NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Conflict in Darfur

The Darfur conflict is an ongoing conflict in the This article is about the Darfur region of western Sudan. For information on the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur see Darfur conflict. For the city in Minnesota see Darfur, Minnesota. Darfur (shown in green) is in western Sudan. Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the... Darfur region of western Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Sudan Sudan has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the Halaib Triangle. States Main article: States of Sudan Sudan has 26 states or wilayat: Al Jazirah, Al Qadarif, Bahr al Jabal, Blue Nile, East Equatoria, Junqali, Kassala, Khartoum, Lakes, North Bahr al... Sudan, mainly between the Introduction The Janjaweed (variously spelled Janjawid, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, etc.) is an armed militia group in Darfur, western Sudan, comprising fighters of Muslim Arab background (mainly from the Baggara people). Since 2003 it has been one of the principal actors in the increasingly bloody Darfur conflict, which has pitted... Janjaweed, a government-supported militia recruited from local Arab (disambiguation). There are three factors which may assist to varying degrees in determining whether someone is considered Arab or not: Political: whether they live in a country which is a member of the Arab League (or, more vaguely, the Arab world); this definition covers more than 300 million people... Arab tribes, and the non-Arab peoples of the region. The conflict has been widely described as " The term ethnic cleansing refers to various policies of forcibly removing people of another ethnic group. At one end of the spectrum, it is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population transfer, while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide. At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing... ethnic cleansing", and frequently as " Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. There is disagreement over whether the term genocide ought to be used for... genocide". In September 2004, the For other meanings of the acronym WHO, see WHO (disambiguation) WHO flag Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Health Organization (WHO) is an agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health. WHO was established by the UN on April 7, 1948. The current Director... World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 50,000 deaths in Darfur since the conflict's beginning, mostly by This article is about nutritional starvation. For the computer science term, see resource starvation. In living organisms, starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation (in excess of 1-2 months) causes permanent organ damage... starvation; in October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. October begins (astrologically) with the sun in the sign of Libra and ends in the sign of Scorpio. Astronomically speaking, the sun begins in the constellation... October, its head gave an estimate of 71,000 deaths by starvation and disease alone between March and October 2004. While a recent British Parliamentary Report estimates that over 300,000 people have already died[1] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4268733.stm), the The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization made up of 191 states established in 1945. With the notable exception of the Holy See/ Vatican City (which is the sole permanent observer state), all countries recognized by the CIA as first-level sovereign entities, are members. Other entities recognized... United Nations estimates that 180,000 have died in the 18 months of the conflict [2] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4349063.stm). More than 1.8 million people had been displaced from their homes. 200,000 have fled to neighboring Chad (disambiguation). The Republic of Chad (تشاد) is a land-locked nation in central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west. Due to its distance... Chad. The refugees include non-Arab victims of non-Arabs, Arab victims of non-Arabs, and Arab victims of Arabs; however, the large majority are non-Arab black Africans fleeing Introduction The Janjaweed (variously spelled Janjawid, Jingaweit, Jinjaweed, Janjawiid, Janjiwid, etc.) is an armed militia group in Darfur, western Sudan, comprising fighters of Muslim Arab background (mainly from the Baggara people). Since 2003 it has been one of the principal actors in the increasingly bloody Darfur conflict, which has pitted... Janjaweed attacks [3] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3737566.stm). The UN, prior to the The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) on December 26, 2004. The earthquake generated a tsunami that was among the deadliest disasters in modern history. At a magnitude of 9.0, it was the largest earthquake... 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, called the Darfur conflict the world's worst current humanitarian crisis.

Origins of the conflict

Darfur is inhabited by a variety of peoples, generally constituting two distinct groups: non-Arab black peoples such as the The Fur (fòòrà in Fur, فور in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0.5 million in 1983[1] and principally inhabiting the region of Darfur. They are a black African people who practice a largely sedentary lifestyle, relying mainly on the cultivation... Fur, Categories: Stub | Chad | Ethnic groups | Sudan ... Masalit, and Zaghawa, and Arab (disambiguation). There are three factors which may assist to varying degrees in determining whether someone is considered Arab or not: Political: whether they live in a country which is a member of the Arab League (or, more vaguely, the Arab world); this definition covers more than 300 million people... Arab tribes collectively termed The Baggara or Baqqarah are a nomadic Bedouin people inhabiting the Darfur region of western Sudan and Chad. They are cattle-herders, migrating seasonally between grazing lands in the wet season and river areas in the dry season. They are mostly Arabic speaking Muslims, thought to be the descendents of... Baggara (also black by the standards of most English-speakers), who settled the region from about the (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. Events Fourth through eighth crusades... 13th century onwards. Both groups are A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. The word Muslim means one who submits and implies complete submission to the will of God ( Allah). Muslims believe that nature is itself Islamic, since it follows natural laws placed by God. Thus, a Muslim strives to surrender to God... Muslims. However, relations between the two groups have long been tense; the pre-colonial Fur kingdom regularly clashed with the The Baggara or Baqqarah are a nomadic Bedouin people inhabiting the Darfur region of western Sudan and Chad. They are cattle-herders, migrating seasonally between grazing lands in the wet season and river areas in the dry season. They are mostly Arabic speaking Muslims, thought to be the descendents of... Baggara, particularly the Rizeigat. Moreover, before the (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... 20th century (and by some accounts well into it) Darfur was a centre of the This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page. For specific articles on the slave trade... slave trade, and The Fur (fòòrà in Fur, فور in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0.5 million in 1983[1] and principally inhabiting the region of Darfur. They are a black African people who practice a largely sedentary lifestyle, relying mainly on the cultivation... Fur slavers competed with Arab (disambiguation). There are three factors which may assist to varying degrees in determining whether someone is considered Arab or not: Political: whether they live in a country which is a member of the Arab League (or, more vaguely, the Arab world); this definition covers more than 300 million people... Arab ones to raid the nearby The Bahr el Ghazal is both a river and a region of southwestern Sudan, the region taking its name from the river. The name means Gazelle River in Arabic. The river flows about 805 km (500 miles) east to Lake No, where it joins the Bahr el Jebel to form... Bahr el Ghazal to obtain slaves for the coastal regions. The two groups also have differing economic needs, which has led to clashes: the The Fur (fòòrà in Fur, فور in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0.5 million in 1983[1] and principally inhabiting the region of Darfur. They are a black African people who practice a largely sedentary lifestyle, relying mainly on the cultivation... Fur and Categories: Stub | Chad | Ethnic groups | Sudan ... Masalit are primarily sedentary farmers, while the Arabs and Zaghawa are nomadic herdsmen, which has brought them into conflict over access to land and water resources.

