Irish Catholic Confederation (Confederation of Kilkenny) ← 1642 – 1651 → Flag Coat of arms Motto "Pro Deo, Rege et Patria, Hibernia Unanimis"  (Latin) "For God, King and Country, Ireland is United" Capital Kilkenny Language(s) English, Latin, Irish Religion Roman Catholicism (de facto) Government Monarchy King  - 1642–49 Charles I  - 1649–53 Charles II1 Historical era Wars of the Three Kingdoms  - Rebellion October 1641  - Established Summer 1642  - Cessation of arms 1643  - Nuncio arrives 1645  - First Ormonde Peace March 28, 1646  - Civil War 1649 onwards  - Reconquest 1649–53  - The Restoration April 23, 1661 1. De jure. 2. De jure representative of the Crown. 3. To May 1650, de facto. 4. As Lord Deputy of Ireland 5. As Commander-in-Chief.

Confederate Ireland refers to the period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649. During this time, two-thirds of Ireland was governed by the Irish Catholic Confederation, also known as the "Confederation of Kilkenny" (based in the city of Kilkenny). The remaining Protestant enclaves in Ulster, Munster and Leinster were held by armies loyal to the royalists, parliamentarians or Scottish Covenanters during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Confederates failed to defeat the British armies in Ireland in 1642–49 in a conflict known as the Irish Confederate Wars and joined a royalist alliance in 1648 against the Rump Parliament. This article is about the Irish kingdom existing from 1541 to 1800. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Britain, Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the periods from 1649 (the monarch Charles I being beheaded on January 30 and An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth being passed by the... Image File history File links Flag_of_Leinster. ... Image File history File links COA_of_Ireland. ... The national flag of the Republic of Ireland (Irish: An Bhratach Náisiúnta), also known as the tricolour,[1] is a vertical tricolour of green (at the hoist), white, and orange. ... The coat of arms of Ireland The coat of arms of Ireland is blazoned as azure a harp or, stringed argent - a gold harp with silver strings on a blue background. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... True colour image of Ireland, captured by a NASA satellite on 4 January 2003. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... For other uses, see Monarch (disambiguation). ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ... The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup détat by Irish Catholic gentry, but rapidly degenerated into bloody intercommunal violence between native Irish Catholics and English and Scottish Protestant settlers. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... A ceasefire is a temporary stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. ... // Events January 21 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga February 6 - Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands. ... Giovanni Battista Rinuccini (1592-1653) was a Roman Catholic Archbishop in the mid seventeenth century. ... // Events January 10 - Archbishop Laud executed on Tower Hill, London. ... James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (October 19, 1610 – July 21, 1688), was an Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Combatants English Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops English Parliamentarian New Model Army troops and allied Protestants in Ireland Commanders James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (1649 - Dec. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Events February 2 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated. ... King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1661 (MDCLXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Look up De jure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article refers to the Commonwealths concept of the monarchys legal authority. ... Year 1650 (MDCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup détat by Irish Catholic gentry, but rapidly degenerated into bloody intercommunal violence between native Irish Catholics and English and Scottish Protestant settlers. ... Combatants English Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops English Parliamentarian New Model Army troops and allied Protestants in Ireland Commanders James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (1649 - Dec. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... This article is about the nine-county Irish province. ... Statistics Area: 24,607. ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). ... The English parliament in front of the King, c. ... This article is about the country. ... The Covenanters, named after the Solemn League and Covenant, were a party that, originating in the Reformation movement, played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England, during the 17th century. ... The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament immediately following the Long Parliament, after Prides Purge of December 6, 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament hostile to the intentions of the Grandees in the New Model Army to try King Charles I for high treason. ...

Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation

This is a political history, for a military history of the period, see Irish Confederate Wars

The Catholic Confederation was formed in the aftermath of the 1641 rebellion, both to control the popular uprising and to organise an Irish Catholic war effort against the remaining British armies in Ireland. It was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country. The initiative for the Confederation came from a Catholic bishop, Nicholas French and a lawyer named Nicholas Plunkett. They put forth their proposals for a government to Irish Catholic nobles such as Viscount Gormanston, Viscount Mountgarret and Donagh MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry. These men committed their own armed forces to the Confederation and persuaded other rebels to join it. Members of the Confederation took an oath on joining to uphold the Roman Catholic religion, the King's Rights and the liberty of Ireland. The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ... The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup détat by Irish Catholic gentry, but rapidly degenerated into bloody intercommunal violence between native Irish Catholics and English and Scottish Protestant settlers. ... Nicholas French (1604 - August 23, 1678), bishop of Ferns, was an Irish political pamphleteer, who was born at Wexford. ... The title of Viscount Gormanston was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1478, and is the senior Viscount of Ireland, as well as the bearer of the oldest vicomital title in the British Isles. ... Donagh [Donough] MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry and Earl of Clancarty (d. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Constitution

The Confederate's constitution was written by another lawyer, a Galway man named Patrick Darcy. In some respects, the Confederation was quite democratic for its time. The Confederate government was composed of a General Assembly, a parliament in all but name, elected from and by Irish landowners and Catholic clergy, which in turn elected an executive known as the Supreme Council. The General Assembly and the Supreme Council both met in the city of Kilkenny, with the Assembly being called annually to review the work of the Supreme Council. The Confederates immediately set up an extensive system of taxation to finance the war, and sent envoys to the Roman Catholic powers in continental Europe. WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Irish Grid Reference M300256 Statistics Province: Connacht County: Dáil Éireann: Galway West European Parliament: North-West Dialling Code: 091 Postal District(s): G Area: 50. ... The House of Representatives Chamber of the Parliament of Australia in Canberra. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 52. ... A tax is an involuntary fee paid by individuals or businesses to a state, or to functional equivalents of a state, including tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Kilkenny Castle, where the Confederate General Assembly met.

Charles I King of England, Scotland and Ireland, to whom the Confederates pledged allegiance, but could not agree to a formal alliance with in the civil wars.

Photo of Kilkenny castle taken by Michael Rogers 2002. ... Photo of Kilkenny castle taken by Michael Rogers 2002. ... Kilkenny Castle Kilkenny Castle is a castle in Kilkenny, Ireland. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (599x779, 78 KB)Anthony Van Dycks oil painting on canvas of Charles I was made around 1635. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (599x779, 78 KB)Anthony Van Dycks oil painting on canvas of Charles I was made around 1635. ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. ...

Policies

However, the Confederate Catholic Association of Ireland never actually claimed to be an independent government, because (in the context of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) they professed to be Royalists, loyal to Charles I. Since only the King could legally call a Parliament, the Confederate General Assembly never claimed to be a Parliament either, although it acted like one. In negotiations with the Royalists, the Confederates demanded that all concessions made to them would be ratified in post war Irish Parliament, which would have resembled the Confederate General Assembly including some Protestant Royalists. King Charles's Queen Henrietta-Maria was a practising Catholic. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 at a time when these countries had come under the Personal Rule of the same monarch. ... Prince Rupert of the Rhine Cavaliers was the name used by Parliamentarians for the Royalist supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). ... Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. ... This article is about the legislature abolished in 1801. ...

The difficulty for Charles was that he was horrified at the 1641 rebellion and had signed the Adventurers Act into law in 1642. A new policy of refusing pardon to any Irish rebels had been agreed in London and Dublin. Therefore his forces remained hostile to the Confederates until 1643, when his military position in England started to weaken. Many of the Confederate gentry stood to lose their land under the Adventurers Act; it galvanized their efforts and they realized that it could only be repealed by taking a loyal stance. The Confederate's stated objective was to reach an agreement with the King. The ambitions were: full rights for Catholics in Ireland, toleration of the Catholic religion, and self-government for Ireland. The motto of the Confederation was Pro Deo, Rege et Patria, Hibernia Unanimis (English: For God, King and Fatherland, Ireland is United). The Adventurers Act is an Act of the Parliament of England with the long title An Act for the speedy and effectual reducing of the rebels in His Majestys Kingdom of Ireland. [1]It was passed by the Long Parliament on 19 March 1642 as a way of raising... True colour image of Ireland, captured by a NASA satellite on 4 January 2003. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

