Part of a series on Calvinism (see also Portal)

John Calvin

Background Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Five Solas Synod of Dort Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Calvinism is a theological... From [1], in the public domain This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. ... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... “Augustinus” redirects here. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      For other uses, see Reformation (disambiguation). ... The Five Solas are five Latin phrases (or slogans) that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the Reformers basic beliefs and emphasis in contradistinction to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day. ... xxx cciiiox The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618/19, by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy in the Dutch churches initiated by the rise of Arminianism. ...

Distinctives Five Points (TULIP) Covenant Theology Regulative principle The Five points of Calvinism, sometimes called the doctrines of grace and remembered in the English-speaking world with the mnemonic TULIP, are a summary of the judgments (or canons) rendered by the Synod of Dordt reflecting the Calvinist understanding of the nature of divine grace and predestination as it... Covenant Theology is not to be confused with the Covenanters For Covenantal Theology in the Roman Catholic perspective, see Covenantal Theology (Roman Catholic). ... The regulative principle of worship is a Christian theological doctrine teaching that the public worship of God should include those and only those elements that are instituted, commanded, or appointed by command or example in the Bible; that God institutes in Scripture everything he requires for worship in the Church...

Documents Calvin's Institutes Confessions of faith Geneva Bible Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvins seminal work on Protestant theology. ... The Reformed churches express their consensus of faith in various creeds. ... The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. ...

Influences Theodore Beza John Knox Jonathan Edwards Princeton theologians To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other persons named John Knox, see John Knox (disambiguation). ... Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American Congregational preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. ... The Princeton theology is a tradition of conservative, Christian, Reformed and Presbyterian theology at Princeton Seminary, in Princeton, New Jersey. ...

Churches Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist -1... Presbyterianism is a form of church government which is most prevalent within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity. ... The name Reformed Baptist does not refer to a distinct Christian denomination, but instead is a description of the churchs theological leaning. ...

Peoples Afrikaner Calvinists Huguenots Pilgrims Puritans Scots Afrikaner Calvinism is, according to theory, a unique cultural development that combined the Calvinist religion with the political aspirations of the white Afrikaans speaking people of South Africa. ... In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name Huguenot was applied to a member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, historically known as the French Calvinists. ... Pilgrims is the name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts. ... A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was any person seeking purity of worship and doctrine, especially the parties that rejected the Reformation of the Church of England. ... “Scot” redirects here. ... This box: view • talk • edit

Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Protestantism encompasses the forms... Christianity percentage by country, purple is highest, orange is lowest Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch... Congregationalist church governance, often known as congregationalism, is a system of church governance in which every local congregation is independent. ... A congregation is the group of members who make up a local Christian church, Jewish synagogue, Mosque or other religious assembly. ...

Many Congregational churches claim their descent from the original Congregational Church, a family of Protestant denominations formed on a theory of excessively large penisesunion published by the theologian Robert Browne in 1592 and arising from the Nonconformist religious movement in England during the Puritan reformation. In Great Britain, the early congregationalists were called separatists or independents to distinguish themselves from the similarly Calvinistic Presbyterians, and some congregationalists there still call themselves "Independents". Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      A denomination, in the... The Brownists were followers of Robert Browne who was born at Tolethorpe Hall in Rutland, England in about 1550. ... A nonconformist is an English or Welsh Protestant of any non-Anglican denomination, chiefly advocating religious liberty. ... A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was any person seeking purity of worship and doctrine, especially the parties that rejected the Reformation of the Church of England. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Calvinism is a theological... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ...

Origins

According to the congregationalist theory of the history of the Christian Church, the early disciples of Jesus had little or no organization. Congregationalists believe that in the centuries after the Lord's ascent, attempts to gain influence over all the churches were made by leaders in centers like Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Byzantium, and Jerusalem. Typically, congregationalists view this supposed accumulation of power to be complete by the year 1000 AD, with the bishop of Rome claiming authority over all Christendom, and many churches throughout the western part of Europe submitted to his authority. The churches of eastern Europe, all of Asia, and Egypt likewise had been gathered under a hierarchy of bishops, but retained their independence from the pope, according to this view. Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Antakya. ... Nickname: Alexandria on the map of Egypt Map of Alexandria Coordinates: , Country Egypt Founded 334 BC Government  - Governor Adel Labib Population (2001)  - City 3,500,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2)  - Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Twin Cities  - Baltimore  United States  - Cleveland  United States  - ConstanÅ£a  Romania  - Durban  South Africa... Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city, which, according to legend, was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Βύζας or Βύζαντας in Greek). ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ...

