Mature female European Black Pine cone

Male cones of a pine

A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures. The familiar woody cone is the female cone, which produces seeds. The male cones, which produce pollen, are usually herbaceous and much less conspicuous even at full maturity. The name "cone" derives from the fact that the shape in some species resembles a geometric cone. The individual plates of a cone are known as scales. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (612x726, 176 KB) Pinus nigra open cone. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (612x726, 176 KB) Pinus nigra open cone. ... Download high resolution version (661x1144, 243 KB)cam-cordered myself File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (661x1144, 243 KB)cam-cordered myself File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Pinguicula grandiflora commonly known as a Butterwort Example of a cross section of a stem [1] Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... A strobilus (plural strobili) is an organ of many plants that contains the reproductive structures. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † “Conifer” redirects here. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Close-up of an Echinopsis spachiana flower, showing both carpels (only the styles and stigmas are visible) and stamens, making it a complete flower. ... This writeup is about biological seeds; for other meanings see Seed (disambiguation). ... SEM image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis). ... This article is about the plants used in cooking and medicine. ... For other uses, see Geometry (disambiguation). ... This article is about the geometric object, for other uses see Cone. ...

The male cone (microstrobilus or pollen cone) is structurally similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways (mostly in scale arrangement) from species to species. Extending out from a central axis are microsporophylls (modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or several microsporangia (pollen sacs). The photo (right) shows mature male pine cones shortly after pollen release. A sporangium (pl. ... Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ...

The female cone (megastrobilus, seed cone, or ovulate cone) contains ovules within which, when fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cone structure varies more markedly between the different conifer families, and is often crucial for the identification of many species of conifers, in as much as seeing the foliage alone may be insufficient to differentiate between closely related species. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Female cones of the conifer families

Pinaceae cones

Intact and disintegrated fir cones

Immature female pine cone

Cedar of Lebanon cone.

The members of the pine family (pines, spruces, firs, cedars, larches, etc.) have cones that are imbricate with scales overlapping each other like fish scales. These are the "archetypal" cones. The scales are spirally arranged in fibonacci number ratios. Download high resolution version (563x785, 55 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... Download high resolution version (563x785, 55 KB)This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free content hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. ... cam-cordered myself File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... cam-cordered myself File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Genera Subfamily Pinoideae     Pinus - pines (about 115 species) Subfamily Piceoideae     Picea - spruces (about 35 species) Subfamily Laricoideae     Cathaya (one species)     Larix - larches (about 14 species)     Pseudotsuga - douglas-firs (five species) Subfamily Abietoideae     Abies - firs (about 50 species)     Cedrus - cedars (two to four species)     Pseudolarix - golden larch (one species)     Keteleeria (three... Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ... Species About 35; see text. ... FIR may stand for: finite impulse response (a property of some digital filters) far infrared, i. ... For other uses, see Cedar (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Larch (disambiguation). ... A tiling with squares whose sides are successive Fibonacci numbers in length A Fibonacci spiral, created by drawing arcs connecting the opposite corners of squares in the Fibonacci tiling shown above – see golden spiral In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers form a sequence defined by the following recurrence relation: That is...

The female cone has two types of scale: the bract scales, derived from a modified leaf, and the seed scales (or ovuliferous scales), one subtending each bract scale, derived from a highly modified branchlet. On the upper-side base of each seed scale are two ovules that develop into seeds after fertilisation by pollen grains. The bract scales develop first, and are conspicuous at the time of pollination; the seed scales develop later to enclose and protect the seeds, with the bract scales often not growing further. The scales open temporarily to receive pollen, then close during fertilisation and maturation, and then re-open again at maturity to allow the seed to escape. Maturation takes 6-8 months from pollination in most Pinaceae genera, but 12 months in cedars and 18-24 months (rarely more) in most pines. The cones open either by the seed scales flexing back when they dry out, or (in firs, cedars and golden larch) by the cones disintegrating with the seed scales falling off. The cones are conic, cylindrical or ovoid (egg-shaped), and small to very large, from 2-60 cm long and 1-20 cm broad. Binomial name Pseudolarix amabilis (Nelson) Rehder Pseudolarix is a monotypic genus in the family Pinaceae. ... This article is about the geometric object, for other uses see Cone. ... A right circular cylinder An elliptic cylinder In mathematics, a cylinder is a quadric surface, with the following equation in Cartesian coordinates: This equation is for an elliptic cylinder, a generalization of the ordinary, circular cylinder (a = b). ... An oval or ovoid was originally an egg shape (from Latin OVVM); it is now usually used to refer to ellipses, but can also mean any similar shape, such as egg shapes or race-course shapes (a semicircle on either side of a quadrilateral). ...