The members of the Supreme Council were predominantly of Old English descent and were distrusted by many of the Gaelic Irish, who felt they were too moderate in their demands. The more radical Confederates pressed for a reversal of the plantations and the establishment of Catholicism as state religion in Ireland. The Old English were a wave of early medieval Norman, French, Welsh, English, Breton and Flemish settlers who went to Ireland to claim territory and lands in the wake of the Norman invasion. ... “Gael” redirects here. ... Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland were established throughout the country by the confiscation of lands occupied by Gaelic clans and Hiberno-Norman dynasties, but principally in the provinces of Munster and Ulster. ... South America Europe Middle East Africa Asia Oceania Demography of religions by country Full list of articles on religion by country Religion Portal         Nations with state religions:  Buddhism  Islam  Shia Islam  Sunni Islam  Orthodox Christianity  Protestantism  Roman Catholic Church A state religion (also called an official religion, established church...

The Confederates believed that their aspirations were best served by alliance with the royalist cause and therefore made supporting the King a central part of their strategy. This was because the English Parliament and Scottish Covenanters had threatened before the war to invade Ireland and destroy the Catholic religion and Irish land-owning class.^{[citation needed]} The King, by contrast, had repeatedly promised them some concessions. However, while the moderate Confederates were anxious to come to an agreement with Charles I and did not press for radical political and religious reforms, others wished to force the King to accept a self-governing Catholic Ireland before they came to terms with him. Failing that, they advocated an independent alliance with France or Spain. The Covenanters, named after the Solemn League and Covenant, were a party that, originating in the Reformation movement, played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England, during the 17th century. ...

Cessation with the royalists

In 1643, the Confederates negotiated a "cessation of arms" (or ceasefire), with the royalists in Ireland and opened negotiations with James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, the King's representative in Ireland. This meant that hostilities ceased between the Confederates and Ormonde's royalist army in Dublin. However, the English garrison in Cork (which was commanded by Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin, a rare Gaelic Irish Protestant) objecting to the ceasefire, mutinied and declared allegiance to the English Parliament. The Scottish Covenanters had also landed an army in Ulster in 1642, which remained hostile to the Confederates — as did the forces of the British settlers in Ulster. // Events January 21 - Abel Tasman discovers Tonga February 6 - Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands. ... A ceasefire is a temporary stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. ... James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (October 19, 1610 – July 21, 1688), was an Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier. ... For other uses, see Dublin (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in the Republic of Ireland. ... Murrough OBrien, Earl of Inchiquin (1614-74) was a chieftain of the OBriens and, after the Marquis of Ormond, the leading Protestant native Irish peer in Ireland. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... A body now called the English Parliament first arose during the thirteenth century, referred to variously as colloquium and parliamentum. It shared most of the powers typical of representative institutions in medieval and early modern Europe, and was arranged from the fourteenth century in a bicameral manner, with a House... The Covenanters, named after the Solemn League and Covenant, were a party that, originating in the Reformation movement, played an important part in the history of Scotland, and to a lesser extent in that of England, during the 17th century. ... Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. ...

In 1644, the Confederates sent around 1,500 men under Alasdair MacColla to Scotland to support the royalists there under James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose against the Covenanters, sparking a Civil War — their only intervention on the Royalist side in the civil wars in Britain. // Events February to August - Explorer Abel Tasmans second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia. ... Alasdair MacColla (circa 1620 to 1647) was a Scottish-Irish soldier. ... This article is about the country. ... James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose (1612 - 21 May 1650), was a Scottish nobleman and soldier, who initially joined the Covenanters in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but subsequently supported King Charles I as the English Civil War developed. ... Combatants Scottish Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops Scottish Covenanters Commanders James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll and David Leslie Strength Fluctuating, 2000-4000 troops at any one time over 30,000 troops, but many based in England and Ireland Casualties Total of 28...

The Papal Nuncio's arrival

The Confederates received modest subsidies from the monarchies of France and Spain, who wanted to recruit troops in Ireland but their main continental support came from the Papacy. Pope Innocent X strongly supported Confederate Ireland, over the objections of Mazarin and the Queen, Henrietta Maria, who had moved to Paris in 1644. Innocent received the Confederation's envoy in February 1645 and resolved to send a nuncio extraordinary to Ireland, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo, who embarked from La Rochelle with the Confederacy's secretary, Richard Bellings. He took with him a large quantity of arms and military supplies and a very large sum of money. These supplies meant that Rinuccini had a big influence on the Confederate's internal politics and he was backed by the more militant Confederates such as Owen Roe O'Neill. At Kilkenny Rinuccini was received with great honours, asserting that the object of his mission was to sustain the King, but above all to help the Catholic people of Ireland in securing the free and public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the restoration of the churches and church property, but not any former monastic property. Pope Innocent X (May 6, 1574 – January 7, 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili), was Pope from 1644 to 1655[1]. Born in Rome of a family from Gubbio in Umbria who had come to Rome during the pontificate of Pope Innocent IX, he graduated from the Collegio Romano... Jules Mazarin, French diplomat and statesman, by Pierre-Louis Bouchart. ... Henrietta Maria Henrietta Maria (November 25, 1609 - September 10, 1669) was Queen Consort of England, Scotland and Ireland (June 13, 1625 - January 30, 1649) through her marriage to Charles I. The U.S. state of Maryland (in Latin, Terra Maria) was so named in her honour by Cæcilius Calvert... A Papal Nuncio (also known as an Apostolic Nuncio) is a permanent diplomatic representative (head of mission) of the Holy See to a state, having ambassadorial rank. ... Giovanni Battista Rinuccini (1592-1653) was a Roman Catholic Archbishop in the mid seventeenth century. ... For other uses, see La Rochelle (disambiguation). ... Richard Bellings (1613-1677) was a lawyer and political figure in 17th century Ireland and in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. ... Eoghan Rua Ó Néill, anglicised as Owen Roe ONeill (c. ...

The first "Ormonde Peace"

The nuncio considered himself the virtual head of the Confederate Catholic party in Ireland. By March 1646, however, the Supreme Council of the Confederates had come to an agreement with Ormonde, signed March 28, 1646. Under its terms Catholics would be allowed to serve in public office and found schools; there were also verbal promises of future concessions on religious toleration. There was an amnesty for acts committed in the Rebellion of 1641 and a guarantee against further seizure of Irish Catholic land. The Supreme Council also put great hope in a secret treaty they had concluded with the Earl of Glamorgan on the King's behalf, which promised further concessions to Irish Catholics in the future. 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1646 (MDCXLVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... The title of Duke of Beaufort in the Peerage of England was created by Charles II in 1682 for Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester, a descendant of Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, illegitimate son of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, a Lancastrian leader in the Wars of...

However, there was no reversal of Poynings Law which subordinated the Irish Parliament to the English one, no reversal of the Protestant domination of Parliament and no reversal of the main plantations, or colonisation, in Ulster and Munster. Moreover, regarding the religious articles of the treaty, all churches taken over by Catholics in the war would have to be returned to Protestant hands and public practice of Catholicism was not guaranteed. Poynings Law refers to the time when Sir Edward Poyning was sent as viceroy to Ireland by Henry VII of England. ... This article is about the legislature abolished in 1801. ... For the historic phenomenon of colonization and imperialism, see main article colonialism (and also decolonization). ...

In return for the concessions that were made Irish troops would be sent to England to fight for the royalists in the English Civil War. However, the terms agreed were not acceptable to either the Catholic clergy, the Irish military commanders — notably Owen Roe O'Neill and Thomas Preston — or the majority of the General Assembly. Nor was Rinuccini the papal nuncio party to the treaty, which left untouched the objects of his mission; he had induced nine of the Irish bishops to sign a protest against any arrangement with Ormonde or the king that would not guarantee the maintenance of the Catholic religion. For other uses, see English Civil War (disambiguation). ... Eoghan Rua Ó Néill, anglicised as Owen Roe ONeill (c. ... Thomas Preston, 1st Viscount Tara (1585 - 1655) was an Irish soldier of the 17th century. ... James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (October 19, 1610 – July 21, 1688), was an Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier. ...

Many believed the Supreme Council were unreliable, since many of them were related to Ormonde or otherwise bound to him. Besides, it was pointed out that the English Civil War had already been decided in the English Parliament’s favour and that sending Irish troops to the royalists would be a futile sacrifice. On the other hand, many felt after O’Neill’s Ulster army defeated the Scots at the battle of Benburb, that the Confederates were in a position to re-conquer all of Ireland. Furthermore, those who opposed the peace were backed, both spiritually and financially, by Rinuccini, who threatened to excommunicate the "peace party". The Supreme Council were arrested and the General Assembly voted to reject the deal. Eoghan Rua Ó Néill, anglicised as Owen Roe ONeill (c. ... Combatants Irish Confederate Catholics Ulster Army Scots Covenanters and English and Scottish settlers Commanders Owen Roe ONeill Robert Monro (d. ...

Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace

After the Confederates rejected the peace deal, Ormonde handed Dublin over to a parliamentarian army under Michael Jones. The Confederates now tried to eliminate the remaining Protestant outposts in Dublin and Cork, but in 1647 suffered a series of military disasters. First, Thomas Preston’s Leinster army was destroyed by Jones’s parliamentarians at the battle of Dungans Hill in Meath. Then the Confederates Munster army met a similar fate at the hands of Inchiquinn’s British forces at the battle of Knocknanauss. Colonel Michael Jones ( –1649) Fought for King Charles I during the Irish Confederate War but joined the English Parliamentary side when the English Civil War started. ... For other uses, see Dublin (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in the Republic of Ireland. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... The Battle of Dungans Hill took place in Meath, in eastern Ireland in August 1647. ... Meath (An Mhí in Irish) is a county in the Republic of Ireland, the county is often informally called The Royal County. ... The Battle of Knocknanauss was fought in 1647, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, between Confederate Ireland’s Munster army and an English Parliamentarian army under Inchiquinn. ...

These setbacks made most Confederates much more eager to come to reach an agreement with the royalists and negotiations were re-opened. The Supreme Council got generous terms from Charles I and Ormonde, including toleration of the Catholic religion, a commitment to repealing Poynings Law (and therefore to Irish self-government), recognition of lands taken by Irish Catholics during the war and a commitment to a partial reversal of the Plantation of Ulster. In addition, there was to be an Act of Oblivion, or amnesty for all acts committed during the 1641 rebellion and Confederate wars — in particular the killings of British Protestant settlers in 1641 — and the Confederate armies would remain in existence. However Charles granted these terms only out of desperation and in fact he later repudiated them. Under the terms of the agreement, the Confederation was to dissolve itself, place its troops under royalist commanders and accept English royalist troops. Inchiquinn also defected from the Parliament and rejoined the royalists in Ireland. The Plantation of Ulster was a planned process of colonisation which took place in the northern Irish province of Ulster during the early 17th century in the reign of James I of England. ... The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ...

Civil War within the Confederation

Mid-17th century portrait of Eoghan Rua Ó Néill.

However, many of the Irish Catholics continued to reject a deal with the royalists. Owen Roe O'Neill refused to join the new royalist alliance and fought with the royalists and Confederates in the summer of 1648. So extreme was his opinion that he was for a time effectively an ally of the English parliament. The Papal Nuncio, Rinuccini endeavored to uphold Owen Roe O'Neill by excommunicating all who took part in a truce; but he could not get the Irish Catholic Bishops to agree on the matter. On February 23, 1649, he embarked at Galway, in his own frigate, to return to Rome. Eoghan Rua Ó Néill, anglicised as Owen Roe ONeill (c. ... 1648 (MDCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

It is often argued that this split within the Confederate ranks represented a split between Gaelic Irish and Old English. It is suggested that a particular reason for this was that Gaelic Irish had lost much land and power since the English conquest of Ireland and hence had become radical in their demands.^{[citation needed]} However, there were members of both ethnicities on either side. For example, Phelim O’Neill, the Gaelic Irish instigator of the Rebellion of 1641, sided with the moderates, whereas the predominantly Old English south Wexford area rejected the peace. The Catholic clergy were also split over the issue. The Old English were a wave of early medieval Norman, French, Welsh, English, Breton and Flemish settlers who went to Ireland to claim territory and lands in the wake of the Norman invasion. ... Sir Felim ONeill of Kinard (died 1652), better known as Phelim ONeill was an Irish nobleman who led the Irish Rebellion of 1641 in Ulster which began on October 22, 1641. ...

The real significance of the split was between those landed gentry who were prepared to compromise with the royalists as long as their lands and civil rights were guaranteed, and those who wanted to completely overturn the British presence in Ireland such as Owen Roe O’Neill. They wanted an independent Catholic Ireland, with the British settlers expelled permanently. Many of the militants were most concerned with recovering ancestral lands their families had lost in the plantations. After inconclusive skirmishing with the Confederates, Owen Roe O'Neill retreated to Ulster and did not rejoin his former comrades until Cromwell’s invasion of 1649. This infighting fatally hampered the efforts of the Confederate-royalist alliance to repel the invasion of parliamentarian New Model Army. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... For the band, see New Model Army (band). ...

Cromwell's invasion

Oliver Cromwell, who conquered Ireland on behalf of the English Parliament

Oliver Cromwell invaded Ireland in 1649 to crush the new alliance of Irish Confederates and royalists. The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland was the bloodiest warfare that had ever occurred in the country and was accompanied by plague and famine. It ended in total defeat for the Irish Catholics and royalists. Most of the senior members of the Confederation spent the Cromwellian period in exile in France, with the English Royalist Court. After the Restoration, those Confederates who had promoted alliance with the Royalists found themselves in favour and recovered their lands. However, those who remained in Ireland throughout the Interregnum invariably had all their land confiscated and in many cases were executed or transported to penal colonies. The pre-war Irish Catholic land-owning class was all but totally destroyed in this period. As were the institutions of the Roman Catholic Church. Image File history File links Oliver_CromwellUT.jpg‎ From the English Wikipedia History 23:00, 29 July 2004 Raul654 (51708 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision) 06:56, 26 April 2003 . ... Image File history File links Oliver_CromwellUT.jpg‎ From the English Wikipedia History 23:00, 29 July 2004 Raul654 (51708 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision) 06:56, 26 April 2003 . ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... A body now called the English Parliament first arose during the thirteenth century, referred to variously as colloquium and parliamentum. It shared most of the powers typical of representative institutions in medieval and early modern Europe, and was arranged from the fourteenth century in a bicameral manner, with a House... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ... Combatants English Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops English Parliamentarian New Model Army troops and allied Protestants in Ireland Commanders James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (1649 - Dec. ... A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people) is an epidemic that spreads through human populations across a large region (for example a continent), or even worldwide. ... <nowiki>Insert non-formatted text hereBold text</nowiki>A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ... For other uses, see Restoration. ... The English Interregnum was the period of republican rule after the English Civil War between the regicide of Charles I in 1649 and the restoration of Charles II in 1660. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Significance

Confederate Ireland was arguably the only sustained period of Catholic Irish self-government between 1558 and the foundation of Irish Free State in 1922. Its style of parliament was similar to the landed oligarchy Irish parliament established by the Normans in 1297, but it was not based on a democratic vote. Given their large notional power base, the Confederates ultimately failed to manage and reorganize Ireland so as to defend the interests of Irish Catholics. The Irish Confederate Wars and the ensuing Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-53) caused massive loss of life and ended with the confiscation of almost all Irish Catholic owned land in the 1650s, though much was re-granted in the 1660s. The end of the period cemented the British colonisation of Ireland in the so-called Cromwellian Settlement. This article is about the prior state. ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the legislature abolished in 1801. ... The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ...