Congregationalists sympathetically interpret various dissident movements among the western churches, that were suppressed throughout the Middle Ages. By the sixteenth century, political and cultural changes had created a climate in which the Roman church could no longer suppress the protests of men such as Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, John Hus, Martin Luther, and John Calvin against alleged church abuses. These reformers advocated a return to the simplicity and sincerity they saw described in the New Testament Church, which congregationalists believe is fulfilled in the congregationalist model of church governance. Peter Waldo was the founder of a radical ascetic Christian movement in 12th-century France. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Jan Hus (1369 Husinec, Southern Bohemia – July 6, 1415 Constance) was a religious thinker and reformer. ... Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. ... Criticism of the Catholic Church subsumes critical observations made about the current or historical Catholic Church, in its actions, omissions, structure, or nature; theological disagreements would be covered on a denominational basis. ...

There are difficulties in identifying a specific beginning because Congregationalism is more easily identified as a movement than a single denomination, given its distinguishing commitment to the complete autonomy of the local congregation. The idea that each distinct congregation fully constitutes the visible Church can, however, be traced to John Wyclif and the Lollard movement which followed after Wyclif was removed from teaching authority in the Roman Catholic Church. The early Congregationalists shared with Anabaptist theology the ideal of a pure church, which made adult conversion experience important for full membership in the church, unlike other Reformed churches. As such, the Congregationalists were a reciprocal influence on the Baptists, differing from them in that they counted the children of believers in some sense members of the church unlike the Baptists, because of baptism. Wycliffe may also refer to Wycliffe Bible Translators John Wyclif (also Wycliffe or Wycliff) (c. ... Lollardy or Lollardry was the political and religious movement of the Lollards in late 14th century and early 15th century England. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic... Anabaptists (Greek ανα (again) +βαπτιζω (baptize), thus, re-baptizers[1], German: Wiedertäufer) are Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... -1... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging... Baptism in early Christian art. ...

In England, the Roman system of church government was taken over by the king, who declared himself to be the head of the Church. Robert Browne, Henry Barrow, John Greenwood, John Penry, William Brewster, and John Robinson were notable people who, in defiance of royal command, established churches separate from the Church of England. With the demise of the monarchy, the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646) was officially declared the statement of faith for both the Church of England (Anglican) and Church of Scotland (Presbyterian). The Congregationalists created their own version of the Westminster Confession called the Savoy Declaration in 1658. The underground churches in England and exiles from Holland provided about 35 out of the 102 passengers on the 'Mayflower', which sailed from London in July 1620. They became known in history as the Pilgrim Fathers. The early Congregationalists sought to separate themselves from the Anglican church in every possible way and even forwent having church buildings. They met in one another's homes for many years. Some Congregational churches even incorporated Unitarianism. The Church of England logo since 1998 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church[1] in England, and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion, as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Henry Barrow (1550—1593), English Puritan and Separatist, was born about 1550, near Norfolk, of a family related by marriage to the lord keeper Bacon, and probably to Aylmer, Bishop of London. ... see also 1. ... John Penry (1559 - May 29, 1593), is Waless most famous Protestant martyr. ... Signing of the Mayflower Compact Elder William Brewster (c. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Westminster Confession of Faith is a Reformed confession of faith, in the Calvinist theological tradition. ... The Savoy Declaration is a modification of the Westminster Confession. ... Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall (1882) The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the Pilgrims from Plymouth, England, to Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts (United States), in 1620. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