Araucariaceae cones

Members of the Araucariaceae (Araucaria, Agathis, Wollemia) have the bract and seed scales fully fused, and have only one ovule on each scale. The cones are spherical or nearly so, and large to very large, 5-30 cm diameter, and mature in 18 months; at maturity, they disintegrate to release the seeds. In Agathis, the seeds are winged and separate readily from the seed scale, but in the other two genera, the seed is wingless and fused to the scale. Genera Agathis Araucaria Wollemia The Araucariaceae are a very ancient family of conifers. ... Species See text. ... Species See text The genus Agathis, commonly known as kauri or dammar forms a relatively small group of 21 species of evergreen trees in the family Araucariaceae, characteristically with very large trunks and little or no branching for some way up. ... Binomial name W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill & J.M.Allen Wollemia is a genus of coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae. ...

Podocarpaceae cones

Berry-like Podocarpus cone

The cones of the Podocarpaceae are similar in function, though not in development, to those of the Taxaceae (q.v. below), being berry-like with the scales highly modified, evolved to attract birds into dispersing the seeds. In most of the genera, two to ten or more scales are fused together into a usually swollen, brightly coloured, soft, edible fleshy aril. Usually only one or two scales at the apex of the cone are fertile, each bearing a single wingless seed, but in Saxegothaea several scales may be fertile. The fleshy scale complex is 0.5-3 cm long, and the seeds 4-10 mm long. In some genera (e.g. Prumnopitys), the scales are minute and not fleshy, but the seed coat develops a fleshy layer instead, the cone having the appearance of one to three small plums on a central stem. The seeds have a hard coat evolved to resist digestion in the bird's stomach, and is passed in the bird's droppings.
Image File history File links Podocarpus_macrophyllus_inumaki_part. ... Image File history File links Podocarpus_macrophyllus_inumaki_part. ... Genera Acmopyle Afrocarpus Dacrycarpus Dacrydium Falcatifolium Halocarpus Lagarostrobos Lepidothamnus Manoao Microcachrys Microstrobos Nageia Parasitaxus Phyllocladus Podocarpus Prumnopitys Retrophyllum Saxegothaea Sundacarpus A large family of mainly Southern Hemisphere conifers, with 18-19 genera and about 170-200 species of evergreen trees and shrubs. ... For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... Mature and immature arils of Taxus baccata, a European yew. ... Binomial name Saxegothaea conspicua Lindl. ... Species - Lleuque - Miro - Matai Prumnopitys is a genus of conifers belonging to the Podocarp family, Podocarpaceae. ... Species See text. ...

Cupressaceae cones

Juniper "berries", which are used to flavor gin, are actually modified cones.

