NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Constitutional Democratic party

The Constitutional Democratic Party (Constitutional Democrats, formally Party of Popular Freedom, informally Cadets) was a liberal political party in Tsarist Russia. Party members were called Kadets (or Cadets), from the abbreviation K-D of the party name (Конституционная Демократическая партия in Russian). This name should not be confused with the term cadets, which referred to students at military schools in the Imperial Russia. Konstantin Kavelin's and Boris Chicherin's writings formed the theoretical basis of the party's platform. Historian Pavel Miliukov was the party's leader throughout its existence. The Kadets were mainly supported by professionals, - university professors and lawyers were particularly prominent within the party - members of the zemstvo (a form of local government), and some industrialists. The President of Russia (ru: ÐŸÑ€ÐµÐ·Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ‚ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸ is the highest position within the Government of Russia. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is a Russian politician, and the current President of Russia. ... The Prime Minister of Russia is the current Head of Government of the Russian Federation. ... Mikhail Fradkov (Photo: Ricardo Stuckert/PR, 2006) Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (Russian: ÐœÐ¸Ñ…Ð°Ð¸ÌÐ» Ð•Ñ„Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¤Ñ€Ð°Ð´ÐºÐ¾ÌÐ²) (born September 1, 1950) is a Russian politician, and the current Prime Minister of Russia. ... Federal Assembly of Russia (Федеральное Собрание) is the name of the parliament of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation, 1993. ... The Federation Council of Russia (Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚ Ð¤ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¸, Soviet Federatsii, Federal Soviet) is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (parliament of the Russian Federation), according to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. ... A Duma (Ð”ÑƒÌÐ¼Ð° in Russian) is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. ... The Russian judiciary has judicial appeal and judicial review at the level of the Supreme Court. ... Constitutional Court of Russian Federation (Russian: ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‚ÑƒÑ†Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð¡ÑƒÐ´ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð¤ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¸) is a high court which is empowered to rule on whether or not certain laws or presidential decrees are in fact contrary to the Constitution of Russia. ... The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (Russian: ) is the final instance in administrative law, civil law and criminal law cases. ... The Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation is the final instance in commercial disputes in Russia. ... Political parties in Russia lists political parties in Russia. ... Politics of Russia Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Russia ... Presidential elections were held in the Russian Federation on March 26, 2000. ... Presidential elections were held in the Russian Federation on March 14, 2004. ... The Russian Presidential election of 2008, scheduled to be held in March 2008, is widely expected to be a three-horse race between the official Kremlin-backed candidate, the candidate of the left-wing nationalist forces and the nominee of the democratic opposition. ... Legislative elections were held in the Russian Federation on December 7, 2003. ... Russia will have Duma elections on December 2, 2007. ... Russia is a federation which consists of 88 subjects (Russian: ; English transliteration: subyekty, sing. ... Russias human rights record remains uneven and has worsened in some areas since the 1990s. ... Regarding the foreign relations of Russia, Russia has taken important steps to become a full partner in the worlds principal political groupings. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... Monomakhs Cap symbol of Russian autocracy, the crown of Russian grand princes and tsars Czar and tzar redirect here. ... Konstantin Dmitrievich Kavelin (ÐšÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ñ‚Ð¸Ð½ Ð”Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¸ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ°Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð½ in Russian) (November 4, 1818 - May 5, 1885) was a Russian historian, jurist, and sociologist, sometimes called the chief architect of early Russian liberalism. ... Boris Nikolayevich Chicherin (Russian: , May 26, 1828 - February 3, 1904) was a respected Russian jurist and politician, who worked out a theory that Russia needed a strong, authoritative government to persevere with liberal reforms. ... Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov (Cyrillic: Павел Николаевич Милюков) (1859-1943) was (alongside Vladimir Lenin and Peter Stolypin) the greatest Russian politician of pre-revolutionary years. ... The institution of the zemstvo (singular term: zemstva) provided provincial and district government councils in Russia between 1864 and October 17, 1917. ...