United States

The Pilgrims sought to establish at Plymouth Colony a Christian fellowship like that which gathered around Jesus Himself. Congregationalists include the Pilgrims of Plymouth, and the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which were organized in union by The Cambridge Platform in 1648. These settlers had John Cotton as their most influential leader, beginning in 1633. Cotton's writings persuaded the Calvinist theologian John Owen to separate from the Presbyterian church, after which he, among others, became very influential in the development of Congregationalist theology and ideas of church government. Jonathan Edwards, considered by some to be the most important theologian ever produced in America, was also a Congregationalist. Pilgrims is the name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts. ... Seal of Plymouth Colony Map of Plymouth Colony showing town locations Capital Plymouth Language(s) English Religion Puritan, Separatist Government Monarchy Legislature General Court History  - Established 1620  - First Thanksgiving 1621  - Pequot War 1637  - King Philips War 1675–1676  - Part of the Dominion of New England 1686–1688  - Disestablished 1691... Pilgrims is the name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts. ... Seal of Plymouth Colony Map of Plymouth Colony showing town locations Capital Plymouth Language(s) English Religion Puritan, Separatist Government Monarchy Legislature General Court History  - Established 1620  - First Thanksgiving 1621  - Pequot War 1637  - King Philips War 1675–1676  - Part of the Dominion of New England 1686–1688  - Disestablished 1691... A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was any person seeking purity of worship and doctrine, especially the parties that rejected the Reformation of the Church of England. ... A map of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Capital Charlestown, Boston History  - Established 1629  - New England Confederation 1643  - Dominion of New England 1686  - Province of Massachusetts Bay 1692  - Disestablished 1692 The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it) was an English settlement on... The Cambridge Platform is a platform for religious freedom in Colonial America. ... John Cotton (1585–1652) The Reverend John Cotton (December 4, 1585 – December 23, 1652) was a highly regarded principal among the New England Puritan ministers, who also included John Winthrop, Thomas Hooker, Increase Mather (who became his son-in-law), John Davenport, and Thomas Shepard. ... Events February 13 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Calvinism is a theological... John Owen John Owen (1616 - August 24, 1683) was an English Nonconformist church leader and theologian. ... Presbyterianism is a form of church government which is most prevalent within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity. ... Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American Congregational preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. ...

The history of Congregational churches in the United States is closely intertwined with that of American Presbyterianism, especially in New England where Congregationalist influence spilled over into the Presbyterian churches farther west. Some of the first colleges and universities in America, including Harvard, Yale, Dartmouth, Williams, Bowdoin, Middlebury, and Amherst, all were founded by the Congregationalists, as were later Carleton, Grinnell, Oberlin, and Pomona. Presbyterianism is a form of church government which is most prevalent within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... “Yale” redirects here. ... Dartmouth College is a private, coeducational university located in Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States. ... Williams College is a private liberal arts college located in Williamstown, Massachusetts. ... Bowdoin College, founded in 1794, is a private liberal arts college located in the coastal New England town of Brunswick, Maine. ... Middlebury College is a small, private liberal arts college located in the rural town of Middlebury, Vermont, United States. ... Amherst College is a private, independent, elite[1][2] liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. It is the third oldest college in Massachusetts. ... Skinner Memorial Chapel, Carleton College Carleton College is an independent, non-sectarian, coeducational liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota, USA. The school was founded on November 14, 1866, by the Minnesota Conference of Congregational Churches as Northfield College. ... Grinnell College is a private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, United States with a strong social justice tradition. ... Oberlin College is a small, selective liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio, in the United States. ... The Smith Campus Center Fountain at Pomona College during the inauguration of College President David Oxtoby Pomona College is a private residential liberal arts college located 33 miles (53 km) east of downtown Los Angeles in Claremont, California. ...

