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Encyclopedia > Conjugation tables
English grammar series

English grammar The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... For the surname, see Grammer. ... English grammar is a body of rules specifying how meanings are created in English. ...

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This is a paradigm of English verbs, that is, a set of conjugation tables, for the model regular verbs and for some of the most common irregular verbs. Disputed English grammar denotes disagreement about whether given constructions constitute correct English. ... Verbs in the English language are a lexically and morphologically distinct part of speech which describes an action, an event, or a state. ... In English, verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood, and voice, and in some cases to agree with their subjects in person and number. ... English has a large number of irregular verbs. ... In the English language, a modal auxiliary verb is an auxiliary verb (or helping verb) that can modify the grammatical mood (or mode) of a verb. ... In English as in many other languages, the passive voice is the form of a transitive verb whose grammatical subject serves as the patient, receiving the action of the verb. ... The English language once had an extensive declension system similar to modern German or Icelandic. ... The English personal pronouns are classified as follows: First person refers to the speaker(s). ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... A compound is a word composed of more than one free morphemes. ... An honorific is something that is attached to the name but is not normally used elsewhere, e. ... This article is focused mainly on usage of English relative clauses. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

Contents

Mood, tense, voice, person and number

Mood

There are 3 non-finite (id est not conjugated) moods and 5 finite moods (id est conjugated) in English, which makes a total of 8 moods: Mood may refer to: chese Grammatical mood Emotional mood This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...

In grammar, the infinitive is the form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense. ... In linguistics, a participle is a kind of verbal adjective; it indicates that the noun it modifies is a participant in the action that the participle refers to. ... In linguistics, a gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists in some languages. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... The conditional mood (or conditional tense) is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... In grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a verb mood that exists in many languages. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ...

Tense

There are 12 tenses:

  • Simple present (I am)
  • Simple present progressive or simple present continuous (I am being)
  • Simple past (I was)
  • Simple past progressive or simple past continuous (I was being)
  • Simple future (I shall be)
  • Simple future progressive or simple future continuous (I shall be being)
  • Present perfect (I have been)
  • Present perfect progressive or present perfect continuous (I have been being)
  • Past perfect or pluperfect (I had been)
  • Past perfect progressive, pluperfect progressive, past perfect continuous or pluperfect continuous (I had been being)
  • Future perfect (I shall have been)
  • Future perfect progressive or Future perfect continuous (I shall have been being)

All non-auxiliaries exibit two more tenses: This article is about the grammatical term. ... The present perfect tense denotes a present condition resulting from a previous action. ... The pluperfect tense exists in most Indo-European languages, including English. ... The pluperfect tense exists in most Indo-European languages, including English. ... For the VNV Nation album, see Futureperfect For the writing tense, see Future perfect tense Future Perfect is the debut full-length album by Autolux, released September 21, 2004. ...

  • Intensive present (I do play)
  • Intensive past (I did play)

Voice

There are 2 voices: The word voice can be used to refer to: Sound: The human voice. ...

Voice, in grammar, is the relationship between the action or state expressed by a verb, and its arguments (subject, object, etc. ... In grammar, voice is the relationship between the action or state expressed by a verb, and its arguments (subject, object, etc. ...

Number and person

There are 2 grammatical numbers and 3 grammatical persons: In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ... Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker, the addressee, and others. ...

  • First person singular: I
  • Second person singular: you or thou
  • Third person singular: he, she, it or a singular noun
  • First person plural: we
  • Second person plural: you
  • Third person plural: they or a plural noun

Noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ... Noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ...

Active conjugation

Weak verbs (to play)

