby Clayton 1861
• Jesse J. Finley 1861-1862

Geography

Map of the states and territories claimed by the Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America had a total of 2,919 miles (4,698 kilometers) of coastline. A large portion of its territory lay on the sea coast, and with level and sandy ground. The interior portions were hilly and mountainous and the far western territories were deserts. The lower reaches of the Mississippi River bisected the country, with the western half often referred to as the Trans-Mississippi. The highest point (excluding Arizona and New Mexico) was Guadalupe Peak in Texas at 8,750 feet (2,667 meters). Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x609, 421 KB) Summary Drawn by Nicholas F Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x609, 421 KB) Summary Drawn by Nicholas F Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The Mississippi River, derived from the old Ojibwe word misi-ziibi meaning great river (gichi-ziibi big river at its headwaters), is the second-longest river in the United States; the longest is the Missouri River, which flows into the Mississippi. ... This article presents an overview of major military and naval operations in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. ... Guadalupe Peak is the highest point in Texas. ... This article does not use inline citations to cite its references or sources. ...

Subtropical climate

Much of the area of the Confederate States of America had a humid subtropical climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate varied to semiarid steppe and arid desert west of longitude 96 degrees west. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed infectious diseases to flourish. They killed more soldiers than did combat.

River system

In peacetime the vast system of navigable rivers was a major advantage, allowing for cheap and easy transportation of farm products. The railroad system was built as a supplement, tying plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport. The vast geography made for difficult Union logistics and large numbers of soldiers to garrison captured areas and protect rail lines. But the Union navy seized most of the navigable rivers by 1862, making its logistics easy and Confederate movements very difficult. After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, it became impossible for units to cross the Mississippi as Union gunboats constantly patrolled. The South thus lost use of its western regions.

Rail network

The rail network was built for short hauls, not the long-distance movement of soldiers or goods, which was to be its role in the war. Some idea of the severe internal logistics problems the Confederacy faced can be seen by tracing Jefferson Davis's journey from Mississippi to neighboring Alabama when he was chosen president in early 1861. From his plantation on the river he took a steamboat down the Mississippi to Vicksburg, boarded a train to Jackson, where he took another train north to Grand Junction, Tennessee, then a third train east to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and a fourth train south to Atlanta, Georgia. Yet another train took Davis south to the Alabama border, where a final train took him west to Montgomery, his temporary national capital. As the war proceeded the Federals seized the Mississippi, burned trestles and railroad bridges, and tore up track; the frail Confederate railroad system faltered and virtually collapsed for want of repairs and replacement parts. In May 1861 the Confederate government abandoned Montgomery before the sickly season began, and relocated in Richmond, Virginia.

Rural nation

The Confederate States of America was overwhelmingly rural. Small towns of more than 1000 were few--the typical county seat had a population of less than 500 people. Cities were rare. Only New Orleans was in the list of top 10 largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, and it was captured in 1862. Only 13 Confederate cities ranked among the top 100 US cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities were shut down by the Union blockade. The population of Richmond swelled after it became the national capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864 (Dabney 1990:182). Other large southern cities (Baltimore, St. Louis, Louisville, as well as Wheeling, West Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia) were never under the control of the Confederate States. The Union blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865, during the American Civil War, in which the United States Navy maintained a massive effort on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the Confederate States of America designed to prevent the passage of trade goods, supplies, and arms... Flag Seal Nickname: River City Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra Location Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Virginia Independent City Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 62. ...

