Romania

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Romania Image File history File links Romania_Coat_of_Arms. ... Politics of Romania takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Romania is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ...

Constitution President Traian Băsescu Government Prime Minister Călin Popescu- Tăriceanu Cabinet Parliament Senate Chamber of Deputies High Court of Cassation and Justice Country Defense Supreme Council Ombudsman Constitutional Court Political parties Elections Parliament: 2004 - 2008 President: 2004 - 2009 Subdivisions Counties Foreign relations EU accession European Commissioner Leonard Orban

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The Romanian Constitution is the fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the country's citizens, and its mode of passing laws. It stands as the basis of the legitimacy of the Romanian government. This is a list of Presidents of Romania: Note: The official function of President of Romania did not exist until March 1974. ... Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian history | Romanian Prime Ministers ... Călin Constantin Anton Popescu-Tăriceanu () (b. ... The current Cabinet of the Government of Romania is comprised of 22 ministers, listed below: Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu State Minister in charge with the coordination of activities in the economic field - vacant (*); State Minister in charge with coordination of the activities in the field of culture... The parliament of Romania is made up of two chambers: The Chamber of Deputies of Romania The Senate of Romania Categories: | ... Coat of Arms of The Senate of Romania The Senate of Romania (Romanian: Senat) is the upper house in Romanias bicameral parliament. ... Type Lower house President (Speaker) Bogdan Olteanu, PNL, since 2006 Number of members 332 Political groups (as of 2006 elections) PSD, PNL, PD, PRM, UDMR, PC, National minorities, Independents Meeting place Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest Web site www. ... The High Court of Cassation and Justice (Romanian: Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie) is Romanias supreme Court of justice. ... Country Defense Supreme Council (Consiliul Suprem de Apărare al Ţării; acronym: CSAT) is the autonomous administrative authority in Romania, invested by the Constitution with the organizing and the unitary coordinating of the activities related with the defense of the country and national security. ... The Romanian Ombudsman (Avocatul Poporului in Romanian, literally meaning Peoples Advocate) is an independent institution of the Government of Romania, responsible for investigating and addressing complaints made by citizens against other government institutions. ... The Constitutional Court of Romania (Curtea Constituţională in Romanian) is the institution which rules on whether the laws, decrees or other bills enacted by the Romanian authorities are in conformity with the Constitution. ... Political parties in Romania lists political parties in Romania. ... Romania elects on a national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. ... The Romanian legislative election of 2004 was held on November 28, 2004. ... Romanian legislative elections will be held on November 28, 2008. ... A presidential election was held in Romania on November 28, 2004. ... Romania will have the first round of the Presidential election on November 28, 2009 and the second round on December 12. ... Administrative map of Romania. ... // Priorities Since December 1989, Romania has actively pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union. ... Romania in Europe The Accession of Romania to the European Union took place on January 1, 2007. ... As of its accession to the European Union on January 1, 2007, Romania will be represented in the European Commission with one Commissioner. ... Leonard Orban Leonard Orban (born June 28, 1961 in Braşov) is a Romanian independent technocrat, currently serving as a state secretary with the Ministry of European Integration, coordinating Romania’s preparation for accession to the EU in January 2007. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ...

The constitution was most recently revised by a national referendum on October 18-19, 2003. The new constitution, which took effect October 29, 2003, follows the structure of the Constitution of 1991, but makes significant revisions. Ballots of the Argentine plebiscite of 1984 on the border treaty with Chile A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years). ... October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 29 is the 302nd day of the year (303rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Structure

The Constitution of 1991, as revised in 2003, contains 156 articles, divided into 8 major sections or "Titles":

• Title I - General principles
• Title II - Fundamental rights, liberties, and duties
• Title III - Public authorities
• Title IV - The economy and public finance
• Title V - Constitutional Court
• Title VI - Euroatlantic integration
• Title VII - Revising the Constitution
• Title VIII - Final and transitional provisions

History

Regulamentul Organic, voted by the respective Assemblies of Moldavia and Wallachia under Imperial Russian occupation in 1831-1832, was the first organic law resembling a constitution ever awarded to the Danubian Principalities. It remained in place until 1858, when the Crimean War removed the two countries from Russian influence and confirmed the rule by several European powers first established by the Treaty of Paris; the Paris Convention of 1858 remained the governing document following the election of Alexander John Cuza as Domnitor over the united countries (1859), but was replaced by Cuza's own organic law, entitled Statutul dezvoltător al Convenţiei de la Paris ("Statute expanding the Paris Convention"), in 1864. Regulamentul Organic (-Romanian name, translated as Organic Statute or Organic Regulation; French: Règlement Organique, Russian: Oрганический регламент, Organichesky reglament)[1] was a quasi-constitutional organic law enforced in 1831-1832 by the Imperial Russian authorities in Moldavia and Wallachia (the two Danubian Principalities that were to become the basis of... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The National Assembly is either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Laws of Nature are claimed in the United States Declaration of Independence to be the work of the Creator of unalienable rights identified as Natures God. ... The Danubian Principalities was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia which emerged in the late 13th century and became the basis for the Romanian nation. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants United Kingdom France Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Casualties 17,500 British 90,000 French 35,000 Turkish 2,050 Sardinian killed, wounded and died of disease 256,000 killed, wounded and died of disease The Crimean War lasted from 1854 until 1 April 1856 and was... The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between Russia and Ottoman Empire and its allies France and Britain. ... 1858 (MDCCCLVIII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Alexander John Cuza Alexandru Ioan Cuza (March 20, 1820, GalaÅ£i – May 15, 1873, Heidelberg), more commonly known in English as Alexander John Cuza, was the domnitor (ruler) of the United Principalites of Romania between 1859 and 1866. ... Domnitor (pl. ... 1859 (MDCCCLIX) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar). ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...