Non-finite forms
Infinitives to play (present simple), to be playing (present simple progressive), to have played (present perfect), to have been playing (present perfect progressive)
Participles playing (present), being playing (present simple progressive), having played (present perfect), having been playing (present perfect progressive)
Gerunds playing (present), being playing (present simple progressive), having played (present perfect), having been playing (present perfect progressive)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present play play playest plays (playeth) play play play
intensive present do play do play doest play does play (doeth play) do play do play do play
simple present progressive am playing are playing art playing is playing are playing are playing are playing
simple past played played playedst played played played played
intensive past did play did play didst play did play did play did play did play
simple past progressive was playing were playing wert playing was playing were playing were playing were playing
simple future shall/will play shall/will play shalt/wilt play shall/will play shall/will play shall/will play shall/will play
simple future progressive shall/will be playing shall/will be playing shalt/wilt be playing shall/will be playing shall/will be playing shall/will be playing shall/will be playing
present perfect have played have played hast played has played (haveth played) have played have played have played
present perfect progressive have been playing have been playing hast been playing have been playing (haveth been playing) have been playing have been playing have been playing
past perfect (pluperfect) had played had played hadst played had played had played had played had played
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been playing had been playing hadst been playing had been playing had been playing had been playing had been playing
future perfect shall/will have played shall/will have played shalt/wilt have played shall/will have played shall/will have played shall/will have played shall/will have played
future perfect progressive shall/will have been playing shall/will have been playing shalt/wilt have been playing shall/will have been playing shall/will have been playing shall/will have been playing shall/will have been playing
Conditional I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present would play would play wouldst play would play would play would play would play
simple present progressive would be playing would be playing wouldst be playing would be playing would be playing would be playing would be playing
present perfect would have played would have played wouldst have played would have played would have played would have played would have played
present perfect progressive would have been playing would have been playing wouldst have been playing would have been playing would have been playing would have been playing would have been playing
Potential I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may play may play mayest play may play may play may play may play
simple present progressive may be playing may be playing mayest be playing may be playing may be playing may be playing may be playing
simple past might play might play mightst play might play might play might play might play
simple past progressive might be playing might be playing mightst be playing might be playing might be playing might be playing might be playing
present perfect may have played may have played mayest have played may have played may have played may have played may have played
present perfect progressive may have been playing may have been playing mayest have been playing may have been playing may have been playing may have been playing may have been playing
past perfect (pluperfect) might have played might have played mightst have played might have played might have played might have played might have played
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive might have been playing might have been playing might have been playing might have been playing might have been playing might have been playing might have been playing
Subjunctive I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present play play play play play play play
simple present progressive be playing be playing be playing/beest playing be playing be playing be playing be playing
simple past played played played played played played played
simple past progressive were playing were playing were playing were playing were playing were playing were playing
simple future should play should play shouldst play should play should play should play should play
simple future progressive should be playing should be playing shouldst be playing should be playing should be playing should be playing should be playing
present perfect have played have played have played have played have played have played have played
present perfect progressive have been playing have been playing have been playing have been playing have been playing have been playing have been playing
past perfect (pluperfect) had played had played had played had played had played had played had played
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive) had been playing had been playing had been playing had been playing had been playing had been playing had been playing
future perfect should have played should have played shouldst have played should have played should have played should have played should have played
future perfect progressive should have been playing should have been playing shouldst have been playing should have been playing should have been playing should have been playing should have been playing
Imperative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let me play play play let him/her/it play let ' s play play let them play
simple present (with to do) do let me play do play do play do let him/her/it play do let us play do play do let them play
simple present progressive let me be playing be playing be playing let him/her/it be playing let ' s be playing be playing let them be playing
simple present progressive (with to do) do let me be playing do be playing do be playing do let him/her/it be playing do let us be playing do be playing do let them be playing
present perfect let me have played have played have played let him/her/it have played let ' s have played have played let them have played
present perfect (with to do) do let me have played do have played do have played do let him/her/it have played do let us have played do have played do let them have played
present perfect progressive let me have been playing have been playing have been playing let him/her/it have been playing let ' s have been playing have been playing let them have been playing
present perfect progressive (with to do) do let me have been playing do have been playing do have been playing do let him/her/it have been playing do let us have been playing do have been playing do let them have been playing

Strong verbs (to go)