The following is a list (by population) of all Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the United States Census Bureau. ... Nickname: The Crescent City, The Big Easy, The City That Care Forgot Location in the State of Louisiana and the United States Coordinates: Country United States State Louisiana Parish Orleans Founded 1718 Mayor Ray Nagin (D) Area    - City 350. ... Nickname: The Holy City, The Palmetto City, Chucktown Motto: Aedes Mores Juraque Curat (She cares for her temples, customs, and rights) Location of Charleston in South Carolina. ... Flag Seal Nickname: River City Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra Location Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Virginia Independent City Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 62. ... Nickname: The Azalea City Location Coordinates , Government Country  State   County United States  Alabama   Mobile Founded Incorporated 1702 1814 Mayor Sam Jones Geographical characteristics Area     City 412. ... Flag Seal Nickname: The River City, The Bluff City, M-Town Location Location in Shelby County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Tennessee Shelby County Mayor W. W. Herenton (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 294. ... Nickname: The Creative Coast or The Hostess City Location Coordinates: Government County Chatham Mayor Otis S. Johnson Geographical characteristics Area 202. ... Location Location in the State of Virginia Coordinates , Government Country State County United States Virginia Independent city Founded December 17, 1748 Mayor Annie M. Mickens Geographical characteristics Area     City 60. ... Nickname: Music City Location in Davidson County and the state of Tennessee Coordinates: Country United States State Tennessee Counties Davidson County Founded: 1779 Incorporated: 1806 Mayor Bill Purcell (D) Area    - City 526. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nickname: The Garden City (of the South), Masters City, The AUG Motto: We feel Good Location of the consolidated areas of Augusta and Richmond County in the state of Georgia. ... Columbus is a city located in Muscogee County, Georgia. ... Flag Seal Nickname: Hotlanta, The Big Peach, The ATL Location Location in Fulton and DeKalb counties in the state of Georgia Coordinates: , Government Country State Counties United States Georgia Fulton County, Georgia DeKalb County, Georgia Mayor Shirley Franklin (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 132. ... For other places called Wilmington, see Wilmington Wilmington is a city located in New Hanover County, North Carolina. ...

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Confederate States of America

The Confederacy had an agrarian-based economy that relied heavily on slave-run plantations with exports to a world market of cotton, and to a lesser extent tobacco and sugar cane. Local food production included grains, hogs, cattle, and gardens. The 11 states produced only $155 million in manufactured goods in 1860, chiefly from local grist mills, together with lumber, processed tobacco, cotton goods and naval stores such as turpentine. The CSA adopted a low tariff of 15%, but imposed them on all imports from the United States.[15] The tariff mattered little; the Confederacy's ports were shut to all commercial traffic by the Union blockade, and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the U.S. The government collected only about $3.5 million in tariff revenue from the start to late 1864. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money, which in turn led to high inflation. The Confederate States of America had an agrarian-based economy that relied heavily on slavery plantations for the production of cotton for export to Europe and the northern US states. ... Naval Stores is a broad term which originally applied to the resin-based components used in building and maintaining wooden sailing ships, a category which includes cordage, mask, turpentine, resin and tar. ... The Union blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865, during the American Civil War, in which the United States Navy maintained a massive effort on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the Confederate States of America designed to prevent the passage of trade goods, supplies, and arms...

Armed forces

Navy Jack of the CSA

The military armed forces of the Confederacy comprised the following three branches: Image File history File links Navy_Jack_CSA.jpg‎ Beschreibung I took this picture of a confedered navy jack in No Name City in Wöllersdorf near Vienna on June 16 2006. ... Image File history File links Navy_Jack_CSA.jpg‎ Beschreibung I took this picture of a confedered navy jack in No Name City in Wöllersdorf near Vienna on June 16 2006. ...

• Confederate States Army
• Confederate States Navy
• Confederate States Marine Corps

