A painting of Chang and Eng Bunker, circa 1836

Conjoined twins are identical twinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin#Identical_twins whose bodies are joined in utero. It is a rare phenomenon; it is estimated to range from 1 in 50,000 births to 1 in 200,000 births, with a somewhat higher incidence in Southwest Asia and Africa. ^[1] Approximately half are stillborn, and a smaller fraction of pairs born alive have abnormalities incompatible with life. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is approximately 25%.^[2] The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // Q00-Q99 - Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q07) Congenital malformations of the nervous system (Q00) Anencephaly and similar malformations (Q01) Encephalocele (Q02) Microcephaly (Q03) Congenital hydrocephalus (Q04) Other congenital malformations of brain (Q05) Spina bifida (Q06) Other congenital malformations of spinal cord (Q07) Other congenital malformations of nervous... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... Chang & Eng Bunker (1835 or 1836) - public domain The image featured above is an original watercolor on ivory depicting the twins, and it was painted by an unidentified French or Dutch artist in Paris between December, 1835 and March, 1836. ... Chang & Eng Bunker (1835 or 1836) - public domain The image featured above is an original watercolor on ivory depicting the twins, and it was painted by an unidentified French or Dutch artist in Paris between December, 1835 and March, 1836. ... Siamese twin(s) can refer to: Identical twins whose bodies are joined - conjoined twins Japanese composer and electronic musician AQi Fzono whose alias is Siamese Twin Words used together as an expression - Siamese twins (English language) Occasionally for twins who are Siamese with the normal meanings of both words. ... For other uses, see Twin (disambiguation). ... The expected result of pregnancy is the birth of a living child. ...

About 70% to 75% of conjoined twin pairs are female.

Two contradicting theories exist to explain the origins of conjoined twins. The older and most generally accepted theory is fission, in which the fertilized egg splits partially. The second theory is fusion, in which a fertilized egg completely separates, but stem cells (which search for similar cells) find like-stem cells on the other twin and fuse the twins together. Mouse embryonic stem cells with fluorescent marker. ...

Perhaps the most famous pair of conjoined twins was Chang and Eng Bunker (1811–1874), Chinese brothers born in Siam, now Thailand. They traveled with P.T. Barnum's circus for many years and were billed as the Siamese Twins; due to their fame and the rarity of the condition, the term came to be used as a synonym for conjoined twins, although in recent years the term has fallen out of favor and is considered a pejorative term.^[3] Chang and Eng were joined by a band of flesh, cartilage, and their shared liver at the torso. In modern times, they could have been separated easily.^[4] A painting of Chang and Eng Bunker, circa 1836 Chang Bunker and Eng Bunker (May 11, 1811–January 17, 1874) were the conjoined twin brothers whose condition and birthplace became the basis for the term Siamese twins. ... For the US Federal Agent designation, see Special agent. ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891), American showman who is best remembered for his entertaining hoaxes and for founding the circus that eventually became Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. ... Synonyms (in ancient Greek, συν (syn) = plus and όνομα (onoma) = name) are different words with similar or identical meanings. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with pejoration. ...

Conjoined twins in history

Conjoined twin sisters from the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).

Moche Ceramics Depicting Conjoined Twins. 300 A.D. Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.