Radical Origins (1905-1906)

The Constitutional Democratic Party was formed in Moscow on October 12-18, 1905 at the height of the Russian Revolution of 1905 when Tsar Nicholas II was forced to sign the October Manifesto granting basic civil liberties. The Kadets were to the immediate Left of the Octobrists, another liberal party organized at the same time. Unlike the Octobrists, who were committed to constitutional monarchy from the start, the Kadets were at first ambiguous on the subject, demanding universal suffrage (even women's suffrage) and a Constituent Assembly that would determine the country's form of government. The Kadets were one of the parties invited by the reform-minded Prime Minister Sergei Witte to join his cabinet in October-November 1905, but the negotiations broke down over the Kadets' radical demands and Witte's refusal to drop notorious reactionaries like Petr Nikolayevich Durnovo from the cabinet. October 12 is the 285th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (286th in leap years). ... October 18 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years). ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide spasm of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... Monomakhs Cap symbol of Russian autocracy, the crown of Russian grand princes and tsars Czar and tzar redirect here. ... Nicholas II of Russia (May 18, 1868â€”July 17, 1918)[1] (Russian: , Nikolay II) was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Poland,[2] and Grand Duke of Finland. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: October Manifesto (in English) Ilya Repin 17 October 1905 The October Manifesto (Russian: ) was issued on October 17, 1905; October 30 in the Gregorian calendar) by Emperor Nicholas II of Russia under the influence of Count Sergei Witte as a response to... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Octobrist Party (Russian ÐžÐºÑ‚ÑÐ±Ñ€Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ñ‹) was a non-revolutionary conservative-liberal Russian political party formally called Union Of October 17 (Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÐ· 17 ÐžÐºÑ‚ÑÐ±Ñ€Ñ). The partys program of moderate constitutionalism called for the fulfillment of the emperor Nicholas IIs October Manifesto granted at the peak of the Russian Revolution of 1905. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting, and in some cases, adopting a constitution. ... Sergei Witte Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÌÐ¹ Ð®ÌÐ»ÑŒÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð’Ð¸ÌÑ‚Ñ‚Ðµ) (June 29, 1849 â€“ March 13, 1915), also known as Sergius Witte, was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive industrialization within the Russian Empire. ... Petr Durnovo Petr Nikolayevich Durnovo (Russian: 1845-1915) was an Imperial Russian lawyer and politician. ...

With some socialist and revolutionary parties boycotting the election to the First State Duma in February 1906, the Kadets received 37% of the urban vote and won over 30% of the seats in the Duma. They interpreted their electoral win as a mandate and allied with the left-leaning peasant Trudovik faction, forming a majority in the Duma. When their declaration of legislative intent was rejected by the government at the start of the parliamentary session in April, they adopted a radical oppositionist line, denouncing the government at every opportunity. On July 9, the government announced that the Duma was disfunctional and dissolved it. In response, 120 Kadet and 80 Trudovik and Social Democrat deputies went to Vyborg (then a part of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and thus beyond the reach of Russian police) and responded with the Vyborg Manifesto (or the "Vyborg Appeal"), written by Miliukov. In the manifesto, they called for passive resistance, non-payment of taxes and draft avoidance. The appeal failed to have an effect on the population at large and proved both ineffective and counterproductive, leading to a ban on its authors', including the entire Kadet leadership, participation in future Dumas. A Duma (Ð”ÑƒÌÐ¼Ð° in Russian) is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Trudoviks or Trudoviki, also referred to as Toilers were a moderate Labour party in early 20th Century Russia. ... July 9 is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 175 days remaining. ... The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP (Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́ча&#1103... A view of Vyborg from the castle tower Vyborg (Russian: ; Finnish: ; Swedish: ; German: ) is a town in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, situated on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of the Bay of Vyborg, 130 km to the northwest of St. ... The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809â€“1917 as part of the Russian Empire. ...

It wasn't until later in 1906, with the revolution in retreat, that the Kadets abandoned revolutionary and republican aspirations and declared their support for a constitutional monarchy. The government, however, remained suspicious of the Kadets until the fall of the monarchy in 1917. In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ...

Finnish liberal politician and professor of jurisdiction and politology, Leo Mechelin, was expelled 1903-04, when the Kadets were preparing to form a party. Mechelin cooperated with them and wrote them a liberal constitution for Russia, to be enforced when they would get into power. At the time of Vyborg Manifesto, Mechelin was already the leader of the Finnish government ("Mechelin's senate", (1905-08)), which implemented the universal right to vote and freedoms of expression, press, congregation and association. Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Leo Mechelin Leopold Henrik Stanislaus Mechelin (Leo Mechelin, 24 November 1839 â€” January 26, 1914) was a Finnish professor, statesman, leading defender of Finnish autonomy and the rights a minorities and women, leading opponent of repression and a liberal reformer. ...