Without higher courts to ensure doctrinal uniformity among the congregations, Congregationalists have been more diverse than other Reformed churches. Despite the efforts of Calvinists to maintain the dominance of their system, some Congregational churches, especially in the older settlements of New England, gradually developed sentiments toward Arminianism, Unitarianism, Deism, and transcendentalism. By the 1750s, several Congregational preachers were teaching the possibility of universal salvation, an issue that caused considerable conflict among its adherents on the one side and hard-line Calvinists and sympathizers of the First Great Awakening on the other. The first Unitarian church in America was established in Boston, Massachusetts in 1785 (although in a former Anglican parish) and by 1800, all but one Congregational church in Boston had Unitarian preachers teaching the strict unity of God, the subordinate nature of Christ, and salvation by character. Harvard University, founded by Congregationalists, itself became a source of Unitarian training. Eventually, the Unitarian churches, prompted by a controversy over a theological appointment to Harvard, separated from Congregationalism in 1825; most of its descendants now hold membership in the Unitarian Universalist Association, founded in the 1960s by a merger with the theologically-similar Universalists, another group dissenting from Calvinist orthodoxy. The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... For the Armenian nationality, see Armenia or the Armenian language. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Unitarianism is the belief... For other uses, see Ceremonial deism. ... Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early-to mid-19th century. ... Scientific navigation is developed The Seven Years War (1756-1763) fought between two rival alliances: the first consisting of the Kingdom of Great Britain, Hanover, and Prussia; the second consisting of Austria, France, Imperial Russia, Saxony, and Sweden. ... Universalism refers to any concept or doctrine that applies to all persons and/or all things for all times and in all situations. ... The First Great Awakening is name sometimes given to a period of heightened religious activity, primarily in the northeastern US during the 1730s and 1740s. ... Historic Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God as opposed to traditional Christian belief in the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). ... Nickname: Location in Massachusetts, USA Coordinates: , Country United States State Massachusetts County Suffolk County Settled 1630 Incorporated (city) 1822 Government  - Mayor Thomas M. Menino (D) Area  - City  89. ... 1785 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... // ON MAY 5 1853 MR.FADER HAD SEX WITH A MAN NAME MR WIEN THEN THEY HAD SON NAMEDMRS COTURE AND MR MANOOGIAN WENT INTO MRS HASKELLS OFFICE NAKED AND DANCED AROUND AND MASTERBATED ON HER CHEST AND SHE LICKED IT OFF THEN THEY HAD ORAL SEEX WITH NAPLOEAN OF... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      Nontrinitarianism refers to Christian... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA), in full the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations in North America, is a liberal religious association of Unitarian Universalist congregations formed by the consolidation in 1961 of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... Universalism may refer to: In comparative religion, universalism is the belief that all religions are equal roads to heaven, although the adherent may chose only one or a few religions for his/her/its primary focus. ...

Thus, the Congregational churches were at the same time the first example of the American theocratic ideal (and subsequent evangelicalism) and also the seed-bed from which American liberal religion and society arose. Even still, many Congregationalists in the several successor denominations to the original tradition consider themselves to be Reformed first, whether of traditional or neo-orthodox persuasion. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The word evangelicalism often refers to... The Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Zwinglian or Calvinist system of doctrine but organizationally independent. ... Neo-orthodoxy is an approach to theology that was developed in the aftermath of the First World War (1914-1918). ...

In 1931 the Congregational Churches and the General Convention of the Christian Church, a body from the Restoration Movement tradition of the early 19th century, merged to form the Congregational Christian Churches. The Congregationalists were used to a more formal, less evangelistic form of worship than the Christian Church members, who mostly came from rural areas of the South and the Midwest. Both groups, however, held to local autonomy and eschewed binding creedal authority. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      This article is about the Stone... Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation indepedently and autonomously runs its own affairs. ... The U.S. Southern states or the South, also known colloquially as Dixie, constitute a distinctive region covering a large portion of the United States, with its own unique heritage, historical perspective, customs, musical styles, and cuisine. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ...

Later mergers with other groups

Australia

In 1977, most congregations of the Congregational Union of Australia merged with most of the Methodist Church of Australasia and the Presbyterian Church of Australia to form the Uniting Church in Australia. Those congregations that did not join the Uniting Church formed the Fellowship of Congregational Churches. Some more ecumenically minded congregations left the Federation of Congregational Churches in 1995 and formed the Congregational Federation of Australia. Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... The Congregational Union of Australia was a congregational denomination in Australia. ... The Methodist Church of Australiasia was a Methodist denomination based in Australia. ... The Presbyterian Church of Australia is the largest Presbyterian denomination in Australia. ... Logo of the UCA The Uniting Church in Australia (UCA) was formed on June 22, 1977 when the Methodist Church of Australasia, Presbyterian Church of Australia and Congregational Union of Australia came together under the Basis of Union document. ... The Fellowship of Congregational Churches is a conservative congregational denomination in Australia. ... Christian ecumenism is the promotion of unity or cooperation between distinct religious groups or denominations of the Christian religion, more or less broadly defined. ... The Congregational Federation of Australia is congregational demonination comprising of fourteen congregations in New South Wales and Queensland. ...