Non-finite forms
Infinitives to go (present simple), to be going (present simple progressive), to have gone (present perfect), to have been going (present perfect progressive)
Participles going (present), being going (present simple progressive), having gone (present perfect), having been going (present perfect progressive)
Gerunds going (present), being going (present simple progressive), having gone (present perfect), having been going (present perfect progressive)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present go go goest goes (goeth) go go go
intensive present do go do go doest go does go (doeth go) do go do go do go
simple present progressive am going are going art going is going are going are going are going
simple past went went wentst went went went went
intensive past did go did go didst go did go did go did go did go
simple past progressive was going were going wert going was going were going were going were going
simple future shall/will go shall/will go shalt/wilt go shall/will go shall/will go shall/will go shall/will go
simple future progressive shall/will be going shall/will be going shalt/wilt be going shall/will be going shall/will be going shall/will be going shall/will be going
present perfect have gone have gone hast gone has gone (haveth gone) have gone have gone have gone
present perfect progressive have been going have been going hast been going have been going (haveth been going) have been going have been going have been going
past perfect (pluperfect) had gone had gone hadst gone had gone had gone had gone had gone
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been going had been going hadst been going had been going had been going had been going had been going
future perfect shall/will have gone shall/will have gone shalt/wilt have gone shall/will have gone shall/will have gone shall/will have gone shall/will have gone
future perfect progressive shall/will have been going shall/will have been going shalt/wilt have been going shall/will have been going shall/will have been going shall/will have been going shall/will have been going
Conditional I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present would go would go wouldst go would go would go would go would go
simple present progressive would be going would be going wouldst be going would be going would be going would be going would be going
present perfect would have gone would have gone wouldst have gone would have gone would have gone would have gone would have gone
present perfect progressive would have been going would have been going wouldst have been going would have been going would have been going would have been going would have been going
Potential I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may go may go mayest go may go may go may go may go
simple present progressive may be going may be going mayest be going may be going may be going may be going may be going
simple past might go might go mightst go might go might go might go might go
simple present progressive might be going might be going might be going might be going might be going might be going might be going
present perfect may have gone may have gone mayest have gone may have gone may have gone may have gone may have gone
present perfect progressive may have been going may have been going mayest have been going may have been going may have been going may have been going may have been going
past perfect (pluperfect) might have gone might have gone mightst have gone might have gone might have gone might have gone might have gone
present perfect (pluperfect) progressive might have been going might have been going mightst have been going might have been going might have been going might have been going might have been going
Subjunctive I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present go go go go go go go
simple present progressive be going be going be going/beest going be going be going be going be going
simple past went went went went went went went
simple past progressive were going were going were going were going were going were going were going
simple future should go should go shouldst go should go should go should go should go
simple future progressive should be going should be going shouldst be going should be going should be going should be going should be going
present perfect have gone have gone have gone have gone have gone have gone have gone
present perfect progressive have been going have been going have been going have been going have been going have been going have been going
past perfect (pluperfect) had gone had gone had gone had gone had gone had gone had gone
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been going had been going had been going had been going had been going had been going had been going
future perfect should have gone should have gone shouldst have gone should have gone should have gone should have gone should have gone
future perfect progressive should have been going should have been going shouldst have been going should have been going should have been going should have been going should have been going
Imperative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let me go go go let him/her/it go let ' s go go let them go
simple present (with to do) do let me go do go do go do let him/her/it go do let us go do go do let them go
simple present progressive let me be going be going be going let him/her/it be going let ' s be going be going let them be going
simple present progressive (with to do) do let me be going do be going do be going do let him/her/it be going do let us be going do be going do let them be going
present perfect let me have gone have gone have gone let him/her/it have gone let ' s have gone have gone let them have gone
present perfect (with to do) do let me have gone do have gone do have gone do let him/her/it have gone do let us have gone do have gone do let them have gone
present perfect progressive let me have been going have been going have been going let him/her/it have been going let ' s have been going have been going let them have been going
present perfect progressive (with to do) do let me have been going do have been going do have been going do let him/her/it have been going do let us have been going do have been going do let them have been going

Auxiliaries

To do

  • The verb to do is used to form the active indicative intensive present, the active indicative intensive past and the imperative mood, except for the modal verbs and the verb to be which do not possess such forms
  • The verb to do is used to form the negative and question form of the active indicative simple present, the active indicative simple past and the imperative mood, except for the modal verbs and the verb to be which do not possess such forms
  • The forms do not and does not can be shortened to don't and doesn't
Non-finite forms
Infinitives to do (present simple), to be doing (present simple progressive), to have done (present perfect), to have been doing (present perfect progressive)
Participles doing(present), being doing (present simple progressive), having done (present perfect), having been doing (present perfect progressive)
Gerunds doing (present), being doing (present simple progressive), having done (present perfect), having been doing (present perfect progressive)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present do do doest does (doeth) do do do
intensive present do do do do doest do does do (doeth do) do do do do do do
simple present progressive am doing are doing art doing is doing are doing are doing are doing
simple past did did didst did did did did
intensive past did do did do didst do did do did do did do did do
simple past progressive was doing were doing wert doing was doing were doing were doing were doing
simple future shall/will do shall/will do shalt/wilt do shall/will do shall/will do shall/will do shall/will do
simple future progressive shall/will be doing shall/will be doing shalt/wilt be doing shall/will be doing shall/will be doing shall/will be doing shall/will be doing
present perfect have done have done hast done has done (haveth done) have done have done have done
present perfect progressive have been doing have been doing hast been doing have been doing (haveth been doing) have been doing have been doing have been doing
past perfect (pluperfect) had done had done hadst done had done had done had done had done
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been doing had been doing hadst been doing had been doing had been doing had been doing had been doing
future perfect shall/will have done shall/will have done shalt/wilt have done shall/will have done shall/will have done shall/will have done shall/will have done
future perfect progressive shall/will have been doing shall/will have been doing shalt/wilt have been doing shall/will have been doing shall/will have been doing shall/will have been doing shall/will have been doing
Conditional I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present would do would do wouldst do would do would do would do would do
simple present progressive would be doing would be doing wouldst be doing would be doing would be doing would be doing would be doing
present perfect would have done would have done wouldst have done would have done would have done would have done would have done
present perfect progressive would have been doing would have been doing wouldst have been doing would have been doing would have been doing would have been doing would have been doing
Potential I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may do may do mayest do may do may do may do may do
simple present progressive may be doing may be doing mayest be doing may be doing may be doing may be doing may be doing
simple past might do might do mightst do might do might do might do might do
simple past progressive might be doing might be doing mightst be doing might be doing might be doing might be doing might be doing
present perfect may have done may have done mayest have done may have done may have done may have done may have done
present perfect progressive may have been doing may have been doing mayest have been doing may have been doing may have been doing may have been doing may have been doing
past perfect (pluperfect) might have done might have done mightst have done might have done might have done might have done might have done
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive might have been doing might have been doing mightst have been doing might have been doing might have been doing might have been doing might have been doing
Subjunctive I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present do do do do do do do
simple present progressive be doing be doing be doing/beest doing be doing be doing be doing be doing
simple past did did did did did did did
simple past progressive were doing were doing were doing were doing were doing were doing were doing
simple future should do should do shouldst do should do should do should do should do
simple future progressive should be doing should be doing shouldst be doing should be doing should be doing should be doing should be doing
present perfect have done have done have done have done have done have done have done
present perfect progressive have been doing have been doing have been doing have been doing have been doing have been doing have been doing
past perfect (pluperfect) had done had done had done had done had done had done had done
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been doing had been doing had been doing had been doing had been doing had been doing had been doing
future perfect should have done should have done shouldst have done should have done should have done should have done should have done
future perfect progressive should have been doing should have been doing shouldst have been doing should have been doing should have been doing should have been doing should have been doing
Imperative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let me do do do let him/her/it do let ' s do do let them do
simple present (with to do) do let me do do do do do let him/her/it do do let us do do do do let them do
simple present progressive let me be doing be doing be doing let him/her/it be doing let ' s be doing be doing let them be doing
simple present progressive (with to do) do let me be doing do be doing do be doing do let him/her/it be doing do let us be doing do be doing do let them be doing
present perfect let me have done have done have done let him/her/it have done let ' s have done have done let them have done
present perfect (with to do) do let me have done do have done do have done do let him/her/it have done do let us have done do have done do let them have done
present perfect progressive let me have been doing have been doing have been doing let him/her/it have been doing let ' s have been doing have been doing let them have been doing
present perfect progressive (with to do) do let me have been doing do have been doing do have been doing do let him/her/it have been doing do let us have been doing do have been doing do let them have been doing