See also

• History of Ireland
• Early Modern Ireland 1536–1691
• Confederation
• Confederacy

The History of Ireland began with the first known human settlement in Ireland around 8000 BC, when hunter-gatherers arrived from Britain and continental Europe, probably via a land bridge. ... The Reformation, before which, in 1536, Henry VIII broke with Papal authority, fundamentally changed Ireland. ... A confederation is an association of sovereign states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... Confederacy may refer to: Confederation, an association of sovereign states or communities Confederate States of America, eleven southern states of the United States of America between 1861 and 1865. ...

Sources

• O'Siochru, Micheal, Confederate Ireland 1642-49, Four Courts Press Dublin 1999.
• Lenihan, Padraig, Confederate Catholics at War 1641-49, Cork University Press, Cork 2001.
• Ohlmeyer, Jane and Kenyon, John (ed.s), The Civil Wars, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1998.
• Canny, Nicholas, Making Ireland British 1580-1650, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001.

External links

• The Confederate Assembly of Kilkenny, British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638–1660

v • d • e Irish states since 1171
Ireland (1937–present)  •  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922†–present) inc. Northern Ireland
Medieval period	Gaelic Ireland (prehistory–1607) •  Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541) Irish states have existed under a number of different names for nearly a thousand years. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... “UK” redirects here. ... Northern Ireland (Irish: , Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a constituent country of the United Kingdom lying in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering 5,459 square miles (14,139 km², about a sixth of the islands total area). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Arms of the Kings of Ireland1 Capital Hill of Tara (ceremonial) Language(s) Irish Government Monarchy High King  - 1002-1014 Brian Boru  - 1151-1154 Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair History  - Established prehistory  - Norman invasion 1 May 1169  - Flight of the Earls September, 1607 1 The Wijnbergen Roll dating from c. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixel Image in higher resolution (1500 × 1000 pixel, file size: 95 KB, MIME type: image/png) A flag based on the arms of the Lordship of Ireland. ... Coat of arms1 Capital Dublin Language(s) Norman French, Irish, Welsh, English Government Monarchy Lord of Ireland  - 1171-1189 Henry II  - 1509-1541 Henry VIII Lord Lieutenant  - 1528-1529 Piers Butler  - 1540–1548 Anthony St Leger Legislature Parliament of Ireland  - Upper house Irish House of Lords  - Lower house Irish House...
Modern period	Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1801) • United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922†) Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article is about the Irish kingdom existing from 1541 to 1800. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... This article is about the historical state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927). ...
Twentieth century	Irish Free State (1922–37) Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... This article is about the prior state. ...
See also	Confederate Ireland (1642–53) • Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1649–60) • Irish Republic (1919–22) • Northern Ireland (1922–72) • Southern Ireland (1921–22) Image File history File links Flag_of_Leinster. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Commonwealth_(1658-1660). ... Motto PAX QUÆRITUR BELLO (English: Peace is sought through war) Anthem Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Language(s) English; Irish; Scots Gaelic; Welsh Government Republic Lord Protector  - 1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell  - 1658-1659 Richard Cromwell Legislature Parliament (1st, 2nd, 3rd) History  - Instrument of Government December 16, 1653  - Resignation of... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Image File history File links Ulster_banner. ... This article is about the pre-1972 Parliament of Northern Ireland. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Capital Dublin Head of State King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Head of Government Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Chairman of the Provisional Government from Jan 1922. ...
†Date marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927. 1922 is the de facto date accepted by historians as the end of an era.