Parliamentary Opposition (1906-1917)

When the Second Duma was convened on February 20, 1907, the Kadets found themselves in a difficult position. Their leadership was not represented in the Duma after the Vyborg Manifesto fiasco and their numbers were reduced to about 100. Although still the largest faction in the Duma, they no longer dominated the parliament and their attempts to concentrate on lawmaking were frustrated by radicals on the Left and on the Right who saw the Duma as a propaganda tool. Although the Kadets had moderated their position in the Second Duma, in May 1907 they refused to vote for a resolution denouncing revolutionary violence, which gave the government of Pyotr Stolypin a pretext to dissolve the Second Duma on June 3, 1907 and change the electoral law to drastically limit the representation of leftist and liberal parties. February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Pyotr Stolypin Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (Russian: ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€ ÐÑ€ÐºÐ°ÌÐ´ÑŒÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚Ð¾Ð»Ñ‹ÌÐ¿Ð¸Ð½) (April 14 (April 2 Old Style) 1862 - September 14 (September 1 Old Style) 1911) served as Nicholas IIs Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) from 1906 to 1911. ... June 3 is the 154th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (155th in leap years), with 211 days remaining. ...

Due to the changes in the electoral law, the Kadets were reduced to a relatively small (54 seats) opposition group in the Third Duma (1907-1912). Although excluded from the more important Duma committees, the Kadets were not entirely powerless and could determine the outcome of certain votes when allied with the centrist Octoberist faction against right wing nationalist deputies. With the revolution crushed by 1908, they moderated their position even further, voted to denounce revolutionary violence, no longer sought confrontation with the government and concentrated on influencing legislation whenever possible. By 1909 Miliukov could claim that the Kadets were now "the opposition of His Majesty, not opposition to His Majesty", which caused only moderate dissent among the left-leaning faction of the party. 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Although the Kadets, allied with the Progressive faction and the Octobrists, were able to push some liberal bills (religious freedoms, freedom of the press and of the labor unions) through the Duma, the bills were either diluted by the upper house of the parliament or vetoed by the Tsar. The failure of their legislative program further discredited the Kadets' strategy of peaceful change through gradual reform. Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of contemporary international social and political philosophies. ...

In 1910 the government rekindled its pre-revolutionary russification campaign in an attempt to restrict minority rights, notably drastically curtailing Finland's autonomy. Most Kadets were opposed to these policies and, allied with the ledt wing of the Octobrists, tried to blunt them as much as possible, but were unsuccessful. However, a minority of Kadets headed by Pyotr Struve supported a moderate version of russification, which threatened to split the party. With the increase in popular discontent after the Lena massacre on April 4, 1912 and a continuous decline in party membership after 1906, the rift in the party became more pronounced. Kadet leaders on the Left like Central Committee member Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov argued that the Duma experience had been a failure and that "constructive work" was pointless under an autocratic government. Kadet leaders on the Right like Central Committee members Vasily Maklakov, Mikhail Chelnokov, Nikolai Gredeskul and Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams, on the other hand, argued for a shift to the Right. The disagreements were temporarily put aside in July 1914 at the outbreak of World War I when the Kadets unconditionally supported the government and found an outlet for their energies in various kinds of relief work under the umbrella of the All-Russian Union of Zemstvos and the All-Russian Union of Cities. 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (1793-1864) Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Russian: Vasily Yakovlevich Struve) (April 15, 1793 â€“ November 23, 1864 (Julian calendar: November 11)) was a Baltic-German astronomer from a famous dynasty of astronomers. ... Monument on the place of the massacre Lena massacre or Lena execution (Ð›ÐµÐ½ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ñ€Ð°ÑÑÑ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ» in Russian) was a shooting of the goldfield workers by the tsarist army on 17 April (O.S. 4 April) 1912 in Russia. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Nikolai Vissarianovitch Nekrasov (1879 - 1918) was the last Governor-General of Finland. ... Vasily Alekseyevich Maklakov (Russian: Ð’Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸Ð¹ ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐµÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐœÐ°ÐºÐ»Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð²) (May 22 (O.S. May 10), 1869, Moscow - July 15, 1957, Baden) was a liberal Russian politician and an advocate of a constitutional Russian state. ... Nikolai Andreevich Gredeskul (1864 - 1930? ) was a Russian liberal politician. ... Ariadna Vladimirovna Tyrkova-Williams (November 13, 1869, Saint Petersburg - January 12, 1962, Washington, DC, Ariadna Borman during the first marriage) was a Russian liberal politician, journalist, writer and feminist. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... Combatants Allied Powers: France Italy Russia Serbia United Kingdom United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg Reinhard...