The government of Sudan has had a strongly Arab character since the country's independence in 1956 is a leap year starting on Sunday. (see link for calendar) Events January January 1 - End of Egyptian Condominium in Sudan. January 16 - President Egypt vows to reconquer Palestine January 26 - Italy January 26 - United Kingdom bans heroin January 26 - The last Soviet troops leave the military base in... 1956; it has been a military dictatorship since 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 1 - Treaty of Rome founding the EU is implemented January 4 - Sputnik 1 falls to Earth from its orbit (launched on October 4, 1957) January 8 - 14 year old Bobby Fischer wins the... 1958. The First Sudanese Civil War, between the Muslim government and the mostly non-Muslim population of the southern Sudan, started in 1955 is a common year starting on Saturday. Events January-April January 2 - Panama president Jose Antonio Remon is assassinated. January 19 - The Scrabble board game debuts. February 8 - Nikolai Bulganin ousts Georgi Malenkov February 13 - Israel obtains 4 of the 7 Dead Sea scrolls. February 23 - First meeting of... 1955 and ended with the 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. Events January January 2 - the Pierre Hotel Heist - Six men rob the safety deposit boxes of the Pierre Hotel in New York City. Loot is at least $4 million January 5 - President of the United States Richard Nixon orders the... 1972 The Addis Ababa Accords were a series of compromises in 1972, aimed at appeasing the leaders of the insurgency in southern Sudan after the first Sudanese Civil War proved costly to the government in the South. Widespread local autonomy was granted. There followed a decade of relative peace. Categories: Politics... Addis Ababa Accords. In 1983 is an integer and composite number that represents a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January January 1 - Beat Raaflaub became Basel Boys Choirs new conductor January 1 - the ARPANET officially changes to use the Internet Protocol, creating the Internet. January 1 - compulsory wearing... 1983, the The Second Sudanese Civil War started in 1983, although it is most accurately a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. It has taken place, for the most part, in southern Sudan. It has been one of the longest lasting and deadliest wars of the later... Second Sudanese Civil War broke out when the president declared Shari’a law in the south. A ceasefire was declared in 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated: International Year of Ecotourism and Mountains National Science Year in the United Kingdom Autism Awareness Year in the United Kingdom Events January Euro banknotes in circulation throughout the twelve countries of the European Union that... 2002. Peace talks in 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003 produced an agreement under which state revenues — oil money in particular — would be shared between the government and the southern rebel groups.

The agreement did not, however, satisfy Darfur campaigners' demands for a fairer deal for the region's population. Two local rebel groups — the The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. Along with other rebel groups such as the SLA, they are fighting against the government-supported Janjaweed militia. JEM espouses an Islamist ideology, and has been linked to Hassan al-Turabi, although leaders of the group... Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the The Sudan Liberation Army or SLA is a band of armed insurgents based in southern Sudan. They are comprised of members of the Albirigani tribe and led by a former army major Suf al-hichani bin Chad. Their numbers have declined significantly due to the continued attacks from the government... Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) — accused the government of oppressing non-Arabs in favour of Arabs. The SLA is generally associated with the The Fur (fòòrà in Fur, فور in Arabic) are a people of the western Sudan, numbering about 0.5 million in 1983[1] and principally inhabiting the region of Darfur. They are a black African people who practice a largely sedentary lifestyle, relying mainly on the cultivation... Fur and Categories: Stub | Chad | Ethnic groups | Sudan ... Masalit, while the JEM is associated with the Zaghawa of the northern half of Darfur.

Dr. Hassan abd Allah al-Turabi (الدكتور حسن عبد الله الترابي in Arabic), commonly called Hassan al-Turabi (sometimes transliterated Hassan al-Tourabi) (حسن الترا... Hassan al-Turabi was put in jail in March 2004 in connection with an alleged coup plot linked with JEM [4] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3496731.stm) [5] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3890891.stm), but denies supporting JEM [6] (http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/BDE0F12D-A1E8-40BA-A522-A214A30FA0CE.htm). However, al-Turabi blames the government for "aggravating the situation." The government dropped charges on December 3, 2004.

Course of the conflict

The conflict began in early 2003 when JEM and SLA rebels attacked government forces and installations. The government, caught by surprise, had very few troops in the region, and — since a large proportion of the Sudanese soldiers were of Darfur origin — distrusted many of its own units; its response was to mount a campaign of aerial bombardment supporting ground attacks by an Arab militia, the Janjaweed, recruited from local tribes and armed by the government. While the conflict has a political basis, it has also acquired an ethnic dimension in which civilians were deliberately targeted on the basis of their ethnicity, and an economic dimension related to the competition between pastoralists (generally Arab) and farmers (generally non-Arab) for land and water.