Canada

In 1925, the United Church of Canada was founded by the merger of the Canadian Congregationalist and Methodist churches, and two-thirds of the congregations of the Presbyterian Church of Canada (or in French, Église Presbyterienne du Canada). In 1988, a number of UCC congregations separated from the national church, which had approved the ordination of gay and lesbian ministers who were not celibate. Many of the former UCC congregations banded together as the new Congregational Christian Churches in Canada. Year 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The United Church of Canada (French: lÉglise Unie du Canada) is Canadas second largest church (after the Roman Catholic Church), and its largest Protestant denomination. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      For school of ancient Greek medicine... The current Presbyterian Church in Canada was formed in 1925. ...

Ireland

The Congregational Union of Ireland was founded in the early 1800s and currently has 29 member churches.

United Kingdom

In 1972, about three quarters of English Congregational churches merged with the Presbyterian Church of England to form the United Reformed Church (URC). However about six hundred Congregational churches have continued in their historic independent tradition. Under the Act of Parliament that authorised the merger between what had become by then the Congregational Church of England and Wales and the Presbyterian Church of England, certain assets were divided between the various parties. Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... Logo of The United Reformed Church The United Reformed Church (URC) is a Christian denomination (church) in the United Kingdom. ...

In England there are three main groups of continuing Congregationalists. These are the Congregational Federation, which has offices in Nottingham, the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches, and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches, or are unaffiliated. The Congregational Federation is a Federation (or Association or Union) of independent Congregational churches in England, Scotland and Wales. ... The Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches (EFCC) is an association of around 125 independent local churches in the UK, each practicing congregationalist church governance. ... The Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches (FIEC) is an organisation linking independent, evangelical churches in the United Kingdom. ...

In 1981, the URC merged with the Re-formed Association of Churches of Christ and, in 2000, just over half of the churches in the Congregational Union of Scotland also joined the URC. The remainder of Congregational churches in Scotland joined the Congregational Federation. Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Logo of The United Reformed Church The United Reformed Church (URC) is a Christian denomination (church) in the United Kingdom. ...

Wales traditionally is the part of Europe which has the largest share of Congregationalists among the population, most Congregationalists being members of Undeb yr Annibynwyr Cymraeg (the Union of Welsh Independents), which is particularly important in Carmarthenshire and Brecknockshire. Among its leaders up to the end of the 20th century was R Tudur Jones. This article is about the country. ... Carmarthenshire (Welsh: ) is a one of thirteen historic counties and a principal area in Wales. ... Brecknockshire (Welsh: ), also known as Breconshire, or the County of Brecon is one of thirteen historic counties of Wales, and a former administrative county. ... R. Tudur Jones R. Tudur Jones (1921-1998) was a Welsh Nationalist and a Protestant Christian. ...

The Congregational Federation, Undeb yr Annibynwyr Cymraeg, and the URC enjoy good relations and share certain aspects of church life together including their joint involvement in the Council for World Mission. The Council for World Mission (CWM) is a worldwide community of Christian churches. ...

United States

In the early 20th century, some Congregational (later Congregational Christian) churches took exception to the beginnings of a growth of authority in bodies outside the local church, such as mission societies, national committees, and state conferences. Also, some congregations opposed liberalizing influences that appeared to mitigate traditional views of sin and subsequent corollary doctrines such as the substitutionary atonement of Jesus. In 1948, some adherents of these two streams of thought started a new fellowship, the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, the first major fellowship to organize outside of the mainstream Congregational body since 1825, when the Unitarians formally founded their own body. Substitutionary atonement is the act of restoring balances by substitution. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, known as the CCCC or 4Cs, is an evangelical Christian denomination organized in 1948 by churches of the old Congregational Christian Conference who wanted to preserve the historic Christian faith. ... Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 (MDCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1957, the General Council of Congregational Christian Churches in the U.S. merged with the Evangelical and Reformed Church to form the United Church of Christ. Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... The Evangelical and Reformed Church was an American Protestant denomination formed by the merger (1934) of the Reformed Church in the United States and the Evangelical Synod of North America. ... Disambiguation: This article is about the United States denomination known as United Church of Christ. ...

More than 90% of the CC congregations affiliated with the General Council joined the United Church of Christ. However, some local churches abstained from the merger. Most of these congregations became members of either the CCCC (mentioned above) or the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches, which came into being as a result of failed protest efforts against the UCC merger, the arguments for which revolved around governance concerns rather than theology; Congregational Christian-heritage churches of all theological persuasions belong to this group, much like the UCC. Still other congregations, not many in number, chose not to affiliate with any particular association of churches, or only with regional or local ones. National Association of Congregational Christian Churches (NACCC) is an association of about 400 churches that is organized according to Congregational church governance. ...