The earliest known documented case of conjoined twins dates from the year 945, when a pair of conjoined twin brothers from Armenia were brought to Constantinople for medical evaluation. However, the Moche culture of ancient Peru depicted conjoined twins in their ceramics dating back to 300 A.D. ^[5] The English twin sisters Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, who were conjoined at the back (pygopagus), lived from 1100 to 1134 and were perhaps the best-known early example of conjoined twins. Other early conjoined twins to attain notice were the "Scottish brothers", allegedly twins of the dicephalus type, essentially two heads sharing the same body (1460–1488, although the dates vary); the pygopagus Helen and Judith of Szony, Hungary (1701–1723), who enjoyed a brief career in music before being sent to live in a convent; and Rita and Cristina Parodi of Sardinia, born in 1829. Rita and Cristina were dicephalus tetrabrachius (one body with four arms) twins and although they died at only eight months of age, they gained much attention as a curiosity when their parents exhibited them in Paris. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 458 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1302 × 1704 pixels, file size: 913 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Illustrations from the Nuremberg Chronicle, by Hartmann Schedel (1440-1514) Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 458 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1302 × 1704 pixels, file size: 913 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Illustrations from the Nuremberg Chronicle, by Hartmann Schedel (1440-1514) Source: http://www. ... Depiction of God creating the world Juvenal The Nuremberg Chronicle is one of the best documented early printed books. ... 1493 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Larco Museum (Spanish: ) is located in the Pueblo Libre District in Lima, Peru. ... Buwayhid dynasty takes control of Baghdad. ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... The Moche civilization (alternately, the Mochica culture, Early Chimu, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc. ... Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst (1100-1134) (also known as the Biddenden Maids) are the earliest known set of conjoined twins. ... Heracles and the Lernaean Hydra by Gustave Moreau: The Hydra is perhaps the best known mythological multi-headed animal, also popularised in many fantasy settings. ... Events The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone. ... // January 8 - The present Royal Netherlands Navy was formed By decree of Maximillian of Austria. ... Events January 18 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia. ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ... A Beguine convent in Amsterdam. ... For the place in the United States, see Sardinia, Ohio. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the capital of France. ...

Several sets of conjoined twins lived during the nineteenth century and made careers for themselves in the performing arts, though none achieved quite the same level of fame and fortune as Chang and Eng. Most notably, Millie and Christine McCoy (or McKoy), pygopagus twins, were born into slavery in North Carolina in 1851. They were sold to a showman, J.P. Smith, at birth, but were soon kidnapped by a rival showman. The kidnapper fled to England but was thwarted because England had already banned slavery. Smith traveled to England to collect the girls and brought with him their mother, Monimia, from whom they had been separated. He and his wife provided the twins with an education and taught them to speak five languages, play music, and sing. For the rest of the century the twins enjoyed a successful career as "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and appeared with the Barnum Circus. In 1912 they died of tuberculosis, 17 hours apart. The performing arts are those forms of art which differ from the plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artists own body, face and presence as a medium, and the latter uses materials such as clay, metal or paint which can be molded or transformed to create some... Millie and Christine McCoy in 1871. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Showman or Travelling Showmen are people who organise and run fairgrounds. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...

Giovanni and Giacomo Tocci, from Locana, Italy, were immortalized in Mark Twain's short story "Those Extraordinary Twins" as fictitious twins Angelo and Luigi. The Toccis, born in 1877, were dicephalus tetrabrachius twins, having one body with two legs, two heads, and four arms. From birth they were forced by their parents to perform and never learned to walk, as each twin controlled one leg (in modern times physical therapy allows twins like the Toccis to learn to walk on their own). They are said to have disliked show business. In 1886, after touring the United States, the twins returned to Europe with their family, where they fell very ill. They are believed to have died around this time, though some sources claim they survived until 1940, living in seclusion in Italy. Country Italy Region Piedmont Province Province of Turin (TO) Mayor  ? Elevation m Area 132. ... Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, lecturer and writer. ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Physical therapy (or physiotherapy[1]) is the provision of services to people and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. ... Year 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Conjoined twins who appeared in the public eye during the 20th and 21st centuries include:

• Rosa and Josepha Blazek of Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic (1878–1922));
• Lucio and Simplicio Godina of Samar, Philippines (1908–1936);
• Daisy and Violet Hilton of Brighton, East Sussex, England (1908–1969);
• Mary and Margaret Gibb of Holyoke, Massachusetts (1912–1967);
• Yvonne and Yvette McCarther of Los Angeles, California (1949–1992);
• Ladan Bijani and Laleh Bijani of Shiraz, Iran (Persia) (1974–2003);
• Ronnie and Donnie Galyon of Ohio (1951–), currently the world's oldest living conjoined twins.
• Lori and Reba Schappell of Reading, Pennsylvania (1961–), American entertainers;
• Ganga and Jamuna Shreshta of Nepal, conjoined twins who were separated in a landmark surgery in Singapore in 2001;
• Krista and Tatiana Hogan born in Vancouver, British Columbia (2006–), craniopagus conjoined twins;
• At Guntur, India the following pairs were successfully operated: Ram & Laxman 1992, Anjali & Geetanjali 1993, Rekha & Surekha 1998 and Veena & Vani 2004;
• Abigail and Brittany Hensel, (1990-), born in Carver County, Minnesota, United States of America, dicephalic conjoined twins.
• Lotti and Rosemarie Knaak (craniopagus) born in Hamburg, Germany.
• Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyopova (ischiopagus tripus) born in Moscow in 1950.
• Sarah and Abbey (Pygopagus) born in New Zealand in 2004 and separated successfully later that year.
• Lakshmi born at Araria village in Bihar (India)she has two bodies united at the pelvis. However, for the doctors she is an ischiopagus conjoined twin. One of the twins is headless and has two pairs of arms and legs.

Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Hilton twins were a pair of conjoined twins who toured in the US sideshow and vaudeville circuit in the 1930s. ... Brighton on the southern Sussex coast is one of the largest and most famous seaside resorts in England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Also: 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ... Holyoke is a city located in Hampden County, Massachusetts, on the banks of the Connecticut River. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Ladan and Laleh Bijani (in Persian: لادن و لاله بیژنی) (January 17, 1974–July 8, 2003) were Iranian law graduates. ... For other uses, see Shiraz (disambiguation). ... Motto: official: Esteqlāl, āzādÄ«, jomhÅ«rÄ«-ye eslāmÄ«[1]   (Persian for Independence, freedom, (the) Islamic Republic Anthem: SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān[2] Capital (and largest city) Tehran Official languages Persian Government Islamic Republic  - Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei  - President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Establishment    - Proto-Elamite... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ronnie and Donnie Galyon are the oldest living set of conjoined twins in the world. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Greater Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Lori and Reba Schappell, born in Reading, Pennsylvania, are well-known conjoined twins joined at the head. ... , Reading (IPA:) is the county seat of Berks County, Pennsylvania and the center of the Greater Reading Area. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Krista Hogan and Tatiana Hogan (born October 25, 2006, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) are craniopagus conjoined twins. ... For other uses, see Vancouver (disambiguation). ... Motto: Splendor sine occasu (Latin: Splendour without diminishment) Capital Victoria Largest city Vancouver Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Steven Point - Premier Gordon Campbell (BC Liberal) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 36 - Senate seats 6 Confederation July 20, 1871 (6th province) Area  Ranked 5th - Total 944,735 km... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about a city in India. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Abigail Abby Loraine Hensel and Brittany Britty Lee Hensel (born 7 March 1990, Carver County, Minnesota, United States), are dicephalic conjoined twins. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Carver County is a county located in the state of Minnesota. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ... Heracles and the Lernaean Hydra by Gustave Moreau: The Hydra is perhaps the best known mythological multi-headed animal, also popularised in many fantasy settings. ... Lotti and Rosemarie Knaak were conjoined twins born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1951. ... Modern, healthy, living 16-year-old conjoined twins Abigail and Brittany Hensel. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Legendary conjoined twins

• An example described in Abd Manaf ibn Qusai

Abd Manaf ibn Qusai (Arabic: ) is whom the clan of Banu Abd Manaf is named after. ...

Types of conjoined twins

There are several different types of conjoined twins:

• Diplopagus: Conjoined twins joined equally with near complete body, only sharing a few organs.

• Heteropagus: Conjoined twins joined unequal usually resulting in a parasitic twin.