The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the United States Army and U.S. Navy who had resigned their Federal commissions and had been appointed to senior positions in the Confederate armed forces. Many had served in the Mexican War (such as Jefferson Davis), but others had little or no military experience (such as Leonidas Polk, who attended West Point but did not graduate.) The Confederate officer corps was composed in part of young men from slave-owning families, but many came from non-owners. The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by election from the enlisted ranks. Although no Army service academy was established for the Confederacy, many colleges of the south (such as the The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute) maintained cadet corps that were seen as a training ground for Confederate military leadership. A naval academy was established in 1863, but no midshipmen had graduated by the time the Confederacy collapsed. Some Confederate soldiers The Confederate States Army (CSA) was formed in February 1861 to defend the Confederate States of America, which had itself been formed that same year when seven southern states seceded from the United States (with four more to follow). ... Navy Department Seal The Confederate States Navy (CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress on February 21, 1861 responsible for Confederate naval operations during the American Civil War. ... The Confederate States Marine Corps (CSMC) was a branch of the Confederate Navy, tasked with shore operations. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The United States Navy (also known as USN or the U.S. Navy) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for conducting naval operations. ... Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician, most famous for serving as the only President of the Confederate States, leading the Confederate States of America to defeat during the American Civil War, 1861-65. ... Leonidas Polk, The Fighting Bishop Leonidas Polk (April 10, 1806 – June 14, 1864) was a Confederate general who was once a planter in Maury County, Tennessee, and a cousin of President James K. Polk. ... The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, is a state-supported, comprehensive college with 14 academic departments divided into five schools offering 20 majors and 23 minors. ... The Virginia Military Institute (VMI), located in Lexington, Virginia, is the oldest state military college in the United States. ...

The rank and file of the Confederate armed forces consisted of white males with an average age between 16 and 28. The Confederacy adopted conscription in 1862, but opposition was widespread. Depleted by casualties and desertions, the military suffered chronic manpower shortages. Towards the end of the Civil War, boys as young as 12 were fighting in combat roles and the Confederacy began an all-black regiment with measures underway to offer freedom to slaves who voluntarily served in the Confederate military.

Military leaders of the Confederacy

Military leaders of the Confederacy (with their state of birth and highest rank^[5]) included:

General Robert E. Lee, for many, the face of the Confederate army

• Robert E. Lee (Virginia) - General and General-in-Chief (1865)
• Albert Sidney Johnston (Kentucky) - General
• Joseph E. Johnston (Virginia) - General
• Braxton Bragg (North Carolina) - General
• P.G.T. Beauregard (Louisiana) - General
• Richard Stoddert Ewell (Virginia) - Lieutenant General
• Samuel Cooper (New Jersey) - General (Adjutant General and highest ranking general in the Army); not in combat
• James Longstreet (South Carolina) - Lieutenant General
• Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (Virginia) - Lieutenant General
• John Hunt Morgan (Kentucky) - Brigadier General
• A.P. Hill (Virginia) - Lieutenant General
• John Bell Hood (Texas) - Lieutenant General
• Wade Hampton III (South Carolina) - Lieutenant General
• Nathan Bedford Forrest (Tennessee) - Lieutenant General
• J.E.B. Stuart (Virginia) - Major General
• Edward Porter Alexander (Georgia) - Brigadier General
• Franklin Buchanan (Maryland) - Admiral
• Raphael Semmes (Maryland) - Rear Admiral
• Josiah Tattnall (Georgia) - Commodore
• Stand Watie (Indian Territory, now Oklahoma) - Brigadier General (last to surrender)
• Leonidas Polk (North Carolina) - Lieutenant General
• Jubal Anderson Early (Virginia) - Lieutenant General
• Richard Taylor (Kentucky) - Lieutenant General (Son of US-President Zachary Taylor)