Mission

The London Missionary Society was effectively the world mission arm of British Congregationalists - it sponsored missionaries including Eric Liddell and David Livingstone. The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ... Eric Henry Liddell, circa 1923. ... David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 4 May 1873) was a Scottish Presbyterian pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in central Africa. ...

As thinking developed, particularly in the context of decolonisation, and churches wanted to recognise the gifts of people of the South, the London Missionary Society transformed into the Council for World Mission - an organisation in which the United Reformed Church is no more important than the Church of South India (for example). The Council for World Mission (CWM) is a worldwide community of Christian churches. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Notable Independents and Congregationalists

• Matt Hammett - founder of Flood Congregationalist Church in San Diego, CA
• Lady Mary Abney - benefactor to Isaac Watts
• Samuel Adams - Early American statesman
• James Burrill Angell - longest-serving president of the University of Michigan
• Benjamin E. Bates - philanthropist, founder of Bates College
• Henry Ward Beecher - clergyman and social reformer
• Margaret Benn - first President of the Congregational Federation
• Thomas Binney - the Archbishop of Nonconformity
• Jonathan Blanchard - pastor, educator, social reformer, abolitionist and the first president of Wheaton College.
• Margaret Bondfield - first female Cabinet Minister in the UK
• William Bradford - Pilgrim father and Governor of Plymouth Colony
• William Brewster - clergyman and Pilgrim father
• Aaron Buzacott - missionary and translator in the South Seas
• George Caird - theologian
• Rev George Collison - theologian and educationalist, active in London Missionary Society
• George Collison - son of the above, same name, principal founder of the Congregationalists' non-denominational Abney Park Cemetery
• Constance Coltman - first woman ordained by the Congregational Union of England and Wales (1917)
• John Campbell - London pastor
• Calvin Coolidge - 30th President of the United States
• John Cotton - clergyman
• John Curwen - clergyman and music pedagogue
• Francis Crick - Biologist
• Oliver Cromwell - English military leader, politician, and dictator
• Walt Disney - animator & entertainment media mogul
• Philip Doddridge - hymn-writer
• Jonathan Edwards - theologian and president of the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University
• William Ellis - early missionary to South Sea Islands and notable ethnographic author
• Rev. Alexander Fletcher - pioneer of children's services and religious events
• Thomas Hooker - clergyman and founder of Connecticut
• Hubert Humphrey - Vice-President of the United States, 1963-69
• Amy Klobuchar - U.S. Senator from Minnesota
• Eric Liddell - Olympic runner, missionary, focus of film 'Chariots of Fire'
• David Livingstone - missionary and explorer
• Dr. Martyn Lloyd-Jones - expository preacher and leader in the British evangelical movement
• John Lothropp - clergyman
• John Marsh - theologian
• Cotton Mather - clergyman
• Increase Mather - clergyman
• Rev Dr Medhurst - Translator of the Bible into its first Chinese edition
• John Milton - poet
• Nathaniel Micklem - theologian
• Dwight Lyman Moody - 19th century evangelist, founder of the Northfield Schools and the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago, President of the Young Men's Christian Association, President of Christian Endeavor
• Paul Moon - History professor and author
• John Morison - London pastor, and editor of 'The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle'
• Samuel Morley - manufacturer, philanthropist, abolitionist, educationalist and English MP
• John Owen - clergyman
• James Pierpont - founder of Yale
• Henry Richard - Secretary of the Peace Society and Welsh MP
• Sir Charles Reed - educationalist, politician, open space campaigner, reformer and typesetter
• Erik Routley - organist and hymn-writer
• Samuel Ryder - originator of golf's Ryder Cup and garden-seed entrepreneur
• James Sherman (minister) - popular 19th century preacher and abolitionist in London
• Roger Sherman - Founding Father of the United States and Deacon in Congregational Church New Milford, CT
• Solomon Stoddard - clergyman
• Harriet Beecher Stowe - abolitionist, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin
• Reuben Archer Torrey - evangelist and educator
• Samuel Ringgold Ward - African-American theologian and abolitionist
• Isaac Watts - hymn-writer, theologian and educationalist
• John Williams - early missionary for the London Missionary Society

Matt Hammett is the pastor of Flood, a San Diego church that began in 2000. ... Mary Abney (née Gunston) (1676- January 12th 1750), inherited the Manor of Stoke Newington in the eartly 1700s, which lies about five miles north of St Pauls Cathedral in the City of London and had been granted by the Cathedral to a succession of private owners since the... Isaac Watts (July 17, 1674 – November 25, 1748) is recognised as the Father of English Hymnody, as he was the first prolific and popular English hymnwriter, credited with some 750 hymns. ... For other uses, see Samuel Adams (disambiguation). ... James Burrill Angell (born January 7, 1829 near Scituate, Rhode Island-died April 1, 1916, Ann Arbor, Michigan) was president of the University of Michigan (1871-1909). ... The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, U-M or simply Michigan) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Michigan, and one of the foremost universities in the United States. ... Benjamin Edward Bates (1808-1878) was a New England industrialist, who was the namesake and a founder of Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. ... Bates College is a private liberal arts college, founded in 1855 by abolitionists, located in Lewiston, Maine, in the United States. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Margaret Benn (née Eadie) (1897-1991), also known as Viscountess Stansgate, was the mother of the English Labour politician Tony Benn, a dedicated theologian, President of the Congregational Federation, and an advocate of womens rights. ... The Congregational Federation is a Federation (or Association or Union) of independent Congregational churches in England, Scotland and Wales. ... Thomas Binney (1798-1874), English Congregationalist divine, was born of Presbyterian parents at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1798, and educated at an ordinary day school. ... Jonathan Blanchard (1738–1788) was an American statesman who was a delegate for New Hampshire to the Continental Congress in 1784. ... Wheaton College is a private Evangelical Protestant, coeducational, liberal arts college in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb 25 miles west of Chicago in the United States. ... Margaret Grace Bondfield (17th March, 1873-16th June, 1953), an English politician and feminist was born in Chard, Somerset, the eleventh child of Anne Taylor and William Bondfield, a textiles worker with left-wing views. ... There is more than one person sharing this name. ... Several notable persons were named William Brewster: William Brewster (Pilgrim) (1567-1644), Pilgrim and Mayflower passenger William Brewster (ornithologist) (1851-1919), ornithologist This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Rev. ... The Rev. ... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ... The Rev. ... Abney Park Cemetery—every turn of the path reveals a new and unique landscape (September 2005). ... Constance Coltman was the first woman ordained by the Congregational Union of England and Wales when she was ordained in 1917. ... Rev Dr John Campbell 1795-1867 was a Congregationalist divine, and minister at Whitefields Tabernacle in London. ... John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. ... For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... John Cotton (1585–1652) The Reverend John Cotton (December 4, 1585 – December 23, 1652) was a highly regarded principal among the New England Puritan ministers, who also included John Winthrop, Thomas Hooker, Increase Mather (who became his son-in-law), John Davenport, and Thomas Shepard. ... John Curwen (1816-1880) was an English Congregationalist minister, and founder of the Tonic Sol-fa system of musical teaching. ... Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, physicist, and neuroscientist, who is most noted for being one of the co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953. ... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England, Scotland and Ireland into a republican Commonwealth and for the brutal war exercised in his conquest of Ireland. ... For the company founded by Disney, see The Walt Disney Company. ... There is more than one Philip Doddridge important to history: Philip Doddridge (Nonconformist) Philip Doddridge (Virginia) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American Congregational preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. ... William Ellis magnificently carved hip tomb at the Congregationalists pioneering non-denominational place of rest, Abney Park Cemetery , April 2006 William Ellis (1794-1872) was a missionary and author. ... memorial to Dr Fletcher erected by his congregation at Abney Park Cemetery, London The Rev. ... Hookers Company reach the Connecticut, publishers: Estes & Lauriat, 1879 Thomas Hooker (July 5, 1586 – July 7, 1647) was a prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader remembered as one of the founders of the Colony of Connecticut. ... Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr. ... Amy Jean Klobuchar (pronounced KLOH-buh-shar) (born May 25, 1960) is the junior United States Senator from Minnesota. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ... Eric Henry Liddell, circa 1923. ... David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 4 May 1873) was a Scottish Presbyterian pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and explorer in central Africa. ... David Martyn Lloyd-Jones (December 20, 1899 – March 1, 1981) was a Protestant Christian who headed much of the evangelical movement of the 20th century. ... John Lothropp[1] (born Etton, Yorkshire, 1584; died 1653) was an English Anglican clergyman, who became a Congregationalist minister and emigrant to New England. ... Cotton Mather (February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728). ... The Reverend Increase Mather (June 21, 1639 – August 23, 1723) was a major figure in the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay (now the Federal state of Massachusetts). ... Walter Henry Medhurst (Chinese: 麥都思, 1796-1857), English Congregationalist missionary to China, was born in London and educated at St Pauls school. ... For other persons named John Milton, see John Milton (disambiguation). ... Dwight Lyman Moody (February 5, 1837 - December 22, 1899), also known as D.L. Moody, was an American evangelist and publisher who founded the Moody Church, Northfield Schools in Massachusetts, the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Press. ... Paul Moon (b. ... Rev. ... Disent - a Vanity Fair caricature of Samuel Morley Samuel Morley MP, 15th October 1809 - 5th September 1886, was an English woollen manufacturer, philanthropist, dissenter (Congregationalist), abolitionist, political radical, and statesman. ... John Owen John Owen (1616 - August 24, 1683) was an English Nonconformist church leader and theologian. ... Rev. ... Henry Richard (April 3, 1812 - August 20, 1888), Welsh politician, was the son of the Rev. ... Sir Charles Reed MP Sir Charles Reed FSA (1819–1881) was a British politician who served as Member of Parliament for Hackney and St Ives), Chairman of the London School Board, Director and Trustee of the original Abney Park Cemetery Company, Chairman of the Bunhill Fields Preservation Committee, associate of... Erik Routley ( October 31, 1917– October 8, 1982) was an English Congregational minister, composer and musicologist. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... The Ryder Cup is a golf trophy contested biennially in an event called the Ryder Cup Matches by teams from Europe and the United States. ... The Rev. ... Shermans marble statute in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol. ... Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy. ... Deacon is a role in the Christian Church which is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. ... Reverend Solomon Stoddard (September 27, 1643 - February 11, 1728/9) was the American colonial minister who succeeded Rev. ... Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was a white American abolitionist and novelist, whose Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) attacked the cruelty of slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential, even in Britain. ... Uncle Toms Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly, is American author Harriet Beecher Stowes fictional anti-slavery novel. ... Reuben Archer Torrey(1856-1928), American evangelist, was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on 28 January 1856. ... Samuel Ward Samuel Ringgold Ward (October 17, 1817 – c. ... Isaac Watts (July 17, 1674 – November 25, 1748) is recognised as the Father of English Hymnody, as he was the first prolific and popular English hymnwriter, credited with some 750 hymns. ... John Williams (1796–1839) was an English lay missionary, active in the South Pacific. ... The London Missionary Society was a non-denominational missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and Nonconformists, largely Congregationalist in outlook, with missions in the islands of the South Pacific and Africa. ...

References

• McConnell, Michael W. "Establishment and Disestablishment at the Founding, Part I: Establishment of Religion" William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 44, 2003 pp 2105+

External links

• Video: Dialogue between the national leaders of the United Church of Christ (UCC) and the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA)

Congregational/Independent:

• Congregational Christian Churches in Canada
• Congregational Federation (UK)
• Congregational Federation in Scotland (UK)
• Congregational Federation of Australia
• Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (USA)
• Evangelical Congregational Church (USA)
• Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches (UK)
• Fellowship of Congregational Churches (Australia)
• International Congregational Fellowship
• National Association of Congregational Christian Churches (USA)
• Union of Welsh Independents/Undeb yr Annibynwyr Cymraeg
• United Congregational Church of Southern Africa
• World Alliance of Reformed Churches
• World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship

Congregational Churches:

• First Congregational Church of Fall River, Massachusetts

United Churches:

• United Church of Canada
• United Church of Christ (USA)
• United Reformed Church (UK)
• Uniting Church in Australia

Historic Congregational/Independent Burial Grounds and Cemeteries:

• Abney Park Cemetery
• Bunhill Fields

Notable Congregationalists:

• Francis Crick talking about his time as a Congregationalist on Peoples Archive