The first constitution of the United Principality (later Kingdom) of Romania was adopted July 1, 1866. After the extension of national territory in 1918, a new constitution was approved March 29, 1923. It was repealed by King Carol II in 1938, when an authoritarian regime formed around the National Renaissance Front adopted a new, corporatist constitution on February 27; this document was, in turn, cancelled in 1940 by the Iron Guard's National Legionary State government. The 1923 constitution was reinstated after the fall of the Ion Antonescu dictatorship in 1944 (see Romania during World War II). From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in leap years). ... 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The King of Romania was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947 when Romania was proclaimed a republic. ... Carol II of Romania, (15 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Bold text:This article applies to political ideologies. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... February 27 is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The National Legionary State (Romanian: Statul Naţional Legionar) was the Romanian government of September 6, 1940—January 23, 1941. ... Office Prime Minister, Conducător of Romania Term of office from September 4, 1940 until August 23, 1944 Profession Soldier, politician Political party none, formally allied with the Iron Guard Spouse Rasela Mendel Date of birth June 15, 1882 Place of birth Piteşti, Romania Date of death June 1... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ... After a brief period of nominal neutrality, Romania joined the Axis Powers in June 1941, under the government of Ion Antonescu. ...

The new Constitution of the communist period was modified in 1948, 1952, and 1965 (the latter notably made the change from a People's Republic to a Socialist Republic). After the Revolution of 1989, the present document was adopted in 1991. The Soviets pressed for inclusion of Romanias heretofore negligible Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. ... Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Look up peoples republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about a form of government in which the state operates under the control of a Communist Party. ... 1989 marked the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Referendum of October 18-19, 2003

A sign in front of Cercul Militar Naţional counts down to the "complete professionalization" of the Romanian military, that is, the end of conscription (May 2006).

The revision of the 1991 Constitution was approved by the Romanian Parliament, and was adopted by a constitutional referendum held October 18-19, 2003. A total of 55.7% of eligible voters turned out, with 89.7% of those voting in favour of the changes. The new text of the Constitution took effect October 29, 2003. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 748 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Constitution of Romania Romanian Army Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 748 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Constitution of Romania Romanian Army Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or...

More than half of the articles of the constitution underwent changes, large and small. The most important changes were:

• National minorities have the right to use their native language in dealing with the governmental administration and the courts.
• Private property is guaranteed the protection of the law. (previously property was only "protected", not "guaranteed")
• The mandate of the President of Romania is extended to 5 years (previously it had been 4 years).
• Military conscription is regulated by organic law (previously it was made mandatory by the Constitution and since October 23, 2006 it is no longer mandatory)
• Parliamentary immunity is limited.
• Once Romania accedes to the European Union (EU), citizens of EU countries will have the right to vote and to run as candidates in local elections (if they live in the relevant locality).
• Entry into the European Union and NATO will not require a further referendum. A parliamentary vote (by a 2/3 majority) would be sufficient.

The 2003 referendum was contested by some NGOs and the press, because of misleading information given to the public, use of public funds for the Yes advertisement campaign, and extensive allegations of fraud. For example, the number of votes cast increased by 20% in the last 5 hours of the two-day referendum, the electoral committee attributing these to mobile voting booths being set up in public places (such as markets and plazas) and results being centralised during the last hours of the referendum. In sociology and in voting theory, a minority is a sub- group that forms less than half of the population, and — as a rule — is outnumbered by at least one other sub-group. ... This page deals with property as ownership rights. ... This is a list of Presidents of Romania: Note: The official function of President of Romania did not exist until March 1974. ... Parliamentary immunity is a system in which members of the parliament are granted partial immunity from prosecution. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... The term non-governmental organization (NGO) is used in a variety of ways all over the world and, depending on the context in which it is used, can refer to many different types of organizations. ...

External links

• (English) The Romanian Constitution, translated into English, on the site of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies.
• (Romanian) The Romanian Constitution, in Romanian, on the site of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies.
• (Romanian) Information about the referendum of October 18-19, 2003
• (English) Article about the referendum controversy