== Headline text ==Link title == [[freaking queer wat a mother fuc]]ker ==The forebearing use of power does not only form a touchstone, but the manner in which an individual enjoys certain advantages over others, is a test of a true gentleman. ... == Headline text ==Link title == [[freaking queer wat a mother fuc]]ker ==The forebearing use of power does not only form a touchstone, but the manner in which an individual enjoys certain advantages over others, is a test of a true gentleman. ... For the author of Inherit the Wind and other works, see Robert Edwin Lee. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... General-in-Chief (Russian: , probably originating from général en chéf), was a full General rank in the Russian Imperial army, the second top in Russian military ranks (the 2nd grade of Table of Ranks). ... Albert Sidney Johnston Albert Sidney Johnston (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) was a career U.S. Army officer and a Confederate general during the American Civil War. ... Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... Braxton Bragg Braxton Bragg (March 22, 1817 – September 27, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and a general in the Confederate States Army, a principal commander in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 560 miles (901 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 9. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard (BO-rih-gahrd) (May 28, 1818 – February 20, 1893), best known as a general for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, was also a writer, civil servant, and inventor. ... Official language(s) English and French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans at last census; probably Baton Rouge since Hurricane Katrina Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... Richard Stoddert Ewell (February 8, 1817 - January 25, 1872) was a Confederate military officer during the American Civil War. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... General Samuel Cooper Samuel Cooper (June 12, 1798 – December 3, 1876) was a career U.S. Army officer and, although little-known today, the highest ranking Confederate general during the American Civil War. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... James Longstreet James Longstreet (January 8, 1821 – January 2, 1904) was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War, and later enjoyed a successful post-war career working for the government of his former enemies, as a diplomat and administrator. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Stonewall Jackson Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson (January 20 or 21[1], 1824–May 10, 1863) was an American teacher and soldier. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan John Hunt Morgan (June 1, 1825 – September 4, 1864) was a Confederate general and cavalry officer in the American Civil War. ... Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... Ambrose Powell Hill (November 9, 1825 _ April 2, 1865), was a Confederate States of America general in the American Civil War. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... John Bell Hood John Bell Hood (June 1, 1831 – August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. ... This article does not use inline citations to cite its references or sources. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Wade Hampton III during the Civil War Wade Hampton III (March 28, 1818 – April 11, 1902) was a Confederate cavalry leader during the American Civil War and afterwards a politician from South Carolina, representing it as governor and U.S. Senator. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Nathan Bedford Forrest Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821 – October 29, 1877), was a Confederate general and perhaps the American Civil Wars most highly regarded cavalry and partisan ranger (guerrilla leader). ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... James Ewell Brown Stuart (February 6, 1833 – May 12, 1864) was an American soldier from Virginia and a Confederate Army general during the American Civil War. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Edward Porter Alexander Edward Porter Alexander (May 26, 1835 – April 28, 1910) was an engineer, an officer in the U.S. Army and Confederate States Army, an author, and a railroad executive. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... Franklin Buchanan Franklin Buchanan (September 13, 1800—May 11, 1874) was an officer in the U.S. Navy who became an admiral in the Confederate Navy during the American Civil War. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,417 sq mi (32,160 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37°53N to 39°43N  - Longitude 75°4W to 79°33... Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. ... Raphael Semmes (September 27, 1809 – August 30, 1877) was an officer in the United States Navy from 1826 to 1860 and the Confederate States Navy from 1860 to 1865. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,417 sq mi (32,160 km²)  - Width 90 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37°53N to 39°43N  - Longitude 75°4W to 79°33... The term Rear Admiral originated from the days of Naval Sailing Squadrons, and can trace its origins to the British Royal Navy. ... Josiah Tattnall Commodore Josiah Tattnall (14 June 1794 - 14 June 1871) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812, the Second Barbary War, and the Mexican-American War. ... 19th century Commodore stripes 20th century Commodore insignia Commodore is a rank of the United States Navy with a somewhat complicated history. ... Stand Watie Stand Watie (12 December 1806-9 September 1871) (also known as Degataga standing together as one, or stand firm and Isaac S. Watie) was a leader of the Cherokee Nation and a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... Indian Territory in 1836 Indian Territory in 1891 Indian Country redirects here. ... Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Area  Ranked 20th  - Total 69,960 sq mi (181,196 km²)  - Width 230 miles (370 km)  - Length 298 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... Leonidas Polk, The Fighting Bishop Leonidas Polk (April 10, 1806 – June 14, 1864) was a Confederate general who was once a planter in Maury County, Tennessee, and a cousin of President James K. Polk. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 560 miles (901 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 9. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil War. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Richard Taylor Richard Taylor (January 27, 1826 – April 12, 1879) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. ... Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784–July 9, 1850) was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. ...