• Thoracopagus: Bodies fused in the thorax. The heart is always involved in these cases; when the heart is shared, prospects for a long life, either with or without separation surgery, are poor (35-40% of cases).
• Omphalopagus: Joined at the lower chest. The heart is not involved in these cases but the twins often share a liver, digestive system, diaphragm and other organs (34% of cases).
  • Xiphopagous: bodies fused in the xiphoid cartilage, e.g., Chang and Eng
• Pygopagus (iliopagus): Joined, usually back to back, to the buttocks (19% of conjoined twins).
• Cephalopagus: Heads fused, bodies separated. These twins generally cannot survive due to severe malformations of the brain. Also known as janiceps (after the two-faced god Janus) or syncephalus.
  • Cephalothoracopagus: Bodies fused in the head and thorax. In this type of twins, there are two faces facing in opposite directions, or sometimes a single face and an enlarged skull.[1] These twins also generally cannot survive. (Also known as epholothoracopagus or craniothoracopagus.)
• Craniopagus: Skulls fused, but bodies separate (2%).
  • Craniopagus parasiticus: A second bodiless head attached to the head.
• Dicephalus: Two heads, one body with two legs and two, three, or four arms (dibrachius, tribrachius or tetrabrachius, respectively.) Abigail and Brittany Hensel, 17-year-old conjoined twins from the United States, are of the dicephalus tribrachius type, with their third arm having been removed while they were very young.
• Ischiopagus: Anterior union of the lower half of the body, with spines conjoined at a 180° angle (6% of cases). Or with the spines separate but both the pelvises forming a single big ring which includes two sacrums and two pubic symphyses.
• Ischio-omphalopagus:The Twins are conjoined with spines in a Y-shape. They have four arms and usually two or three legs. These cases can be challenging because the twins often share reproductive and excretory systems.
• Parapagus: lateral union of the lower half extending variable distances upward, with the heart sometimes involved (5% of cases).
• Diprosopus: One head, with two faces side by side.

In some cases, parts of the brain have been known to be shared between conjoined twins joined at the head. Manar Maged,a baby with Craniopagus Parsiticus,a type of conjoined twin and parasitic twin A parasitic twin (also known as an asymmetrical or unequal conjoined twin) is the result of the processes that produce vanishing twins and conjoined twins, and may represent a continuum between the two. ... Diagram of a tsetse fly, showing the head, thorax and abdomen The thorax is a division of an animals body that lies between the head and the abdomen. ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... Male Chest The chest is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals. ... For the bird, see Liver bird. ... what was here was sick and improperly spelled. ... In the anatomy of mammals, the diaphragm is a shelf of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. ... The xiphoid process is a small cartilaginous extension to the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human. ... Bottom commonly refers to the human buttocks but also has other uses. ... Roman bust of Janus, Vatican. ... For other uses of Skull, see Skull (disambiguation). ... Craniopagus parasiticus is a medical condition in which a parasitic twin head with an undeveloped (or underdeveloped) body is attached to the head of a developed twin. ... Heracles and the Lernaean Hydra by Gustave Moreau: The Hydra is perhaps the best known mythological multi-headed animal, also popularised in many fantasy settings. ... Abigail Abby Loraine Hensel and Brittany Britty Lee Hensel (born 7 March 1990, Carver County, Minnesota, United States), are dicephalic conjoined twins. ... The vertebral column seen from the side Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column The vertebral column (backbone or spine) is a column of vertebrae situated in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen. ... For the record label, see Sacrum Torch. ... The pubic symphysis is the midline cartilaginous joint uniting the superior rami of the left and right pubic bones (pubis). ... The reproductive system is the ensembles and interactions of organs and/or substances within an organism that strictly pertain to reproduction. ... The excretory system is the system of an organisms body that performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. ... Diprosopus, also known as craniofacial duplication, is an extremely rare form of conjoined twins whereby there is a near complete fusion of bodies but part or all of the face is duplicated on the head. ... The human brain In animals, the brain (enkephalos) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ...

Occasionally one of the twins will fail to develop properly, effectively acting as a parasite upon the normally developed twin: this condition is known as parasitic twinning or heteropagus twins. One twin may absorb the other, which is known as inclusion twinning. A parasite is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life in or on the living tissue of a host organism and which causes harm to the host without immediately killing it. ... Manar Maged,a baby with Craniopagus Parsiticus,a type of conjoined twin and parasitic twin A parasitic twin (also known as an asymmetrical or unequal conjoined twin) is the result of the processes that produce vanishing twins and conjoined twins, and may represent a continuum between the two. ... Inclusion twin or foetus in foeto (Latin) is a condition where two foetuses are conceived as conjoined twins but one absorbs the other. ...

Natural death of the twins can occur within hours or a few days.

Separation

Surgery to separate conjoined twins may range from relatively simple to extremely complex, depending on the point of attachment and the internal parts that are shared. Most cases of separation are extremely risky and life-threatening. In many cases, the surgery results in the death of one or both of the twins, particularly if they are joined at the head. Saudi Arabia holds the most successful separation rate. The U.A.E. currently has the lowest success separation rate.^{[citation needed]} UAE redirects here; for other uses of that term, see UAE (disambiguation) The United Arab Emirates is an oil-rich country situated in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia, comprising seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. ...