Once the initial outburst of national unity feelings died down in mid-1915 as Russian retreat from Galicia showed the government's incompetence, the Kadets, together with the Progressive faction, the Octobrist faction and a part of the Nationalist faction in the Duma, formed the progressive Block in August 1915, which was critical of the government's prosecution of the war and demanded a government of "popular confidence". As Russia's defeats in the war multiplied, the Kadets' opposition became more pronounced, culminating in Miliukov's speech in the Duma in October 1916, when he all but accused government ministers of treason. 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Coat-of-arms of Galicia Galicia is a historical region currently split between Poland and Ukraine. ... Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of contemporary international social and political philosophies. ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

1917 Revolution

During the February Revolution of 1917, Kadet deputies in the Duma and other prominent Cadets formed the core of the newly formed Russian Provisional Government with five portfolios. One of the Kadet leaders, Prince Lvov, became Prime Minister and Miliukov became Russia's Foreign Minister. A radical party just 11 years earlier, after the February revolution the Kadets occupied the rightmost end of the political spectrum since all monarchist parties had been dissolved and the Kadets were the only openly functioning non-socialist party remaining. The February Revolution (N.S.: March Revolution) of 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... State emblem of the Russian Provisional Government The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the tsars abdication. ... Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov, Knyaz (Prince) (Russian: Георгий Евгеньевич Львов) (November 2, 1861-March 7, 1925) was a Russian statesman and the first post-imperial prime minister of Russia, in the Russian...

The Kadets' position in the Provisional Government was compromised when Miliukov's promise to the Entente allies to continue the war (April 18) was made public on April 26, 1917. The resulting government crisis led to Miliukov's resignation and a powersharing agreement with moderate socialist parties on May 4-5. The Kadets' position was further eroded during the July crisis when they resigned from the government in protest against consessions to the Ukrainian independence movement. Although the coalition was reformed later in July under Alexander Kerensky and survived yet another government crisis in early September, the Kadets had become a liability for their socialist coalition partners and a lightning rod for Bolshevik propaganda. With the Bolshevik seizure of power on October 25-26, 1917, Kadet and other anti-Bolshevik newspapers were closed down and the party was suppressed by the new regime. Entente, meaning a diplomatic understanding, may refer to a number of agreements: The Entente Cordiale, 1904 between France and the United Kingdom. ... April 18 is the 108th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (109th in leap years). ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... Alexander Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Russian: ; May 2 [O.S. April 22] 1881 â€“ June 11, 1970) was a Russian revolutionary leader who was instrumental in toppling the Russian monarchy. ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Leninâ€™s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... October 25 is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ...

Russian Civil War and Decline (1918-1940)

After the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, the Kadet leadership was forced to emigrate and continued publishing newspapers abroad, mainly in Paris, until World War II. City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France RÃ©gion ÃŽle-de-France DÃ©partement Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand DelanoÃ« (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land area... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...

List of Prominent Kadets

Alexander Aleksandrovich Kornilov (1862-1925) was a Russian historian and liberal politician. ... Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov, Knyaz (Prince) (Russian: Георгий Евгеньевич Львов) (November 2, 1861-March 7, 1925) was a Russian statesman and the first post-imperial prime minister of Russia, in the Russian... Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov (Cyrillic: Павел Николаевич Милюков) (1859-1943) was (alongside Vladimir Lenin and Peter Stolypin) the greatest Russian politician of pre-revolutionary years. ... Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov (July 15, 1870 - March 28, 1922) was a Russian criminologist, journalist, and liberal politician. ... Nikolai Vissarianovitch Nekrasov (1879 - 1918) was the last Governor-General of Finland. ... Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (1793-1864) Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Russian: Vasily Yakovlevich Struve) (April 15, 1793 â€“ November 23, 1864 (Julian calendar: November 11)) was a Baltic-German astronomer from a famous dynasty of astronomers. ... Ariadna Vladimirovna Tyrkova-Williams (November 13, 1869, Saint Petersburg - January 12, 1962, Washington, DC, Ariadna Borman during the first marriage) was a Russian liberal politician, journalist, writer and feminist. ...

References

Contents

Radical Origins (1905-1906)

Parliamentary Opposition (1906-1917)

1917 Revolution

Russian Civil War and Decline (1918-1940)

List of Prominent Kadets

References

See also

Contents

Radical Origins (1905-1906) GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Parliamentary Opposition (1906-1917)

1917 Revolution

Russian Civil War and Decline (1918-1940)

List of Prominent Kadets

References

See also

Radical Origins (1905-1906)