Significant dates

State	Flag	Secession ordinance	Admitted C.S.A.	under predominant Union control
South Carolina		December 20, 1860	February 4, 1861	1865
Mississippi		January 9, 1861	February 4, 1861	1863
Florida		January 10, 1861	February 10, 1861	1865
Alabama		January 11, 1861	February 18, 1861	1865
Georgia		January 19, 1861	February 4, 1861	1865
Louisiana		January 26, 1861	February 4, 1861	1862
Texas		February 1, 1861	March 2, 1861	1865
Virginia		April 17, 1861	May 7, 1861	1865; 1861 for western Virginia
Arkansas		May 6, 1861	May 18, 1861	1864
North Carolina		May 20, 1861	May 16, 1861	1865
Tennessee		June 8, 1861	May 16, 1861	1862
Missouri		October 30, 1861	October 31, 1861	1861
Kentucky (Russellville Convention)		November 20, 1861	December 10, 1861	1861
Arizona (Mesilla government)		March 28, 1861	February 14, 1862	1862

Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35°12... Image File history File links Flag_of_South_Carolina. ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Jackson Largest city Jackson Area  Ranked 32nd  - Total 48,434 sq mi (125,443 km²)  - Width 170 miles (275 km)  - Length 340 miles (545 km)  - % water 3  - Latitude 30°13N to 35°N  - Longitude 88°7W to 91°41W Population  Ranked 31st... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mississippi. ... January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Florida. ... January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 10 is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Alabama. ... January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Georgia_(U.S._state). ... January 19 is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English and French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans at last census; probably Baton Rouge since Hurricane Katrina Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33... Image File history File links Flag_of_Louisiana. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article does not use inline citations to cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Texas. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Virginia. ... April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Arkansas. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 560 miles (901 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 9. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_North_Carolina. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tennessee. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) None Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro area St. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Missouri. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Official language(s) English Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... The Russellville Convention was a sovereignty convention held by secessionists on November 18 through 20, 1861 in Russellville, Kentucky after the state government formally declared neutrality in the American Civil War. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kentucky. ... November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Territories in Arizona and New Mexico in 1863. ... Mesilla is a town located in Doña Ana County, New Mexico. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Arizona. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

See also

• Golden Circle (Slavery)
• Origins of the American Civil War
• Southern United States
• History of the Southern United States
• Flags of the Confederate States of America
• Seal of the Confederate States of America
• Confederate States of America dollar
• Military history of the Confederate States
• Stamps and postal history of the Confederate States

The Golden Circle was a territory which consisted of the slave-owning territories of the United States prior to the Civil War, and adjacent areas outside of the United States. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Southern rights. ... Southern United States The states shown in dark red are usually included in the South, while all or portions of the striped states may or may not be considered part of the Southern United States. ... The history of the Southern United States reaches back thousands of years and included the Mississippian peoples, well known for their mound building. ... The following flags were used by the Confederate States of America. ... Confederate Seal The Confederate Seal was the seal of the Confederate States of America. ... Six Confederate notes The Confederate States of America currency was first issued into circulation in April, 1861, when the Confederacy was only two months old, and on the eve of the outbreak of the Civil War. ... The Military history of the Confederate States spans the period of when the Confederate States of America existed, during the American Civil War. ... 5c Jefferson Davis stamp This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States of America. ...

References

• Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.