In 2004, Chad brokered negotiations in N'Djamena, leading to the Following the escalation of the Darfur conflict in the Sudan, Chad brokered negotiations in NDjamena in 2004, leading to the April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement between the Sudanese government and the two rebel groups, the Sudanese Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA). Other signatories... April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement between the Sudanese government and JEM and SLA. A group splintered from the JEM in April — the National Movement for Reform and Development — which did not participate in the April cease-fire talks or agreement. Janjaweed and rebel attacks have continued since the ceasefire. The The African Union (abbreviated AU), founded in July 2002, is the successor organisation to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Modelled after the European Union (but currently with powers closer to the Commonwealth of Nations), it aims to help promote democracy, human rights and development across Africa, especially by increasing... African Union (AU) formed a Ceasefire Commission (CFC) to monitor observance of the April 8th ceasefire.

A The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization made up of 191 states established in 1945. With the notable exception of the Holy See/ Vatican City (which is the sole permanent observer state), all countries recognized by the CIA as first-level sovereign entities, are members. Other entities recognized... United Nations observer team reported that non-Arab villages were singled out while Arab villages were left untouched:

The Janjaweed are also said to have "torched dozens of mosques and torn up and defecated on copies of the The Quran ( Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; its literal meaning is the recitation and is often called Al Quran Al Karim: The Noble Quran, also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book... Qur'an." ( Front cover, February 21, 2004 The Economist is a weekly news and international affairs publication of The Economist Newspaper Limited in London. Subjects typically covered include international politics, business, finance, science and technology and the arts. The publication is targeted at the high-end prestige segment of the market and... The Economist, May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). There are 230 days remaining. Events 1514 - Jodocus Badius Ascensius publishes Christiern Pedersens Latin version of Saxo’s Gesta Danorum, the oldest know version of that work. 1525 - The battle of... May 15, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004).

Both sides have been accused of committing serious Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. They are necessary for freedom and the maintenance of a reasonable quality of life. If a right is inalienable, that means it cannot be bestowed, granted, limited, bartered away, or sold away (e.g., one... human rights violations, including mass killing, looting, and For the domesticated crop plant called rape, see rapeseed. For responding to rape as a medical emergency, see sexual assault. For the former administrative division of Sussex, see Rape (district). Rape is a crime wherein the victim is forced into sexual activity against his or her will. Effectively, it co... rapes of the civilian population. However, the better-armed Janjaweed quickly gained the upper hand. By the spring of 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, several thousand people — mostly from the non-Arab population — had been killed and as many as a million more had been driven from their homes, causing a major humanitarian crisis in the region. The crisis took on an international dimension when over 100,000 refugees poured into neighbouring Chad (disambiguation). The Republic of Chad (تشاد) is a land-locked nation in central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west. Due to its distance... Chad, pursued by Janjaweed militiamen, who clashed with Chadian government forces along the border. More than 70 militiamen and 10 Chadian soldiers were killed in one gun battle in April.

The scale of the crisis has led to warnings of an imminent disaster, with The United Nations Secretary-General is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal divisions of the United Nations. According to the United Nations Charter, the Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Secretary-General is described by the Charter... United Nations Secretary-General Order: 7th Secretary-General Term of Office: January 1, 1997–present Predecessor: Boutros Boutros-Ghali Successor: incumbent Born: April 8, 1938 Place of birth: Kumasi, Ghana Died: Place of death: Kofi Atta Annan (born April 8, 1938) is the seventh and current Secretary-General of the United Nations. Biography... Kofi Annan warning that the risk of Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. There is disagreement over whether the term genocide ought to be used for... genocide is "frighteningly real" in Darfur. The scale of the Janjaweed campaign has led to comparisons with the The Rwandan Genocide was a genocide of 937,000 Rwandan Tutsis and Hutu moderates at the hands of Hutu militias and the Hutu-dominated government. It was a major factor in the destabilization of whole regions of Central Africa. Background Main Article: History of Rwanda Rwanda is one of the... Rwandan Genocide, a parallel hotly denied by the Sudanese government. Independent observers have noted that the tactics are more akin to the The term ethnic cleansing refers to various policies of forcibly removing people of another ethnic group. At one end of the spectrum, it is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population transfer, while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide. At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing... ethnic cleansing used in the The Yugoslav wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia that went on in the 1990s. They comprised two series of successive wars affecting all of the six former Yugoslav republics. Conflicts in the west War in Slovenia (1991) — a short 10-day... Yugoslav Wars but have warned that the region's remoteness means that hundreds of thousands are effectively cut off from aid. The Brussels-based The International Crisis Group is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization of one hundred staff members. Their mission is to prevent and resolve deadly conflicts through field-based analysis and high-level advocacy. When a country is at risk of outbreak, escalation, or recurrence of large scale violence, Crisis... International Crisis Group has reported that over 350,000 people could potentially die as a result of This article is about nutritional starvation. For the computer science term, see resource starvation. In living organisms, starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation (in excess of 1-2 months) causes permanent organ damage... starvation and disease. [7] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3741875.stm)

July 2004

In early July 2004, Annan and The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. History George Washington signed a congressional bill into law on July 27, 1789 (1 Stat. 28), creating an executive Department... Secretary of State Colin Luther Powell (pronounced Coe-lin, born April 5, 1937) was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving from January 20, 2001 to January 26, 2005 under President George W. Bush. Nominated by Bush on December 16, 2000 and unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate, Powell became the... Colin Powell visited Sudan and the Darfur region, and urged the Sudanese government to stop supporting the Janjaweed militias. Annan described the trips as "constructive".