References

1. ^ http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1807-59322006000200013&script=sci_arttext
2. ^ The craniopagus malformation: classification and implications for surgical separation. James L. Stone and James T. Goodrich. Brain 2006 129(5):1084-1095 Abstract and free fullt text PDF
3. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,368509,00.html
4. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A369434
5. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.

• Conjoined twins, BBC News World Edition, 25 August, 2000

The Larco Museum (Spanish: ) is located in the Pueblo Libre District in Lima, Peru. ... Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) are a publisher, especially of art and illustrated books, founded in 1949 by Walter and Eva Neurath. ...

See also

• List of twins
• Parasitic twin
• Polycephaly
• Brothers of the Head, a film about conjoined twins that have a rock band
• Thursday's fictions, the book by Richard James Allen, which features Siamese Twins which separate in the womb.
• Stuck on You, a 2003 film starring Matt Damon and Greg Kinnear.
• Amber Dhara, a Hindi serial on Sony Entertainment Television about two conjoined twin sisters first airing on September 24, 2007.

For mythological and fictional twins, see Category:Fictional twins. ... Manar Maged,a baby with Craniopagus Parsiticus,a type of conjoined twin and parasitic twin A parasitic twin (also known as an asymmetrical or unequal conjoined twin) is the result of the processes that produce vanishing twins and conjoined twins, and may represent a continuum between the two. ... Heracles and the Lernaean Hydra by Gustave Moreau: The Hydra is perhaps the best known mythological multi-headed animal, also popularised in many fantasy settings. ... Spoiler warning: Brothers of the Head is the 2006 mockumentary featuring the story of Tom and Barry Howe (Luke Treadaway and Harry Treadaway), conjoined twins living in the United Kingdom. ... // Thursday’s Fictions is the name of an idea which has been expressed through a range of artistic forms, starting with closed forms which deliver the idea to an audience and moving towards more open forms where the audience experience involves participation in the idea. ... Richard James Allen (born 1960) is a contermporary Australian poet and dancer. ... This article is about the 2003 film. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Matthew Paige Matt Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American screenwriter and actor. ... Greg Kinnear (born June 17, 1963) is an Academy Award nominated American actor and television personality, who rocketed to stardom as the first host of E!s Talk Soup. ... Amber Dhara is an uncoming Hindi serial that will air on Sony Entertainment Television (Global) From September 24, 2007. ... Hindi ( , Devanagari: or , IAST: , IPA: ), an Indo-European language spoken all over India in varying degrees and extensively in northern and central India, is one of the two central official languages of India, the other being English. ... Sony Entertainment Television (India), popularly known as Sony TV or SET, is one of India’s popular Hindi-language based general entertainment broadcasters. ... is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Conjoined twins

• Official Saudi Website of Conjoined Twins
• National Guard Hospital- Suadi Arabia
• Types of conjoined twins
• Conjoined Twins-Photo
• A social history of conjoined twins
• The Lives and Loves of Daisy and Violet Hilton by Dean Jensen, Ten Speed Press, 2006.
• Friends of Conjoined Twins News & Discussion Forum
• The site of the medical Saudi team responsible for the numerous successful separation surgeries
• Eng and Chang - The Original Siamese Twins; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The North Carolina Collection Gallery
• The Human Marvels: A Historical Reference Site run by J. Tithonus Pednaud, Teratological Historian
• http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14359862/
• Ronnie and Donnie Galyon
• Clara and Alta Rodriguez, joined at the pelvis and successfully separated in 1974 at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia by surgeons including C. Everett Koop
• National Library of Medicine: Selected Moments in the History on Conjoined Twins
• The novel "First Person Plural" by Andrew W. M. Beierle, about dicephalus conjoined twins, one gay one straight
• Thursday's Fictions by Richard James Allen

Emedicine article: Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... TEN SPEED PRESS is a publishing house that was founded in Berkeley, California in 1970. ... C. Everett Koop Charles Everett Koop, M.D. (born October 14, 1916 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American physician. ...

• http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2936.htm