Notes

1. ^ Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States until June 8, 1861 and the Constitution of the Confederate States was ratified on June 19, 1861.
2. ^ The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8, 1861.
3. ^ William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, April 10, 1861 in Marion Mills Miller, Ed. Life And Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1907) Vol 6.
4. ^ ibid
5. ^ Eicher, Civil War High Commands

June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... The Confederate States Constitution The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was the supreme law of the Confederate States of America, as adopted on March 11, 1861 and in effect through the conclusion of the American Civil War. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... May 7 is the 127th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (128th in leap years). ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Further reading

• Current, Richard N., ed. Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (4 vol), 1993. 1900 pages, articles by scholars.
• Faust, Patricia L. ed, Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, 1986.
• Heidler, David S., et al. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political, Social, and Military History, 2002. 2400 pages (ISBN 0-393-04758-X)
• Steven E. Woodworth, ed. The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research, 1996. 750 pages of historiography and bibliography

Economic & Social History

• Ball, Douglas B. Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat, 1991.
• Black, Robert C., III. The Railroads of the Confederacy, 1988.
• Clinton, Catherine, and Silber, Nina, eds. Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, 1992.
• Dabney, Virginius. Richmond: The Story of a City. Charlottsville: The University of Virginia Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8139-1274-1.
• Faust, Drew Gilpin. Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War, 1996.
• Faust, Drew Gilpin. The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South, 1988.
• Grimsley, Mark. The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861-1865, 1995.
• Lentz, Perry Carlton. Our Missing Epic: A Study in the Novels about the American Civil War, 1970.
• Massey, Mary Elizabeth. Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War, 1966.
• Massey, Mary Elizabeth. Ersatz in the Confederacy, 1952.
• Massey, Mary Elizabeth. Refugee Life in the Confederacy, 1964.
• Rable, George C. Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism, 1989.
• Ramsdell, Charles. Behind the Lines in the Southern Confederacy, 1994.
• Roark, James L. Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction, 1977.
• Rubin, Anne Sarah. A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861-1868, 2005. A cultural study of Confederates' self images.
• Sellers, James L. "The Economic Incidence of the Civil War in the South." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 14 (1927):179-191. in JSTOR
• Thomas, Emory M. The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience, 1992.
• Wallenstein, Peter. "Rich Man's War, Rich Man's Fight: Civil War and the Transformation of Public Finance in Georgia." Journal of Southern History 50 (1984):15-43. in JSTOR
• Wiley, Bell Irwin. Confederate Women, 1975.
• Wiley, Bell Irwin. The Plain People of the Confederacy, 1944.
• Woodwar, C. Vann, ed. Mary Chesnut's Civil War, 1981.

Politics

• Alexander, Thomas B., and Beringer, Richard E. The Anatomy of the Confederate Congress: A Study of the Influences of Member Characteristics on Legislative Voting Behavior, 1861-1865, 1972.
• Boritt, Gabor S., et al, Why the Confederacy Lost, 1992.
• Cooper, William J, Jefferson Davis, American, 2000. Standard biography.
• Coulter, E. Merton. The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865, 1950.
• William C. Davis (2003). Look Away! A History of the Confederate States of America. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-86585-8.
• Eaton, Clement. A History of the Southern Confederacy, 1954.
• Eckenrode, H. J., Jefferson Davis: President of the South, 1923.
• Gallgher, Gary W., The Confederate War, 1999.
• Neely, Mark E., Jr., Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties, 1993.
• Rembert, W. Patrick. Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet, 1944.
• Rable, George C., The Confederate Republic: A Revolution against Politics, 1994.
• Roland, Charles P. The Confederacy, 1960. brief
• Thomas, Emory M. Confederate Nation: 1861-1865, 1979. Standard political-economic-social history
• Wakelyn, Jon L. Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy Greenwood Press ISBN 0-8371-6124-X
• Williams, William M. Justice in Grey: A History of the Judicial System of the Confederate States of America, 1941.
• Yearns, Wilfred Buck. The Confederate Congress, 1960.

Primary sources

• Davis, Jefferson, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (2 vols), 1881.
• Harwell, Richard B., The Confederate Reader (1957)
• Jones, John B. A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, edited by Howard Swiggert, [1935] 1993. 2 vols.
• Richardson, James D., ed. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, Including the Diplomatic Correspondence 1861-1865, 2 volumes, 1906.
• Yearns, W. Buck and Barret, John G.,eds. North Carolina Civil War Documentary, 1980.
• Confederate official government documents major online collection of complete texts in HTML format, from U. of North Carolina

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Confederate States of America

• Confederate offices Index of Politicians by Office Held or Sought
• Civil War Research & Discussion Group - Fields Of Conflict - Containing 1000+ Links And 350+ Articles.
• An Act to Prohibit the Importation of Luxuries, or of Articles not Necessary or of Common Use, 1864, a Confederate Congress document
• Confederate States of Am. Army and Navy Uniforms, 1861
• The Countryman, 1862-1866, published weekly by Turnwold, Ga., edited by J.A. Turner
• The Federal and the Confederate Constitution Compared
• The Making of the Confederate Constitution, by A. L. Hull, 1905.
• Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols., 1912.
• Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy
• DocSouth: Documenting the American South - numerous online text, image, and audio collections.
• Confederate States of America: Heads of State: 1861-1865
• The Geographical Reader for the Dixie Children - a Confederacy textbook written in 1863.

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...

Economic Data Sets

all data sets are in Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition Online (2006) available in academic libraries.

• Chapter Eh - Confederate States of America
• Population of the slave states, by state, race, and slave status: 1860-1870 [PDF 52Kb] Series Eh1-7
• Farms, farm implements, livestock, and home manufactures in the slave states, by state: 1860-1870 [PDF 53Kb] Series Eh8-23
• Selected crop outputs of the slave states, by state: 1860-1870 [PDF 52Kb] Series Eh24-39
• Manufacturing in the slave states-establishments, capital invested, product value, and employment, by state: 1860-1870 [PDF 51Kb] Series Eh40-49
• Taxable property in the Confederacy, by state: 1861 [PDF 49Kb] Series Eh50-58
• Confederate blockade running-ships engaged, ships lost, and successful runs, by vessel type and port: 1861-1865 [PDF 56Kb] Series Eh59-94
• Quantity and price of cotton imported into the United Kingdom: 1855-1875 [PDF 53Kb] Series Eh95-102
• European cotton imports, by country of origin: 1860-1875 [PDF 47Kb] Series Eh103-110
• Money and Prices, Series Eh111-193 doi:10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Eh111-193
• Confederate money stock: 1860-1862 [Godfrey, nine states] [PDF 53Kb] Series Eh111-117
• Confederate money stock: 1860-1865 [Godfrey, seven states] [PDF 62Kb] Series Eh118-124
• Confederate money stock: 1861-1864 [Lerner] [PDF 50Kb] Series Eh125-127
• Prices and wage indexes for the eastern Confederacy: 1861-1865 [PDF 71Kb] Series Eh128-130
• Monthly index of Richmond wholesale commodity prices: 1861-1865 [PDF 56Kb] Series Eh131
• Wholesale commodity price indexes in Richmond, the eastern Confederacy, New York, and San Francisco: 1861-1865 [PDF 50Kb] Series Eh132-135
• Monthly wholesale price quotations for selected commodities in Richmond: 1856-1865 [PDF 54Kb] Series Eh136-165
• Monthly commodity price indexes for the Confederate states: 1861-1865 [PDF 66Kb] Series Eh166-193
• Government Finances, Series Eh194-228 doi:10.1017/ISBN-9780511132971.Eh194-228
• Confederate government revenues and expenditures: 1861-1864 [PDF 61Kb] Series Eh194-215
• Bond yields on domestic loans in the Confederacy: 1862-1864 [PDF 51Kb] Series Eh216-220
• Weekly prices of Confederate cotton bonds and sterling bonds in Amsterdam: 1863-1865 [PDF 58Kb] Series Eh221-222
• Gold prices in the Confederacy: 1861-1865 [PDF 69Kb] Series Eh223-228