The African Union and The European Union or EU is an intergovernmental organisation of European countries, which currently has 25 member states. The Union was established under that name by the Treaty on European Union (commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992. However, many aspects of the EU existed before that date through... European Union have sent monitors[8] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3868793.stm)[9] (http://www.sudan.net/news/posted/8820.html) (as of 5 July 2004) to monitor the cease-fire signed on April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). There are 267 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 1730 - Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated. 1742 - The first performance of George Frideric Handels oratorio The... 8 April 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004 [10] (http://www.darfurinformation.com/cf_ceasefire.shtml); however, the Janjaweed's attacks have not stopped, as noted by the United States [11] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3621347.stm) and more recently Human Rights Watch is an international NGO based in New York City, USA, that works with human rights issues. The organization was started under the name Helsinki Watch in 1978 to monitor the Soviet Unions compliance with the Helsinki Accords. Other watch organizations were started to cover other parts... Human Rights Watch [12] (http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/08/11/darfur9217.htm).

According to the The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was formed in 1927 by means of a royal charter from the Crown. (For the history of the BBC before 1927, see British Broadcasting Company and for a complete list of articles see BBC (index).) Today the BBC is the national publicly-funded broadcaster of... BBC in July[13] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3875277.stm), analysts estimate that at least 15,000 soldiers would be needed to put an end to the conflict.

On July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 161 days remaining. Events 1632 - 300 colonists bound for New France depart Dieppe, France. 1829 - In the United States, William Austin Burt patents the first typewriter. 1862 - American Civil War: Henry W... 23 July 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, the The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. Together, they compose the legislative branch of the United States government. Seal of the Senate Each state elects two senators through statewide elections. The Constitution of the United States... United States Senate and The House of Representatives is the larger of two houses that make up the U.S. Congress, the other being the United States Senate. Seal of the House of Representatives Members House of Representatives chamber Members of the House must be citizens of the United States, at least 25 years... House of Representatives passed a joint resolution declaring the armed conflict in the Sudanese region of This article is about the Darfur region of western Sudan. For information on the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur see Darfur conflict. For the city in Minnesota see Darfur, Minnesota. Darfur (shown in green) is in western Sudan. Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning home of the... Darfur to be Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. There is disagreement over whether the term genocide ought to be used for... genocide and calling on the George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and currently the 43rd President of the United States. He is a member of the Bush political family, the son of former President George H.W. Bush, and the brother of Jeb Bush the Governor of Florida. Order: 43rd... Bush administration to lead an international effort to put a stop to it.

On July 30 is the 211th day (212th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 154 days remaining. Events 1608 - At Ticonderoga (now Crown Point, New York), Samuel de Champlain shot two Iroquois chiefs to death. This was to set the tone for French-Iroquois relations for... 30 July, the United Nations gave the Sudanese government 30 days to disarm and bring to justice the Janjaweed, in A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. It is charged with maintaining peace and security between nations. While other organs of the UN only make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council has the power... UN Security Council Resolution 1556; if this deadline is not met in 30 days, it "expresses its intention to consider" sanctions.[14] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3940527.stm) The Flag of the League of Arab States The Arab League or League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية), is an organization of Arab states. It is similar to the Organization of American States, the Council... Arab League asked for a longer term and warned that Sudan must not become This article deals with the post-invasion period in Iraq and its occupation. For other uses of the term Iraq War, see Iraq war (disambiguation) Occupation zones in Iraq as of September 2003 . The post-invasion period in Iraq followed the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition led... another Iraq. Resolution 1556 also imposed an arms embargo on the Janjaweed and other militia. [15] (http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1084277288152)

From the Sudanese government's point of view, the conflict is simply a skirmish. The This page contains a list of presidents and other heads of state of Sudan. See also lists of incumbents. Sovereignty Council, 1956-1958 Abdel Fattah Muhammad al-Maghrabi Muhammad Ahmad Yasin Ahmad Muhammad Salih Muhammad Othman al-Dardiri Siricio Iro Wani Presidents of Sudan, 1958-1964 Ibrahim Abboud: 18 November... Sudanese president, Omar al-Bashir Lieutenant General Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir (born January 1, 1944) is the president of Sudan. Born in the small village of Hosh Bonnaga in 1944, al-Bashir joined the Sudanese Army at a young age and studied at a military academy in Cairo. He quickly rose... Omar Hassan al-Bashir, said, "The international concern over Darfur is actually a targeting of the Islamic state in Sudan." Sudan has warned Britain and the United States not to interfere in the internal affairs of the East African country saying it will reject any military aid, while asking for logistic support.

