Constantine or Constantin Hangerli (also known as Constantin Hangerliu; d. February 18, 1799) was a Prince of Wallachia between 1797 and the time of his death. February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Below is the list of Wallachian rulers, since the first mentioned until the unification with Moldavia in 1859. ... This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Biography

Rule

A Phanariote who served as dragoman of the Ottoman Empire's Fleet, he amazed foreign diplomats through his appointment to the throne in Bucharest, in competition with the much more prestigious Alexander Ypsilantis.^[6] Phanariotes or Phanariot Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) - were the members of those principal Greek families who resided in Phanar (Fener in Turkish, from the Greek word Φανάρι, Phanari - Lighthouse), the chief Greek quarter of Istanbul - where the ecumenical patriarchate is situated. ... Dragoman, a word of Aramaic/Assyrian origin, designates the function of interpreter, translator and official guide in countries and polities of the Near East. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti ) is the capital city and industrial and commercial centre of Romania. ... Alexander Ypsilantis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης - Alexandros Ypsilantis, Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti; 1725-1805) was a Greek Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from 1775 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia from 1786 to 1788. ...

Hangerli increased taxes to a very high level, and enforced extortion as a means to generate more state revenues (it is probable that several peasants were killed in an attempt to collect their entire possessions - "if they pay, no one will get kiled" would have been a reply uttered by Hangerli himself).^[7] These measures were prompted by the increased demands of the Porte, who was faced with the successful rebellion of Osman Pazvantoglu (1798), and reached their peak with the re-introduction of the despised văcărit tax (per head of cattle owned) - Hangerli purchased the lifting of a curse on the latter (cast in 1763) from Gregory V, Patriarch of Constantinople.^[8] A tax (also known as a duty) is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ... Extortion is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person obtains money, behaviour, or other goods and/or services from another by wrongfully threatening or inflicting harm to this person, reputation, or property. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... Osman Pazvantoglu(1758-27 January 1807, Vidin) was a Turkish pasha and from 1794 a governor of the Vidin district of the Ottoman Empire. ... 1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Look up Curse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ...

The war ensuing between Ottomans and Pazvantoglu brought several defeats for the former. Kapudan Pasha Husein Küçük, fearing the anger of Sultan Selim III, attempted to throw the blame on Hangerli for not having raised enough funds. Catching news of this, the prince tried to intrigue against Küçük, but was disfavoured after a coalition of his political adversaries begain campaigning against him.^[9] According to the chronicler Dionisie Eclesiarhul, Hangerli would have attempted to buy back Küçük's protection by having him attend a banquet during which prostitutes, disguised and introduced as members of the most powerful boyar families, competed for the pasha's attention.^[10] Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paÅŸa; originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ... The Ottoman Dynasty (or the House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ... Sultan Selim III Selim III (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1789–1807). ... Generally a chronicle (Latin chronica) is historical account of facts and events in chronological order. ... Prostitution is the sale of sexual services. ... A boyar (also spelled bojar) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian, Romanian and Bulgarian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century. ...

Execution

On February 11, 1799, the sultan issued a firman to execute Hangerli on the spot, and a kapucu was dispatched to Bucharest, accompanied by an executioner (whom Dionisie described as "a frightening Moor").^[11] February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Firman refers to a royal mandate or decree issued from a sovereign in Western Asian countries such as Iran under the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi or the Ottoman rulers. ... A judicial executioner is a person who carries out a death sentence ordered by the state or other legal authority, which was known in feudal terminology as high justice. ... It has been suggested that Moor religion be merged into this article or section. ...

Dismissing the warning of his postelnic (according to the contemporary account),^[12] Hangerli, after being read the firman, was attacked by the two as he was attempting to call his guards: he was strangled by the Moor, shot twice in the chest and stabbed once by the kapucu, and finally decapitated.^[13] The guards, who stormed in after hearing the shots, were shown the firman, and could no longer intervene.^[14]

Zilot Românul, who wrote his verses sometime after, praised Sultan Selim for having "made good out of evil" by "unwittingly deliver[ing] us from the angarea [or angarà; ie: heavy tax]".^[15]

Alexander Ypsilantis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης - Alexandros Ypsilantis, Romanian: Alexandru Ipsilanti; 1725-1805) was a Greek Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from 1775 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia from 1786 to 1788. ... Below is the list of Wallachian rulers, since the first mentioned until the unification with Moldavia in 1859. ... 1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 11-day-slower Julian calendar). ... 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Alexander Mourousis (Romanian: Alexandru Moruzi; d. ...

Notes

References

• Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne ("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian Lands at the beginning of the modern era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995
• Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Bucureştilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre ("History of Bucharest. From the earliest times until our day"), Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966
• Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu, Ethymologicum Magnum Romaniae. Dicţionarul limbei istorice şi poporane a românilor (Pagini alese), Minerva, Bucharest, 1970: "Angarà", p.330-333