Giant Sequoia cones

Members of the cypress family (cypresses, arborvitae, junipers, redwoods, etc) differ in that the bract and seed scales are fully fused, with the bract visible as no more than a small lump or spine on the scale. The botanical term galbulus (plural galbuli; from the Latin for a cypress cone) is sometimes used instead of strobilus for members of this family. The female cones have one to 20 ovules on each scale. They often have peltate scales, as opposed to the imbricate cones described above, though some have imbricate scales. The cones are usually small, 0.3-6 cm long, and often spherical or nearly so, like those of Nootka Cypress, while others, such as Western Redcedar, are narrow. The scales are arranged either spirally, or in decussate whorls of two (opposite pairs) or three, rarely four. The genera with spiral scale arrangement were often treated in a separate family (Taxodiaceae) in the past. In most of the genera, the cones are woody and the seeds have two narrow wings (one along each side of the seed), but in three genera (Platycladus, Microbiota and Juniperus), the seeds are wingless, and in Juniperus, the cones are fleshy and berry-like. Download high resolution version (882x519, 79 KB)Common Juniper shoot with cones - photo User:MPF File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (882x519, 79 KB)Common Juniper shoot with cones - photo User:MPF File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article is about the beverage. ... Giant Sequoia cones from the North Calaveras Grove, measured in centimeters. ... Giant Sequoia cones from the North Calaveras Grove, measured in centimeters. ... Binomial name (Lindl. ... Genera Actinostrobus Athrotaxis Austrocedrus Callitris - Cypress-pine Callitropsis - Cypress * (Cupressus) Calocedrus - Incense-cedar Chamaecyparis - Cypress Cryptomeria - Sugi Cunninghamia - Cunninghamia Cupressus - Cypress Diselma - Diselma Fitzroya - Alerce Fokienia - Fujian Cypress Glyptostrobus - Chinese Swamp Cypress Juniperus - Juniper Libocedrus Metasequoia - Dawn Redwood Microbiota - Microbiota Neocallitropsis Papuacedrus * (Libocedrus) Pilgerodendron * (Libocedrus) Platycladus - Chinese Arborvitae Sequoia - Coast... Species See text. ... Species Thuja koraiensis Thuja occidentalis Thuja plicata Thuja standishii Thuja sutchuenensis Thuja (pronounced thoo-ya or thoo-ja) is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). ... Species Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. ... This article is about the species commonly called Coast Redwood. For the species commonly called Giant Sequoia, see Sequoiadendron. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Callitropsis nootkatensis (D.Don) Örsted Nootka Cypress (Callitropsis nootkatensis), formerly Cupressus nootkatensis, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis or Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, is a cypress (Cupressaceae) with a chequered taxonomic and nomenclatural history. ... Binomial name Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don Thuja plicata (Western Redcedar) is a species of thuja, an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, from southern Alaska and British Columbia south to northwest California and inland to western Montana. ... Binomial name Platycladus orientalis Chinese Arborvitae, Platycladus orientalis, is a distinct species of evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to northwestern China and widely naturalised elsewhere in east Asia. ... Binomial name Microbiota decussata Kom. ... Species 50-55 species; see text. ... This article is about the fruit. ...

Sciadopityaceae cones

The cones and seeds of Sciadopitys (the only member of the family) are similar to those of some Cupressaceae, but larger, 6-11 cm long; the scales are imbricate and spirally arranged, and have 5-9 ovules on each scale. Binomial name (Thunb. ...

Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae cones

Berry-like yew cone

Members of the yew family and the closely related Cephalotaxaceae have the most highly modified cones of any conifer. There is only one scale in the female cone, with a single poisonous ovule. The scale develops into a soft, brightly coloured sweet, juicy, berry-like aril which partly encloses the deadly seed. The seed alone is poisonous. The whole 'berry' with the seed is eaten by birds, which digest the sugar-rich scale and pass the hard seed undamaged in their droppings, so dispersing the seed far from the parent plant.
Yew cone (detail, enlarged) - photo User:MPF File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Yew cone (detail, enlarged) - photo User:MPF File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Genera Taxaceae sensu stricto Taxus Pseudotaxus Austrotaxus — Cephalotaxaceae Torreya Amentotaxus Cephalotaxus The family Taxaceae, commonly called the yew family, includes three genera and about 7 to 12 species of coniferous plants, or in other interpretations (see Classification, below), six genera and about 30 species. ... Genera Cephalotaxus Amentotaxus Torreya Species Cephalotaxus fortunei Cephalotaxus griffithii Cephalotaxus hainanensis Cephalotaxus harringtonia Cephalotaxus koreana Cephalotaxus lanceolata Cephalotaxus latifolia Cephalotaxus manni Cephalotaxus oliveri Cephalotaxus sinensis Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Amentotaxus argotaenia Amentotaxus assamica Amentotaxus formosana Amentotaxus poilanei Amentotaxus yunnanensis Torreya californica Torreya fargesii Torreya grandis Torreya jackii Torreya nucifera Torreya taxifolia The... This article is about sugar as food and as an important and widely-traded commodity. ...

