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Drinkwater, J.F., 'The Usurpers ConstantineIII (407-411) and Jovinus (411-413)', Britannia 29 (1998), 269-298.
ConstantineIII raised Constans to the rank of Augustus in late 409 or early 410 before sending him back to Spain; lead elements of Constans' army were sent into the peninsula.
Maximus was the son (or possibly a retainer) of Gerontius, a general of ConstantineIII in Spain in 409.
Constantine crossed the English Channel to the continent at Bononia, and historians have assumed he took with him all of the mobile troops left in Britain, thus denuding the province of any military protection and explaining their disappearance in the early fifth century.
Constantine's response to this tightening circle of enemies was a final desperate gamble: with the remaining troops left to him, he marched on Italy, encouraged by the entreaties of one Allobich, who wanted to replace Honorius with a more capable ruler.
Constantine held out, hoping for the return of his general Edobich, who was raising troops in northern Gaul amongst the Franks, but on his return Edobich was defeated with a simple stratagem.
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