The term modal may refer to: Modal, a textile made from spun Beechwood cellulose Modal logic Modal verbs Mode Musical mode This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The term modal may refer to: Modal, a textile made from spun Beechwood cellulose Modal logic Modal verbs Mode Musical mode This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

To let

  • The verb to let is used to form the first person and the third person of the imperative
Non-finite forms
Infinitives to let (present simple), to be letting (present simple progressive), to have let (present perfect), to have been letting (present perfect progressive)
Participles letting (present), being letting (present simple progressive), having let (present perfect), having been letting (present perfect progressive)
Gerunds letting (present), being letting (present simple progressive), having let (present perfect), having been letting (present perfect progressive)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let let letst lets (letteth) let let let
simple present (with to do) do let do let doest let does let (doeth let) do let do let do let
simple present progressive am letting are letting art letting is letting are letting are letting are letting
simple past let let letst let let let let
intensive past did let did let didst let did let did let did let did let
simple past progressive was letting were letting wert letting was letting were letting were letting were letting
simple future shall/will let shall/will let shalt/wilt let shall/will let shall/will let shall/will let shall/will let
simple future progressive shall/will be letting shall/will be letting shalt/wilt be letting shall/will be letting shall/will be letting shall/will be letting shall/will be letting
present perfect have let have let hast let has let (haveth let) have let have let have let
present perfect progressive have been letting have been letting hast been letting have been letting (haveth been letting) have been letting have been letting have been letting
past perfect (pluperfect) had let had let hadst let had let had let had let had let
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been letting had been letting hadst been letting had been letting had been letting had been letting had been letting
future perfect shall/will have let shall/will have let shalt/wilt have let shall/will have let shall/will have let shall/will have let shall/will have let
future perfect progressive shall/will have been letting shall/will have been letting shalt/wilt have been letting shall/will have been letting shall/will have been letting shall/will have been letting shall/will have been letting
Conditional I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present would let would let wouldst let would let would let would let would let
simple present progressive would be letting would be letting wouldst be letting would be letting would be letting would be letting would be letting
present perfect would have let would have let wouldst have let would have let would have let would have let would have let
present perfect progressive would have been letting would have been letting wouldst have been letting would have been letting would have been letting would have been letting would have been letting
Potential I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may let may let mayest let may let may let may let may let
simple present progressive may be letting may be letting mayest be letting may be letting may be letting may be letting may be letting
simple past might let might let mightst let might let might let might let might let
simple present progressive might be letting might be letting might be letting might be letting might be letting might be letting might be letting
present perfect may have let may have let mayest have let may have let may have let may have let may have let
present perfect progressive may have been letting may have been letting mayest have been letting may have been letting may have been letting may have been letting may have been letting
past perfect (pluperfect) might have let might have let mightst have let might have let might have let might have let might have let
present perfect (pluperfect) progressive might have been letting might have been letting mightst have been letting might have been letting might have been letting might have been letting might have been letting
Subjunctive I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let let let let let let let
simple present progressive be letting be letting be letting/beest letting be letting be letting be letting be letting
simple past let let let let let let let
simple past progressive were letting were letting were letting were letting were letting were letting were letting
simple future should let should let shouldst let should let should let should let should let
simple future progressive should be letting should be letting shouldst be letting should be letting should be letting should be letting should be letting
present perfect have let have let have let have let have let have let have let
present perfect progressive have been letting have been letting have been letting have been letting have been letting have been letting have been letting
past perfect (pluperfect) had let had let had let had let had let had let had let
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been letting had been letting had been letting had been letting had been letting had been letting had been letting
future perfect should have let should have let shouldst have let should have let should have let should have let should have let
future perfect progressive should have been letting should have been letting shouldst have been letting should have been letting should have been letting should have been letting should have been letting
Imperative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let me let let let let him/her/it let let ' s let let let them let
simple present (with to do) do let me let do let do let do let him/her/it let do let us let do let do let them let
simple present progressive let me be letting be letting be letting let him/her/it be letting let ' s be letting be letting let them be letting
simple present progressive (with to do) do let me be letting do be letting do be letting do let him/her/it be letting do let us be letting do be letting do let them be letting
present perfect let me have let have let have let let him/her/it have let let ' s have let have let let them have let
present perfect (with to do) do let me have let do have let do have let do let him/her/it have let do let us have let do have let do let them have let
present perfect progressive let me have been letting have been letting have been letting let him/her/it have been letting let ' s have been letting have been letting let them have been letting
present perfect progressive (with to do) do let me have been letting do have been letting do have been letting do let him/her/it have been letting do let us have been letting do have been letting do let them have been letting

To have (got)

  • The verb to have got is irregular
  • The verb to have is used to form all perfective tenses
  • The verb to have (got) to is used to replace the verb must if the desired form of must not exist
  • The forms have not and has not can be shortened to haven't and hasn't
  • The forms has and had are sometimes shortened to 's and 'd
Non-finite forms
Infinitives to have (got) (present simple), to be having (present simple progressive), to have had (present perfect), to have been having (present perfect progressive)
Participles having(present), being having (present simple progressive), having had (present perfect), having been having (present perfect progressive)
Gerunds having (present), being having (present simple progressive), having had (present perfect), having been having (present perfect progressive)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present have (got) have (got) havest (got) has (got) (haveth (got)) have (got) have (got) have (got)
intensive present do have do have doest have do have (doeth have) do have do have do have
simple present progressive am having are having art having is having are having are having are having
simple past had (got) had (got) hadst (got) had (got) had (got) had (got) had (got)
intensive past did have did have didst have did have did have did have did have
simple past progressive was having were having wert having was having were having were having were having
simple future shall/will have (got) shall/will have (got) shalt/wilt have (got) shall/will have (got) shall/will have (got) shall/will have (got) shall/will have (got)
simple future progressive shall/will be having shall/will be having shalt/wilt be having shall/will be having shall/will be having shall/will be having shall/will be having
present perfect have had have had hast had has had (haveth had) have had have had have had
present perfect progressive have been having have been having hast been having have been having (haveth been having) have been having have been having have been having
past perfect (pluperfect) had had had had hadst had had had had had had had had had
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been having had been having hadst been having had been having had been having had been having had been having
future perfect shall/will have had shall/will have had shalt/wilt have had shall/will have had shall/will have had shall/will have had shall/will have had
future perfect progressive shall/will have been having shall/will have been having shalt/wilt have been having shall/will have been having shall/will have been having shall/will have been having shall/will have been having
Conditional I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present would have (got) would have (got) wouldst have (got) would have (got) would have (got) would have (got) would have (got)
simple present progressive would be having would be having wouldst be having would be having would be having would be having would be having
present perfect would have had would have had wouldst have had would have had would have had would have had would have had
present perfect progressive would have been having would have been having wouldst have been having would have been having would have been having would have been having would have been having
Potential I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may have (got) may have (got) mayest have (got) may have (got) may have (got) may have (got) may have (got)
simple present progressive may be having may be having mayest be having may be having may be having may be having may be having
simple past might have (got) might have (got) mightst have (got) might have (got) might have (got) might have (got) might have (got)
simple past progressive might be having might be having mightst be having might be having might be having might be having might be having
present perfect may have had may have had mayest have had may have had may have had may have had may have had
present perfect progressive may have been having may have been having mayest have been having may have been having may have been having may have been having may have been having
past perfect (pluperfect) might have had might have had mightst have had might have had might have had might have had might have had
present perfect (pluperfect) progressive might have been having might have been having mightst have been having might have been having might have been having might have been having might have been having
Subjunctive I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present have (got) have (got) have (got) have (got) have (got) have (got) have (got)
simple present progressive be having be having be having/beest having be having be having be having be having
simple past had (got) had (got) had (got) had (got) had (got) had (got) had (got)
simple past progressive were having were having were having were having were having were having were having
simple future should have (got) should have (got) shouldst have (got) should have (got) should have (got) should have (got) should have (got)
simple future progressive should be having should be having shouldst be having should be having should be having should be having should be having
present perfect have had have had have had have had have had have had have had
present perfect progressive have been having have been having have been having have been having have been having have been having have been having
past perfect (pluperfect) had had had had had had had had had had had had had had
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been having had been having had been having had been having had been having had been having had been having
future perfect should have had should have had shouldst have had should have had should have had should have had should have had
future perfect progressive should have been having should have been having shouldst have been having should have been having should have been having should have been having should have been having
Imperative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let me have (got) have (got) have (got) let him/her/it have (got) let ' s have (got) have (got) let them have (got)
simple present (with to do) do let me have (got) do have (got) do have (got) do let him/her/it have (got) do let us have (got) do have (got) do let them have (got)
simple present progressive let me be having be having be having let him/her/it be having let ' s be having be having let them be having
simple present progressive (with to do) do let me be having do be having do be having do let him/her/it be having do let us be having do be having do let them be having
present perfect let me have had have had have had let him/her/it have had let ' s have had have had let them have had
present perfect (with to do) do let me have had do have had do have had do let him/her/it have had do let us have had do have had do let them have had
present perfect progressive let me have been having have been having have been having let him/her/it have been having let ' s have been having have been having let them have been having
present perfect progressive (with to do) do let me have been having do have been having do have been having do let him/her/it have been having do let us have been having do have been having do let them have been having

The perfective aspect is a grammatical aspect. ...

To be

  • The verb to be is irregular
  • The verb to be is used to form the passive voice and the progressive or continuous tenses
  • The forms are not and is not can be shortened to aren't and isn't
  • The forms am, are and is are sometimes shortened to 'm, 're and 's
Non-finite forms
Infinitives to be (present simple), to be being (present simple progressive), to have been (present perfect), to have been being (present perfect progressive)
Participles being (present), being being (present simple progressive), having been (present perfect), having been being (present perfect progressive)
Gerunds being (present), being being (present simple progressive), having been (present perfect), having been being (present perfect progressive)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present am are art is are are are
simple present progressive am being are being art being is being are being are being are being
simple past was were wert were were were were
simple past progressive was being were being wert being was being were being were being were being
simple future shall/will be shall/will be shalt/wilt be shall/will be shall/will be shall/will be shall/will be
simple future progressive shall/will be being shall/will be being shalt/wilt be being shall/will be being shall/will be being shall/will be being shall/will be being
present perfect have been have been hast been has been (haveth been) have been have been have been
present perfect progressive have been being have been being hast been being have been being (haveth been being) have been being have been being have been being
past perfect (pluperfect) had been had been hadst been had been had been had been had been
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been being had been being hadst been being had been being had been being had been being had been being
future perfect shall/will have been shall/will have been shalt/wilt have been shall/will have been shall/will have been shall/will have been shall/will have been
future perfect progressive shall/will have been being shall/will have been being shalt/wilt have been being shall/will have been being shall/will have been being shall/will have been being shall/will have been being
Conditional I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present would be would be wouldst be would be would be would be would be
simple present progressive would be being would be being wouldst be being would be being would be being would be being would be being
present perfect would have been would have been wouldst have been would have been would have been would have been would have been
present perfect progressive would have been being would have been being wouldst have been being would have been being would have been being would have been being would have been being
Potential I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may be may be mayest be may be may be may be may be
simple present progressive may be being may be being mayest be being may be being may be being may be being may be being
simple present might be might be mightst be might be might be might be might be
simple present progressive might be being might be being mightst be being might be being might be being might be being might be being
present perfect may have been may have been mayest have been may have been may have been may have been may have been
present perfect progressive may have been being may have been being mayest have been being may have been being may have been being may have been being may have been being
past perfect (pluperfect) might have been might have been mightst have been might have been might have been might have been might have been
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive might have been being might have been being mightst have been being might have been being might have been being might have been being might have been being
Subjunctive I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present be be be/beest be be be be
simple present progressive be being be being be being/beest being be being be being be being be being
simple past were were were were were were were
simple past progressive were being were being were being were being were being were being were being
simple future should be should be shouldst be should be should be should be should be
simple future progressive should be being should be being shouldst be being should be being should be being should be being should be being
present perfect have been have been have been have been have been have been have been
present perfect progressive have been being have been being have been being have been being have been being have been being have been being
past perfect (pluperfect) had been had been had been had been had been had been had been
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been being had been being had been being had been being had been being had been being had been being
future perfect should have been should have been shouldst have been should have been should have been should have been should have been
future perfect progressive should have been being should have been being shouldst have been being should have been being should have been being should have been being should have been being
Imperative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let me be be be let him/her/it be let ' s be be let them be
simple present (with to do) do let me be do be do be do let him/her/it be do let us be do be do let them be
simple present progressive let me be being be being be being let him/her/it be being let ' s be being be being let them be being
simple present progressive (with to do) do let me be being do be being do be being do let him/her/it be being do let us be being do be being do let them be being
present perfect let me have been have been have been let him/her/it have been let ' s have been have been let them have been
present perfect (with to do) do let me have been do have been do have been do let him/her/it have been do let us have been do have been do let them have been
present perfect progressive let me have been being have been being have been being let him/her/it have been being let ' s have been being have been being let them have been being
present perfect progressive (with to do) do let me have been being do have been being do have been being do let him/her/it have been being do let us have been being do have been being do let them have been being

Modal auxiliaries

The modal auxiliaries are can, may, dare, need, must, ought, will and shall. They are all irregular and defective. The term modal may refer to: Modal, a textile made from spun Beechwood cellulose Modal logic Modal verbs Mode Musical mode This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... An irregular is a short name for something that does not follow the expected pattern. ...


Can

  • The verb can is defective, if the desired form of can not exist, the verb to be able to (he is able to, he is not able to, he was able to, he has been able to) is used.
  • The forms cannot and could not can be shortened to can't and couldn't
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present can can canst can can can can
simple past could could couldst could could could could
Conditional I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present could could couldst could could could could

May

  • The verb may is used to form the potential mood
  • The verb may is defective, if the desired form of may not exist, the verb to be allowed to (he is allowed to, he is not allowed to, he was allowed to, he has been allowed to) is used.
  • The form might not can be shortened to mightn't
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may may mayest may may may may
simple past might might mightest might might might might
Subjunctive I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may may may may may may may
simple past might might might might might might might

In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ...

Dare

  • The verb dare is defective, if the desired form of dare not exist, the verb to dare to (he dares to, he does not dare to, he dared to, he has dared to) is used.
  • The forms dare not and durst not can be shortened to daren't and durstn't
  • The verb to dare is regular and weak (he dares, he dared)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present dare dare darest dare dare dare dare
simple past durst durst durstest durst durst durst durst

In ordinary English, regular is an adjective or noun used to mean in accordance with the usual customs, conventions, or rules, or frequent, periodic, or symmetric. ... The word weak is a generic adjective pertaining to a lack of strength. ...

Need

  • The verb need is defective, if the desired form of need not exist, the verb to need to (he needs to, he does not need to, he needed to, he has needed to) is used.
  • The form need not can be shortened to needn't
  • The verb to need is regular and weak (he needs, he needed)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present need need needst need need need need
simple past need need needst need need need need

In ordinary English, regular is an adjective or noun used to mean in accordance with the usual customs, conventions, or rules, or frequent, periodic, or symmetric. ... The word weak is a generic adjective pertaining to a lack of strength. ...

Must

  • The verb must is defective, if the desired form of must not exist, the verb to have (got) to (he has (got) to, he does not have (got) to, he had (got) to, he has had to) is used.
  • The form must not can be shortened to mustn't
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present must must mustest must must must must
simple past must must mustest must must must must

Ought (to)

  • The verb ought (to) is defective.
  • The form ought not can be shortened to oughtn't
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present ought (to) ought (to) oughtest (to) ought (to) ought (to) ought (to) ought (to)
simple past ought (to) ought (to) oughtest (to) ought (to) ought (to) ought (to) ought (to)

Will

  • The verb will is used to form the indicative simple future, the indicative future progressive (indicative future continuous), the indicative future perfect, the indicative future perfect progressive (indicative future perfect continuous) and the conditional mood
  • The verb will is defective, if the desired form of will not exist, the verb to will to (he wills to, he does not will to, he willed to, he has willed to) is used.
  • The forms will not and would not can be shortened to won't and wouldn't
  • The forms will and would are sometimes shortens to 'll and 'ld
  • The verb to will is regular and weak (he wills, he willed)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present will will wilt will will will will
simple past would would wouldst would would would would

In ordinary English, regular is an adjective or noun used to mean in accordance with the usual customs, conventions, or rules, or frequent, periodic, or symmetric. ... The word weak is a generic adjective pertaining to a lack of strength. ...

Shall

  • The verb shall is used to form the indicative simple future, the indicative future progressive (indicative future continuous), the indicative future perfect, the indicative future perfect progressive (indicative future perfect continuous), the subjunctive simple future, the subjunctive future progressive (subjunctive future continuous), the subjunctive future perfect, the subjunctive future perfect progressive (subjunctive future perfect continuous)
  • The verb shall is defective, if the desired form of shall not exist, the verb to will to (he wills to, he does not will to, he willed to, he has willed to) is used.
  • The forms shall not and should not can be shortened to shan't and shouldn't
  • The forms shall and should are sometimes shortens to 'll and 'ld
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present shall shall shalt shall shall shall shall
simple past should should shouldst should should should should

Passive conjugation

To be played

Non-finite forms
Infinitives to be played (present simple), to be being played (present simple progressive), to have been played (present perfect), to have been being played (present perfect progressive)
Participles being played (present), being being played (present simple progressive), (having been) played (present perfect), having been being played (present perfect progressive)
Gerunds being played (present), being being played (present simple progressive), having been played (present perfect), having been being played (present perfect progressive)
Indicative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present am played are played art played is played are played are played are played
simple present progressive am being played are being played art being played is being played are being played are being played are being played
simple past played played playedst played played played played
simple past progressive was being played were being played wert being played was being played were being played were being played were being played
simple future shall/will be played shall/will be played shalt/wilt be played shall/will be played shall/will be played shall/will be played shall/will be played
simple future progressive shall/will be being played shall/will be being played shalt/wilt be being played shall/will be being played shall/will be being played shall/will be being played shall/will be being played
present perfect have been played have been played hast been played has been played (haveth been played) have been played have been played have been played
present perfect progressive have been being played have been being played hast been being played have been being played (haveth been being played) have been being played have been being played have been being played
past perfect (pluperfect) had been played had been played hadst been played had been played had been played had been played had been played
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been being played had been being played hadst been being played had been being played had been being played had been being played had been being played
future perfect shall/will have been played shall/will have been played shalt/wilt been played shall/will have been played shall/will have been played shall/will have been played shall/will have been played
future perfect progressive shall/will have been being played shall/will have been being played shalt/wilt have been being played shall/will have been being played shall/will have been being played shall/will have been being played shall/will have been being played
Conditional I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present would be played would be played wouldst be played would be played would be played would be played would be played
simple present progressive would be being played would be being played wouldst be being played would be being played would be being played would be being played would be being played
present perfect would have been played would have been played wouldst have been played would have been played would have been played would have been played would have been played
present perfect progressive would have been being played would have been being played wouldst have been being played would have been being played would have been being played would have been being played would have been being played
Potential I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present may be played may be played mayest be played may be played may be played may be played may be played
simple present progressive may be being played may be being played mayest be being played may be being played may be being played may be being played may be being played
simple past might be played might be played mightst be played might be played might be played might be played might be played
simple past progressive might be being played might be being played mightst be being played might be being played might be being played might be being played might be being played
present perfect may have been played may have been played mayest have been played may have been played may have been played may have been played may have been played
present perfect progressive may have been being played may have been being played mayest have been being played may have been being played may have been being played may have been being played may have been being played
past perfect (pluperfect) might have been played might have been played mightst have been played might have been played might have been played might have been played might have been played
present perfect (pluperfect) progressive might have been being played might have been being played mightst have been being played might have been being played might have been being played might have been being played might have been being played
Subjunctive I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present be played be played be/beest played be played be played be played be played
simple present progressive be being played be being played be being played/beest being played be being played be being played be being played be being played
simple past played played played played played played played
simple past progressive were being played were being played were being played were being played were being played were being played were being played
simple future should be played should be played shouldst be played should be played should be played should be played should be played
simple future progressive should be being played should be being played shouldst be being played should be being played should be being played should be being played should be being played
present perfect have been played have been played have been played have been played have been played have been played have been played
present perfect progressive have been being played have been being played have been being played have been being played have been being played have been being played have been being played
past perfect (pluperfect) had been played had been played had been played had been played had been played had been played had been played
past perfect (pluperfect) progressive had been being played had been being played had been being played had been being played had been being played had been being played had been being played
future perfect should have been played should have been played shouldst been played should have been played should have been played should have been played should have been played
future perfect progressive should have been being played should have been being played shouldst have been being played should have been being played should have been being played should have been being played should have been being played
Imperative I you thou he, she, it we you they
simple present let me be played be played be played let him/her/it be played let ' s be played be played let them be played
simple present (with to do) do let me be played do be played do be played do let him/her/it be played do let us be played do be played do let them be played
simple present progressive let me be being played be being played be being played let him/her/it be being played let ' s be being played be being played let them be being played
simple present progressive (with to do) do let me be being played do be being played do be being played do let him/her/it be being played do let us be being played do be being played do let them be being played
present perfect let me have been played have been played have been played let him/her/it have been played let ' s have been played have been played let them have been played
present perfect (with to do) do let me have been played do have been played do have been played do let him/her/it have been played do let us have been played do have been played do let them have been played
present perfect progressive let me have been being played have been being played have been being played let him/her/it have been being played let ' s have been being played have been being played let them have been being played
present perfect progressive (with to do) do let me have been being played do have been being played do have been being played do let him/her/it have been being played do let us have been being played do have been being played do let them have been being played
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