August 2004

Destroyed villages as 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... as of August 2004 (Source: DigitalGlobe, Inc. and Department of State via USAID)

In August 2004, the African Union sent 150 Rwanda is a country in central Africa. It is bordered by Uganda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. The indigenous population consists of three ethnic groups. The Hutus, who comprise the majority of the population, are farmers of Bantu origin. The Tutsis are a pastoral people who arrived... Rwandan troops in to protect the ceasefire monitors; however, "their mandate did not include the protection of civilians." [16] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3562096.stm) This page contains a list of presidents of Rwanda. See also lists of incumbents, list of Kings of Rwanda. Presidents of Rwanda, 1961-present Dominique Mbonyumutwa: 28 January - 26 October 1961 Grégoire Kayibanda: 26 October 1961 - 5 July 1973 Juvénal Habyarimana: 5 July 1973 - 6 April 1994 Th... Rwandan President Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the president of Rwanda, and was a founder of the Rwandese Patriotic Front and its military commander during the Rwandan Civil War and Rwandan Genocide. Early life Kagame was born in Gitarama in Western Rwanda on October 23, 1957. In 1959 an increasingly... Paul Kagame declared that "if it was established that the civilians are in danger then our forces will certainly intervene and use force to protect civilians"; however, such an effort would certainly take more than 150 troops. They were joined by 150 Nigerian troops later that month.[17] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3568766.stm)[18] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3580696.stm)

Peace talks, which had previously broken down in Addis Ababa (Amharic new flower) is the capital of Ethiopia. The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul and the city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II, and now has a population of approximately 2.3 million according to the 1994 census. The city lies at... Addis Ababa on July 17 is the 198th day (199th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 167 days remaining. Events 100-1899 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa, executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. 1762... July 17, were resumed on August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. Events 1300-1899 1305 - William Wallace was executed. 1328 - Battle of Kassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers 1566 - Calvinists are granted rights in the Netherlands 1614... August 23 in Categories: Africa geography stubs | Cities in Nigeria | Capitals in Africa ... Abuja. The talks reopened amid acrimony, with the SLA accusing the government of breaking promises[19] (http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-08-19-sudan-darfur_x.htm) that it made for the little-respected April ceasefire.

The UN's 30 day deadline expired on August 29 is the 241st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (242nd in leap years), with 124 days remaining. Events 1261 - Urban IV becomes Pope, the last man to do so without being a Cardinal first 1475 - Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between France and England... August 29, after which the A large number of international organizations and other bodies have a Secretary General or Secretary-General as their chief administrative officers or in other administrative capacities. International intergovernmental organizations The Andean Community (CAN) has a Secretary General. The Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) has a Secretary-General. The Commonwealth... Secretary General reported on the state of the conflict. According to him, the situation "has resulted in some improvements on the ground but remains limited overall". In particular, he notes that the Janjaweed militias remain armed and continue to attack civilians (contrary to Resolution 1556), and militia disarmament has been limited to a "planned" 30% reduction in one particular militia, the Popular Defense Forces. He also notes that the Sudanese government's commitments regarding their own armed forces have been only partially implemented, with refugees reporting several attacks involving government forces. [20] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/01_09_04darfursecurity.pdf) He concludes that:

and advises "a substantially increased international presence in Darfur" in order to "monitor" the conflict. However, he did not threaten or imply sanctions, which the UN had expressed its "intention to consider" in Resolution 1556.

September 2004

On September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). There are 113 days remaining. Events 1000 - Battle of Swold 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between the Habsburg Dukes Albert III and Leopold III 1513 - In the Battle of Flodden Field James IV... September 9, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, US Secretary of State Colin Luther Powell (pronounced Coe-lin, born April 5, 1937) was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving from January 20, 2001 to January 26, 2005 under President George W. Bush. Nominated by Bush on December 16, 2000 and unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate, Powell became the... Colin Powell declared to the US Senate that Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. There is disagreement over whether the term genocide ought to be used for... genocide was occurring in Darfur, for which he blamed the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed. This position was strongly rejected by the Sudanese foreign affairs minister, Najib Abdul Wahab. The The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization made up of 191 states established in 1945. With the notable exception of the Holy See/ Vatican City (which is the sole permanent observer state), all countries recognized by the CIA as first-level sovereign entities, are members. Other entities recognized... United Nations, like the The African Union (abbreviated AU), founded in July 2002, is the successor organisation to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Modelled after the European Union (but currently with powers closer to the Commonwealth of Nations), it aims to help promote democracy, human rights and development across Africa, especially by increasing... African Union and The European Union or EU is an intergovernmental organisation of European countries, which currently has 25 member states. The Union was established under that name by the Treaty on European Union (commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992. However, many aspects of the EU existed before that date through... European Union, have not declared the Darfur conflict to be an act of Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. There is disagreement over whether the term genocide ought to be used for... genocide. If it does constitute an act of genocide, International law deals with the relationships between states, or between persons or entities in different states. It sub-divides into public international law, and private international law. When used without an adjective, international law generally refers to public international law, and this article concentrates on that meaning. Traditionally, international law... international law is considered to allow other countries to intervene.

Tailor in Labuje IDP camp in Uganda An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who has been forced to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border. The term is a subset of the more general displaced person... IDP camp near Binomial name Tragelaphus angasii (Gray, 1849) The Nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) is a South African antelope. The male stands up to 3.5 feet (110 cm), the female is up to 3 feet tall. The male has loosely spiraled horns and a long fringe on throat and underparts, the female... Nyala, South Darfur

Also on September 9 is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years). There are 113 days remaining. Events 1000 - Battle of Swold 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between the Habsburg Dukes Albert III and Leopold III 1513 - In the Battle of Flodden Field James IV... September 9, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, the US put forward a UN draft resolution threatening Sudan with Sanctions is the plural of sanction (see also penalty). Below the specific use of the plural is discussed. Penalties, usually monetary fines, levied against a party to a legal action or his attorney, for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process. The most severe sanction is the... sanctions on its The history of the petroleum industry in North America began nearly simultaneously in Canada and the United States. Contents // Categories: Historical stubs | Petroleum ... oil industry. [21] (http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6226005) This was adopted, in modified form, on September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). There are 104 days remaining. Events 96 - Nerva elevated as Roman Emperor after Domitian was stabbed to death. 323 - Constantine the Great decisively defeats Licinius in the Battle of Chrysopolis, establishing Constantines sole control over the... September 18, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004 as Resolution 1564 (see below.)