Location and distribution

For most species, male and female cones occur on the same plant (tree or shrub), with female usually on the higher branches towards the top of the plant. This distribution is thought to improve chances of cross-fertilization, as pollen is unlikely to be blown vertically upward within the crown of one plant, but can drift slowly upward in the wind, blowing from low on one plant to higher on another plant. In some conifers, male cones additionally often grow clustered in large numbers together, while female cones are more often produced singly or in only small clusters. The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... Heterosis is increased strength of different characteristics in hybrids; the possibility to obtain a better individual by combining the virtues of its parents. ...

Dozens of male cones (orange and flower-like) occur in a cluster; the female cone is still immature (olive green). Lodgepole Pine.

A further characteristic arrangement of pines is that the male cones are located at the base of the branch, while the female at the tip (of the same or a different branchlet). However, in larches and cedars, both types of cones are always at the tips of short shoots, while both sexes of fir cones are always from side buds, never terminal. There's also some diversity in bearing in Cupressaceae. Some, Cupressus for instance, has little or no differentiation in the positions of male and female cones. Download high resolution version (1900x1020, 448 KB)cam-cordered myself Place branch on a big white piece of paper until desk lamp (at night). ... Download high resolution version (1900x1020, 448 KB)cam-cordered myself Place branch on a big white piece of paper until desk lamp (at night). ... Binomial name Pinus contorta Douglas Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) is a common tree in western North America. ... Species See text. ...

Pollen cone of a Japanese Larch

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2072x1554, 1704 KB) Summary Pollen cone of Larix kaempferi found near Cardiff, UK. Image by Yummifruitbat in April 2005, using an Olympus C-750UZ. Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2072x1554, 1704 KB) Summary Pollen cone of Larix kaempferi found near Cardiff, UK. Image by Yummifruitbat in April 2005, using an Olympus C-750UZ. Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other... Binomial name Larix kaempferi (Lamb. ...

Trivia

• The Norwegian municipality of Drangedal has two pine cones in its coat-of-arms.

• Because of their unique mass distribution and aerodynamical qualities, pine cones are often used as rudimentary play objects, such as in pine cone golf. Small children are also known to wedge twigs and brush between the scales of a pine cone to imitate animals, such as the cone cow.

• The Pokémon Pineco is based on a Pinecone.

• The arrangement of scales on many pine cones demonstrate Fibonacci numbers.

County Telemark District Vestmar Municipality NO-0817 Administrative centre Drangedal Mayor (2003) Nils Tore Føreland (Ap) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 96 1,063 km² 996 km² 0. ... Home-made pine cone cow Cone cows are traditional home-made toys once popular at least in Finland. ... The official Pokémon logo. ... Pineco Kunugidama in original Japanese language versions) are one of the fictional species of Pokémon creatures from the multi-billion-dollar[1] Pokémon media franchise—a collection of video games, anime, manga, books, trading cards, and other media created by Satoshi Tajiri. ... A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures. ... In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers form a sequence defined recursively by: In words: you start with 0 and 1, and then produce the next Fibonacci number by adding the two previous Fibonacci numbers. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Pinales cones

• Arboretum de Villardebelle Images of various conifer-cones
• Gymnosperm cone images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu