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As an abstract term, congruence means similarity between objects. Congruence, as opposed to equivalence or approximation, is a relation which implies a kind of equivalence, though not complete equivalence. Abstraction is the process of reducing the information content of a concept, typically in order to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. ...
Several equivalence relations in mathematics are called similarity. ...
In philosophy, an object is a thing, an entity, or a being. ...
In mathematics, an equivalence relation on a set X is a binary relation on X that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, i. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with estimation. ...
Look up Relation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary In mathematics, a relation is a generalization of arithmetic relations, such as = and <, which occur in statements, such as 5 < 6 or 2 + 2 = 4. See relation (mathematics), binary relation (of set theory and logic) and relational algebra. ...
In mathematics, congruence is formally represented by a tilde over an equal sign  , whereas approximation is represented by the double-tilde  . In both cases, the single tilde (~) may sometimes be used as a substitute (which may cause confusion due to its usage in logic and computer programming languages for representing negation). Congruence modulo n is usually denoted "≡" (see congruence relation for an example). Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, known today as the father of geometry; shown here in a detail of The School of Athens by Raphael. ...
A tilde. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with estimation. ...
The tilde is a grapheme which has several uses, described below. ...
Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) is the study of criteria for the evaluation of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers. ...
A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. ...
Negation (i. ...
Modular arithmetic (sometimes called modulo arithmetic) is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers wrap around after they reach a certain value — the modulus. ...
In mathematics and especially in abstract algebra, a congruence relation or simply congruence is an equivalence relation that is compatible with some algebraic operation(s). ...
- In arithmetic, algebra and encryption, congruence refers to a congruence relation.
- In euclidean geometry, congruence refers to the equivalence of shapes. See congruence (geometry).
- In the theory of smooth manifolds, especially in the context of general relativity, Congruence (general relativity) refers to the integral curves defined by a vector field.
- In psychology and NLP, congruence could be defined as rapport within oneself, or internal and external consistency, perceived by others as sincerity or certainty.
- An alternative definition of congruence in the work of Virginia Satir, one of the sources of NLP, is the balance between self, other and context.
- In cladistics, congruence is a test of homology, or shared, derived character states, in which the distributions of supposed homologies among taxa are compared for consistency.
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