On September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). There are 109 days remaining in the year. Events 533 - Belisarius and the Roman Empire defeat Gelimer and the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimium. 1440 - Gilles de Rais is taken into custody upon an accusation... September 13, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, WHO published a Darfur mortality survey, which was the first reliable indicator about deaths in Darfur. It reported that 6,000–10,000 people were dying each month in Darfur. Many were related to Diarrhea in American English, (spelled diarrhoea elsewhere) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent and watery bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage). This condition can be a symptom of injury, disease or foodborne illness and is usually accompanied by... diarrhoea, but the most significant cause of death was violent death for those aged 15–49. The Darfur mortality rates were significantly higher than the emergency threshold, and were from 3 to 6 times higher than the normal African death rates. [22] (http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1084277288152)

On September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). There are 104 days remaining. Events 96 - Nerva elevated as Roman Emperor after Domitian was stabbed to death. 323 - Constantine the Great decisively defeats Licinius in the Battle of Chrysopolis, establishing Constantines sole control over the... September 18, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, the A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. It is charged with maintaining peace and security between nations. While other organs of the UN only make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council has the power... United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1564, pressuring the Sudanese government to act urgently to improve the situation by threatening the possibility of oil sanctions in the event of continued noncompliance with Resolution 1556 or refusal to accept the expansion of The African Union (abbreviated AU), founded in July 2002, is the successor organisation to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Modelled after the European Union (but currently with powers closer to the Commonwealth of Nations), it aims to help promote democracy, human rights and development across Africa, especially by increasing... African Union peacekeepers.[23] (http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8191.doc.htm). Resolution 1564 also established an International Commission of Inquiry to look into human rights violations, and to determine whether genocide was occurring. [24] (http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1084277288152) In the wake of this resolution, the peacekeeper force was to be expanded to 4,500 troops.[25] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3748732.stm)

On September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 92 days remaining, as the final day of September. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1452 - First printed book, the Johann Gutenberg Bible. 1867 - United States takes control of... September 30, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004, during the first of three (Redirected from 2004 U.S. presidential election debates) The 2004 United States Presidential Election Debates were sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) and concluded October 13, nearly three weeks before election scheduled for November 2, 2004. They were the latest in a regular series of presidential debates first... U.S. presidential debates, Jim Lehrer Jim Lehrer (born May 19, 1934 in Wichita, Kansas) is the news anchor for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer on PBS. He attended middle school in Beaumont, Texas, and graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio, Texas, where he was one of the three sports editors... Jim Lehrer, the moderator, asked why neither candidates had discussed committing troops to Darfur. Senator John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Massachusetts. In 2004, he ran an unsuccessful bid for the presidency as the Democratic Partys nominee, losing to incumbent president George W. Bush. Early life and education Kerry was born at the Fitzsimons Army Hospital... John Kerry replied that "one of the reasons we can't do it is we're overextended," but agreed that he'd use American forces "to some degree to coalesce the African Union." George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and currently the 43rd President of the United States. He is a member of the Bush political family, the son of former President George H.W. Bush, and the brother of Jeb Bush the Governor of Florida. Order: 43rd... President Bush cited aid committed to the region and agreed that action should be taken through the African Union. Both candidates agreed that what was happening in Darfur was Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate actions leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. There is disagreement over whether the term genocide ought to be used for... genocide. WikiSource Transcript (http://wikisource.org/wiki/2004_U.S._Presidential_Debate_-_September_30#Question_15)

October 2004

On October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in Leap years). There are 77 days remaining. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Vandals. 1552 - Khanate of Kazan is conquered by troops of Ivan Grozny. 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII... October 15, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004 World Health Organisation official David Nabarro estimated that 70,000 people had died of disease and malnutrition in Darfur since March.

On October 17 is the 290th (in leap years the 291st) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. There are 75 days remaining. Events 1200-1899 1244 - Battle of La Forbie: Crusaders were defeated by Khwarezmians & Egyptians 1346 - Battle of Nevilles Cross: King David II of Scotland... October 17, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004 in a meeting between leaders of This article is about Libya, the country in North Africa. For the mythical character of the same name see: Libya (mythology). The Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or Libya (Arabic: ليبيا) is a country in North Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, located between Egypt... Libya, Sudan, The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt, The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a country in West Africa. It borders on Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, Niger in the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the south. Major cities include the capital Abuja, the former capital Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Port Harcourt... Nigeria and Chad, the idea of foreign intervention was rejected. They stated that they believe it to be a purely African matter. Egyptian presidency spokesman Magued Abdel Fattah said that the international community should, "provide Sudan with assistance to allow it to fulfil its obligations under UN resolutions (on Darfur) rather than putting pressure on it and issuing threats".

The United States transported Nigerian soldiers on October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 64 days remaining. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine the Great defeats the forces of Maxentius. Roman emperor Constantine converts himself and the empire to... October 28

The African Union had expected to have 3,000 additional troops in place in the region sometime in November, but cited lack of funds and 'logistical difficulties' in delaying this deployment, waiting on the AU's Peace and Security Council to meet on October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. Events 1700-1899 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony refuse to honour the Pragmatic Sanction and the War of the Austrian Succession... October 20 and decide on the expanded duties and numbers of the force. It was decided that these AU troops, from both Nigeria and Rwanda is a country in central Africa. It is bordered by Uganda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. The indigenous population consists of three ethnic groups. The Hutus, who comprise the majority of the population, are farmers of Bantu origin. The Tutsis are a pastoral people who arrived... Rwanda, will be deployed by October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. Events 1400-1899 1470 - Henry VI of England returns to the throne after Earl of Warwick defeats Yorkists in battle. 1831 - In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner... October 30.

The United Nations pledged $100 million dollars to support the force, about half of the $221 million cost to keep them deployed for a year. The The European Union or EU is an intergovernmental organisation of European countries, which currently has 25 member states. The Union was established under that name by the Treaty on European Union (commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992. However, many aspects of the EU existed before that date through... European Union mobilised the remainder, an additional Euro (disambiguation). The euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve of the twenty-five European Union member states. These twelve states, which form the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), are: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. It is... EUR 80 million on October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. Events 700-1899 740 - An earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death. 1640 - The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Scotland and Charles I of England... October 26 from their African Peace Facility to support the deployment and operations of the 3144-strong AU observer mission which will monitor the implementation of the cease-fire agreement. [26] (http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/1306&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)

Peace talks between Sudan and Darfur rebels were scheduled to resume on October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining. Events 600-1899 686 - Conon becomes Pope. 1600 - Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara, which marks the beginning of the Tokugawa... October 21 in Abuja, Nigeria. However, rebels showed up late and the talks did not begin until October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 67 days remaining. Events 732 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into... October 25. Two more rebel groups now want in on the negotiations, and an existing cease-fire agreement is considered shaky. The talks are still in progress, but a humanitarian agreement is expected to be hammered out during the course of the talks.

November 2004

On November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. Events 676 - Donus becomes Pope. 1772 - American Revolutionary War: Samuel Adams and Joseph Warren form the first Committee of Correspondence. 1783 - In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, US General George... November 2 the United Nations reports that Sudanese troops have raided the Abu Sharif and Otash refugee camps near Nyala is a city in the western part of Sudan. It was once the capital of the Sultanate of Fur. Categories: Africa geography stubs | Cities in Sudan ... Nyala in Darfur, moving a number of inhabitants and denying aid agencies access to the remaining inhabitants inside. [27] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3974289.stm). Meanwhile, the Categories: Africa geography stubs | Cities in Nigeria | Capitals in Africa ... Abuja talks continued, with attempts made to agree on a A no-fly zone is a territory over which aircraft (or unauthorized aircraft) are not permitted to fly. Such zones are usually set up in a military context, somewhat like a demilitarized zone in the sky. The most famous no-fly zones are the north and south Iraqi no-fly... no-fly zone over Darfur in addition to a truce on land and a disarmament of the militias.[28] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3985025.stm)

A third UN resolution is being considered, calling for a speedy end to the conflict.[29] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3987773.stm)

On November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. Events 694 - Hispano-Visigothic king Egica accuses Jews of aiding Moslems, and sentences all Jews to slavery. 1282 - Pope Martin IV excommunicates King Peter III of Aragon. 1492 - Peace... November 9 the Sudanese government and the two leading rebel groups, the The Justice and Equality Movement is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict. Along with other rebel groups such as the SLA, they are fighting against the government-supported Janjaweed militia. JEM espouses an Islamist ideology, and has been linked to Hassan al-Turabi, although leaders of the group... Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the The Sudan Liberation Army or SLA is a band of armed insurgents based in southern Sudan. They are comprised of members of the Albirigani tribe and led by a former army major Suf al-hichani bin Chad. Their numbers have declined significantly due to the continued attacks from the government... Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA), signed two accords aimed toward short-term progress in resolving the Darfur conflict. The first accord established a A no-fly zone is a territory over which aircraft (or unauthorized aircraft) are not permitted to fly. Such zones are usually set up in a military context, somewhat like a demilitarized zone in the sky. The most famous no-fly zones are the north and south Iraqi no-fly... no-fly zone over rebel-controlled areas of Darfur—a measure designed to end the Sudanese military's bombing of rebel villages in the region. The second accord granted international humanitarian aid agencies unrestricted access to the Darfur region. The accords were the product of The African Union (abbreviated AU), founded in July 2002, is the successor organisation to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Modelled after the European Union (but currently with powers closer to the Commonwealth of Nations), it aims to help promote democracy, human rights and development across Africa, especially by increasing... African-Union-sponsored peace talks in Categories: Africa geography stubs | Cities in Nigeria | Capitals in Africa ... Abuja that began October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 67 days remaining. Events 732 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into... October 25. Delegates stated that a later round of negotiations expected to begin in mid-December would work on a longer-term political accord. The talks may have produced the breakthrough accords because of a looming meeting of the UN Security Council, which many expected would have impose oil sanctions on the Sudanese government if progress had not been made. [30] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3996859.stm) [31] (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A38097-2004Nov9.html) [32] (http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/11/international/africa/11darfur.html)

Despite the November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. Events 694 - Hispano-Visigothic king Egica accuses Jews of aiding Moslems, and sentences all Jews to slavery. 1282 - Pope Martin IV excommunicates King Peter III of Aragon. 1492 - Peace... November 9 accords, violence in Sudan continued. On November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Ladislaus III of Poland (or Ulaszlo I of Hungary) are crushed by the Turks under Sultan Murad II and... November 10—one day after the accords—the Sudanese military conducted attacks on Darfur refugee villages in plain sight of UN and African Union observers. [33] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4000705.stm) [34] (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41010-2004Nov10.html) On November 22 is the 326th day (327th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 39 days remaining. Events 1700-1899 1718 - Off the coast of Virginia, English pirate Edward Teach (best known as Blackbeard) is killed in battle when a British boarding party cornered and... November 22, alleging that Janjaweed members had refused to pay for livestock in the town market of Tawila in Northern Darfur, rebels attacked the town's government-controlled police stations. The Sudanese military retaliated on November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. Events 1499 - Pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck is hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London. In 1497 he invaded England claiming to be the... November 23 by bombing the town. [35] (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8611-2004Nov23.html)

January 2005

The International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur hand their report to the Secretary General on January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 340 days remaining (341 in leap years). Events 1327 - Edward III becomes King of England. 1494 - Alfonso II becomes King of Naples. 1533 - Henry VIII of England secretly marries his second wife Anne Boleyn. 1554... January 25 [36] (http://www.un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf). The Commission found that the Government of the Sudan and the Janjaweed are responsible for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law amounting to crimes under international law, however the government of Sudan had not pursued a policy of genocide in Darfur. The Commission identified 51 individuals responsible for the violation of human rights and recommended immediate trial at the The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Note that International Criminal Court is sometimes initialized as ICCt... International Criminal Court.

March 2005

On March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in Leap years). There are 299 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 1798 - The French army enters in Rome: the birth of the Roman Republic 1799 - Napoleon I of France captures Jaffa in Palestine and... March 7, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan spoke the UN A session of the Security Council in progress The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ of the United Nations. It is charged with maintaining peace and security between nations. While other organs of the UN only make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council has the power... Security Council requesting that the Peacekeeping is a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. UN peacekeepers—soldiers and military officers, civilian police officers and civilian personnel from many countries—monitor and observe peace processes that emerge in post-conflict situations and assist ex-combatants to implement the... peacekeeping force in Darfur be increased to support the 2000 The African Union (abbreviated AU), founded in July 2002, is the successor organisation to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Modelled after the European Union (but currently with powers closer to the Commonwealth of Nations), it aims to help promote democracy, human rights and development across Africa, especially by increasing... African Union troops already deployed [37] (http://www.voanews.com/english/2005-03-04-voa62.cfm). A resolution for the deployment of an additional 10 000 peacekeepers has been delayed by the failure of the Security Council to agree on the mechanism to be used to try war criminals and the application and extent of sanctions [38] (http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/03/17/stalemate_delays_sudan_peacekeeping_troops/). A number of Security Council members want war criminals to be tried by the The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Note that International Criminal Court is sometimes initialized as ICCt... International Criminal Court, however the United States refused to support that proposition, an African run tribunal has been proposed as a countermeasure, proposals have been made for trials to be held in The United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania in Swahili) is a country on the east coast of central Africa. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda on the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique on... Tanzania and The Federal Republic of Nigeria is a country in West Africa. It borders on Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, Niger in the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the south. Major cities include the capital Abuja, the former capital Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Port Harcourt... Nigeria [39] (http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=535&ncid=535&e=13&u=/ap/20050317/ap_on_re_af/un_sudan_nigeria_1). The current resolution has also been criticized as it is unclear as to whether the peacekeepers will be deployed to Darfur or to monitor peace in the south of Sudan [40] (http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/03/17/stalemate_delays_sudan_peacekeeping_troops/). On March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in Leap years). There are 282 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 1603 - James I becomes King of England. 1765 - American Revolutionary War: The Kingdom of Great Britain passes the Quartering Act that requires the... March 24 a peacekeeping force was approved for to monitor peace in the south of Sudan, however the Security Council still remains deadlocked over Dafur [41] (http://www.voanews.com/english/2005-03-25-voa6.cfm).

On March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in Leap years). There are 277 days remaining. Events up to 19th century 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England. 1638 - Swedish... March 29 Security Council Resolution 1591 was passed 11-0 [42] (http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/RES/1593%20(2005)&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC). The Resolution strengthened the arms embargo and imposed an asset freeze and travel ban on those deemed responsible for the atrocities in Darfur, it was agreed that war criminals will be tried by the International Criminal Court [43] (http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/80fc145a4a03a65c12b6a7747d65c34c.htm) .

The United Nations released a new estimate of 180,000 who have died as a result of illness and malnutrition in the 18 months of the conflict. It has not attempted to estimate the number of violence-related deaths[44] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4349063.stm).

April 2005

On April 5, it was reported that the UN has given the ICC the names of 51 people suspected of participating in the genocide. The list may include high government officials of Sudan. The Sudanese Government has said it will not hand over the suspects.

The sealed list, presented to the International Criminal Court on Tuesday, was drawn up following an investigation by the UN into claims of killings, torture and rape committed by Government forces and militias in the Darfur region. Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, backed by huge protests against the UN in Sudan's capital of Khartoum, snubbed the UN resolution passed last week to bring the suspects to trial before the court, adding that he "shall never hand any Sudanese national to a foreign court".

Problems preventing outside intervention

There are two ways the international community can intervene. One is U.N. sanctions against the whole country in order to cut off the funds the Sudan government is using to finance the conflict. This however is not likely as the The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) comprises most of the cultural, historic, and geographic area known as China. Since its founding in 1949, it has been led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). It is the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.3... People's Republic of China, a country with a veto vote, is against the idea as it would hurt its energy needs. China is Sudan's largest trading partner and exports weapons to Sudan. The second method of intervening is to prosecute individuals. Unfortunately, this is also controversial. Most of the world communities want the suspects referred to the The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, as defined by several international agreements, most prominently the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Note that International Criminal Court is sometimes initialized as ICCt... International Criminal Court for immediate prosecution. However, the USA government is against this and has instead suggested setting up a tribunal in The United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania in Swahili) is a country on the east coast of central Africa. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda on the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique on... Tanzania which would eventually be able to put them on trial.

Origins of the conflict GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");